Presynaptic neuron somatic dendritic field excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Medical search. Frequent questions

Using optogenetically guided recordings in mouse thalamocortical slices, we achieved the first reported paired intracellular recordings from nine monosynaptically connected thalamic and cortical neurons, including principal cells and two subtypes of inhibitory interneurons, and compared between cortical responses to single thalamocortical spikes and bursts. (jneurosci.org)
We report that bursts enhanced the responses of excitatory neurons and of inhibitory interneurons that preferentially target dendrites. (jneurosci.org)
To make a direct and principled connection between the SI waveform and underlying neural dynamics, we developed a biophysically realistic computational SI model that contained excitatory and inhibitory neurons in supragranular and infragranular layers. (jneurosci.org)
One possibility is that CC inputs specifically modulate neurons projecting back to the source of those inputs (looped neurons) indirectly via intermediary inhibitory or excitatory cells in the local circuit. (elifesciences.org)
PB neurons in CCI-Pain animals showed a reduction in inhibitory, GABAergic inputs. (iasp-pain.org)
We show that this pathway regulates the activity of pain-related neurons in PB, and that, in chronic pain, this inhibitory pathway is suppressed, and that this suppression is causally related to pain perception. (iasp-pain.org)
We found an intersegmental chain of synaptically connected neurons, alternating excitatory and inhibitory, necessary for wave propagation and active in phase with the wave. (elifesciences.org)
The inhibitory neurons (GDL) are necessary for both forward and backward locomotion, suggestive of different yet coupled central pattern generators, and its inhibition is necessary for wave propagation. (elifesciences.org)
This circuit is made up of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. (elifesciences.org)
Both types of neurons regulate movement, but the inhibitory neurons must be suppressed for movement to occur. (elifesciences.org)
FHM1 has a differential effect on short-term depression (STD) at TC synapses: compared to wild type (WT) mice, STD is greater at synapses contacting layer IV (L4) excitatory neurons while it is unaltered at synapses contacting L4 inhibitory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
As a result, during repetitive thalamic firing, the gain-of-function of TC excitatory inputs on inhibitory neurons becomes larger than that on excitatory neurons and the I/E balance is relatively skewed towards inhibition in FHM1 L4 excitatory neurons [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Glutamate and functional connectivity - support for the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance hypothesis in autism spectrum disorders. (muirmaxwellcentre.com)
Finally, a selective deficit in GABAergic inhibitory tone onto human MF postsynaptic targets suggests that unrestrained detonator excitatory drive contributes to epileptic circuit hyperexcitability. (bvsalud.org)
An imbalance between excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) transmission is the putative hypothesis of ASD pathogenesis, supporting by the specific implications of inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system in autistic individuals and animal models of ASD. (biomedcentral.com)
Excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance within the brain is one of the pathophysiological theories of ASD [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It receives excitatory input from rod bipolar cells and sends its output to ON-cone bipolar cells via electrical synapses, and to OFF-cone bipolar cells via glycinergic, inhibitory synapses (Bloomfield & Dacheux, 2001). (gasyblog.com)
A number of different kinds of interneurons make inhibitory GABAergic synapses at different levels in the dendritic trees. (modeldb.science)
2001). Total number and distribution of inhibitory and excitatory synapses on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. (modeldb.science)

As a result of local nonlinear dendritic processing, a train of output spikes are generated in the neuron axon, carrying information that is communicated, via synapses, to thousands of other (postsynaptic) neurons. (biorxiv.org)
The building blocks of neural systems are the neurons, which are specialized eukaryotic biological cells able to communicate with each other at highly specialized contact sites, called synapses. (biomedcentral.com)
The synapses are the places of functional contacts between neurons, where the information is stored and transmitted from one to another neuron. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, the intrinsic properties and pairwise interactions of their constituent neurons can be characterized, including analyses of their communication via gap junctions, action potential-gated synapses or graded synapses. (degruyter.com)
The axon is responsible for integrating synaptic signals, generating action potentials (APs), propagating those APs to downstream synapses and converting them into patterns of neurotransmitter vesicle release. (frontiersin.org)
The FHM1 mouse model is consequently characterized by increased neurotransmission at both intra-cortical [ 15 ] and thalamocortical (TC) excitatory synapses [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Human MFs exhibit remarkably similar hallmark features to rodents, including AMPA receptor-dominated synapses with small contributions from NMDA and kainate receptors, large dynamic range with strong frequency facilitation, NMDA receptor-independent presynaptic long-term potentiation, and strong cyclic AMP (cAMP) sensitivity of release. (bvsalud.org)
2 I see it as the enhanced synapses' having less resistance to passage of electrochemical neuronal circuits, so that signals take the path of least resistance from one neuron to another. (natural-universe.net)
The red dendrite is a segment from an interneuron, as determined by the frequency and clustering of shaft synapses and the lack of mature-looking dendritic spines. (chronopause.com)
We hypothesize that glycinergic synaptic input may target the arboreal dendrites of AII cells, and could serve to shunt excitatory input from rod bipolar cells and transiently uncouple the transcellular current through electrical synapses between AII cells and between AII cells and ON-cone bipolar cells. (gasyblog.com)
The neurons communicate through approximately 6400 chemical synapses, 900 gap junctions, and 1500 neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). (wormatlas.org)
The spines receive glutamatergic synapses from the axons (Schafer collaterals) pyramidal neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. (modeldb.science)

The weight matrices of the DNN provide new insights into the I/O function of cortical pyramidal neurons, and the approach presented can provide a systematic characterization of the functional complexity of different neuron types. (biorxiv.org)
Our results demonstrate that cortical neurons can be conceptualