Scrub typhusMurine typhusRickettsiaTyphiCtenocephalidesFeverRickettsial diseasesDiseasesIllnessAcuteMitesOverall prevalenceTicksHumansVectorsPlaguePathogensRats1993InfectionsSpeciesAntibodiesRickettsioses2022Angeles CountyInfectionCaliforniaFatalDecadesCasesCommonImportance of earlyGroupTransmission
Scrub typhus16
- Outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) with unknown aetiology are reported every year in Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India , and Orientia tsutsugamushi , the rickettsial pathogen, responsible for scrub typhus has been attributed as the primary cause of AES problem. (bvsalud.org)
- Scrub typhus in the western Pacific region. (ajtmh.org)
- Scrub typhus in an American living in Jakarta, Indonesia. (ajtmh.org)
- Scrub typhus in Korea: importance of early clinical diagnosis in this newly recognized endemic area. (ajtmh.org)
- Scrub typhus rickettsia. (ajtmh.org)
- Drug resistant scrub typhus: paradigm and paradox. (ajtmh.org)
- A new ecology for scrub typhus associated with a focus of antibiotic resistance in rice farmers in Thailand. (ajtmh.org)
- Scrub typhus: a common cause of illness in indigenous populations. (ajtmh.org)
- Serodiagnosis of tsutsugamushi fever (scrub typhus) by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. (ajtmh.org)
- 1,2 Scrub typhus is caused by 2 known Orientia species Orientia tsutsugamushi (formerly R. tsutsugamushi ) and the relatively newly discovered O. chuto (Table). (health.mil)
- 6 Reported incidences of several rickettsial diseases, notably scrub typhus in the Asia/Pacific region and SFG rickettsioses in the U.S., have increased substantially. (health.mil)
- Scrub typhus is a potentially fatal acute febrile disease transmitted by larval mites (i.e., "chiggers"), primarily of species of the genus Leptotrombidium that are infected by the obligate intracellular bacteria O. tsutsugamushi . (health.mil)
- Once considered endemic only to central, eastern, and Southeast Asia as well as northern Australia and islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans (i.e., the tsutsugamushi triangle), case reports of scrub typhus from South America, 11,12 Africa, the Middle East, and Europe 8 have provided substantial evidence that the geographic range of scrub typhus is more extensive than previously thought. (health.mil)
- The illnesses caused can be divided into 3 main bio groups' spotted fever, typhus and scrub typhus groups [ 3 ]. (currentpediatrics.com)
- Scrub typhus (ST, Orientia tsutsugamushi), murine typhus (MT, Rickettsia typhi), and dengue virus (DENV) are important causes of childhood morbidity in Cambodia. (ox.ac.uk)
- Scrub typhus and MT seropositivity peaked in children aged 8-11 and 12-15 years, respectively, suggesting initial infection occurs in these ages. (ox.ac.uk)
Murine typhus13
- We encountered a case of severe murine typhus complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome. (cdc.gov)
- To determine worldwide prevalence of such cases, we reviewed the literature and found that respiratory symptoms occur in ≈30% of murine typhus patients. (cdc.gov)
- In disease-endemic areas, murine typhus should be considered for patients with respiratory symptoms and fever. (cdc.gov)
- Murine typhus is found worldwide, but most reported cases originate from Southeast Asia, the Mediterranean region, and the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Among travelers, murine typhus is most frequently associated with travel to Southeast Asia ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Recently, 2 cases of severe murine typhus with pulmonary manifestations have been reported ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- Near the same time, the Academic Medical Center (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) admitted a patient with severe murine typhus and respiratory failure. (cdc.gov)
- On the basis of these 3 cases, we hypothesized that pulmonary system involvement of murine typhus might be more common than previously assumed. (cdc.gov)
- We conducted this study because data on prevalence of pulmonary involvement in murine typhus are rarely reported. (cdc.gov)
- We therefore describe a clinical case and summarize the published literature on the pulmonary aspects of murine typhus. (cdc.gov)
- Chest radiograph of 40-year-old man with acute respiratory distress syndrome as a complication of murine typhus. (cdc.gov)
- To determine prevalence of such cases, we conducted a search of published studies mentioning pulmonary manifestations of murine typhus (details in the Technical Appendix ). (cdc.gov)
- The typhus group includes the pathogens that cause epidemic and murine typhus, while the transitional group includes agents that cause rickettsialpox and Queensland tick typhus. (health.mil)
Rickettsia4
- Fleaborne typhus, a vectorborne zoonosis caused by Rickettsia typhi , is a moderately severe but rarely fatal illness. (cdc.gov)
- New or reemerging rickettsioses have been described in the last few decades, including tickborne lymphadenopathy (TIBOLA) and Dermacentor -borne-necrosis-eschar-lymphadenopathy (DEBONEL) related to Rickettsia slovaca infection, as well as lymphangitis-associated rickettsiosis attributed to Rickettsia sibricia infection. (medscape.com)
- Rickettsia felis was successfully isolated in cell culture from all three cat-flea pools. (biomedcentral.com)
- The ancestral group includes the tick-borne agents Rickettsia bellii and R. canadensis but does not contain pathogens that cause human disease. (health.mil)
Typhi1
- A presumptive fleaborne typhus case includes detection of R. typhi immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies at titers ≥1:128 or IgM titers ≥1:256 by indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay obtained from specimens collected within 60 days of illness onset. (cdc.gov)
Ctenocephalides3
- The cat flea ( Ctenocephalides felis ), whose principal host is the domestic cat (but which is also found on opossums, dogs, and rats) is the predominant vector in suburban areas of the United States* ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- The cat flea , Ctenocephalides felis , constituted 1.5% of the total ectoparasites. (bvsalud.org)
- Antigens for R. felis were produced by inoculating confluent XTC-2 monolayer cell cultures with three pools of cat flea ( Ctenocephalides felis ) homogenates. (biomedcentral.com)
Fever5
- Signs and symptoms of fleaborne typhus include fever, headache, a palm- and sole-sparing rash, hepatitis, and thrombocytopenia ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- However, these organisms represent a heterogeneous group that strikingly differs from Rickettsial species of the spotted fever and typhus groups. (medscape.com)
- Once inside, the rickettsial organisms either multiply and accumulate in large numbers before lysing the host cell (typhus group) or they escape from the cell, damaging its membrane and causing the influx of water (spotted fever group). (medscape.com)
- Diseases and epidemics of the 19th century included long-standing epidemic threats such as smallpox, typhus, yellow fever, and scarlet fever. (wikipedia.org)
- Rickettsial fever has been reported to be endemic in many parts of India among the adult population. (currentpediatrics.com)
Rickettsial diseases2
- The prevalence of fleas and high abundance of tick vectors with natural infections of rickettsial agents indicates the risk of transmission of tick - and flea -borne rickettsial diseases in rural villages of Gorakhpur. (bvsalud.org)
- Rickettsial diseases are vector-borne bacterial infections that cause acute febrile illness throughout the world. (health.mil)
Diseases5
- Between the extremes of disease 'control' (reduction in incidence and/or prevalence) and 'eradication,' several intermediate levels of impact on diseases may be described. (cdc.gov)
- New York Times Global Health Reporter Stephanie Nolen traveled to five countries in Africa and Latin America to crack the code on what's being done to control mosquito-borne diseases. (mvcac.org)
- Insect-borne diseases impose immense health and economic burdens on both individuals and nations. (rentokil.com)
- With concerted action by the international community, some diseases endemic in developing countries have been drastically reduced. (rentokil.com)
- Complacency, however, has resulted in several insect-borne diseases being almost eliminated then returning with a vengeance. (rentokil.com)
Illness2
- This report describes the clinical presentation, illness course, and methods used to diagnose fleaborne typhus in these three cases. (cdc.gov)
- The Food and Drug Administration has approved the world's first vaccine to prevent chikungunya, a mosquito-borne illness that can cause debilitating joint pain for months to years. (mvcac.org)
Acute1
- Evidence on the prevalence of emerging and re-emerging tick- and flea-borne rickettsial agents in acute encephalitis syndrome endemic areas of northeast Uttar Pradesh, India. (bvsalud.org)
Mites2
- Advances in our knowledge of military medical importance of mites and fleas due to postwar experiences in the Pacific area. (ajtmh.org)
- Arthropods such as ticks , mites , fleas , and lice , can also cause human disease, which conceptually are similar to infections, but invasion of a human or animal body by these macroparasites is usually termed infestation . (wikipedia.org)
Overall prevalence2
- In Canada, the overall prevalence of HIV/AIDS is relatively low an estimated 0.3% at the end of 2003 (Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS, 2004). (bvsalud.org)
- Some authors say the overall prevalence is one in 3000 and others say it is one in 11000-12000 among European live births. (avclark.com)
Ticks1
- In total, 1552 ectoparasites comprising two species of ticks and one species each of flea and louse were retrieved from the trapped rodents / shrews . (bvsalud.org)
Humans1
- Monitoring rodent, opossum, free-roaming cat, and dog flea infestations and the numbers of infected fleas is needed to understand disease ecology and more efficiently direct interventions to prevent disease in humans. (cdc.gov)
Vectors1
- These mammals were hosts for 85.8% of fleas collected, including the efficient plague vectors Xenopsylla cheopis and X. brasiliensis, as well as likely enzootic vectors, Dinopsyllus lypusus and Ctenophthalmus bacopus. (cdc.gov)
Plague5
- Plague, a fleaborne rodent-associated zoonosis, is a neglected disease with most recent cases reported from east and central Africa and Madagascar. (cdc.gov)
- Flea loads on small mammals were higher in certain environments in villages with a recent history of plague compared to those that lacked such a history. (cdc.gov)
- Pentaplex real-time PCR for differential detection of Yersinia pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis and application for testing fleas collected during plague epizootics. (cdc.gov)
- Examples include the lack of plague transmission outside endemic areas, countries that are free of brucellosis, and the limitation of tularemia to the northern hemisphere. (scienceopen.com)
- Did you know that fleas are actually the main cause of the plague? (rentokil.com)
Pathogens1
- the ability for public/veterinary health agencies to assess the risks posed by tick-borne pathogens is reliant on an understanding of the main tick vector species. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Rats1
- The Oriental rat flea ( X e nopsylla cheopis ), a parasite of rats, is the historical vector ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
19931
- Before 2022, the most recent fleaborne typhus-associated death in LAC was reported in 1993. (cdc.gov)
Infections2
- However, information on the prevalence of other rickettsial infections is lacking. (bvsalud.org)
- Rickettsial infections are common tick, flea, or mite-borne illnesses caused by obligate intracellular cocco-bacilli belong to the family of Rickettsiaceae [ 1 ]. (currentpediatrics.com)
Species2
- In total, 4428 ectoparasites comprising five tick species, three louse species and one flea species were collected from 1798 domestic animals screened. (bvsalud.org)
- Over an 18-month period, a total of 2,959 small mammals were captured, sampled, and examined for fleas, resulting in the identification of 20 small mammal taxa that were hosts to 5,109 fleas (nine species). (cdc.gov)
Antibodies1
- Prevalence of antibodies to rickettsiae in the human population of suburban Bangkok. (ajtmh.org)
Rickettsioses1
- Ecology of chigger-borne rickettsioses. (ajtmh.org)
20223
- Fleaborne typhus cases in Los Angeles County (LAC), California increased from 31 in 2010 to 171 in 2022. (cdc.gov)
- Reported fleaborne typhus cases in Los Angeles County have been increasing since 2010, with the highest number (171) reported during 2022. (cdc.gov)
- During June-October 2022, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health learned of three fleaborne typhus-associated deaths. (cdc.gov)
Angeles County2
- The disease is endemic in Los Angeles County (LAC), and reporting is mandated in California ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)
- [ 6 ] The disease is endemic in Los Angeles County (LAC), and reporting is mandated in California (Figure). (medscape.com)
Infection1
- As part of fleaborne typhus surveillance in LAC, retrospective medical record review and case or next-of-kin interviews are conducted for all reported cases with presumptive or confirmatory laboratory evidence of infection. (cdc.gov)
California1
- Fleaborne typhus is a mandated reportable condition in California. (cdc.gov)
Fatal1
- During 1985-2015, among 3,048 fleaborne typhus cases in Texas, 11 (0.4%) were fatal ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
Decades1
- We investigated how invasive R. rattus and native small mammal populations, as well as their fleas, have changed in recent decades. (cdc.gov)
Cases2
- Hence, this study was carried out to assess any occurrence of tick - and flea -borne rickettsial agents in villages reporting AES cases in this district. (bvsalud.org)
- An increasing number of human cases have being reported worldwide, and in Australia the agent was reported for the first time affecting five household members ranging in age from 4-64 years, living with flea-ridden pets in Victoria, Australia [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Common1
- While the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Canada is relatively low, experiences of HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination are common. (bvsalud.org)
Importance of early1
- Increased health care provider and public health awareness of the prevalence and severity of fleaborne typhus and of the importance of early doxycycline therapy is essential for prevention and treatment efforts. (cdc.gov)
Group1
- Whether increases in typhus group rickettsiosis in Galveston County, Texas, USA, are caused by increased recognition or true reemergence is unclear. (cdc.gov)
Transmission1
- one flea was positive for all Y. pestis-specific targets, confirming local Y. pestis transmission. (cdc.gov)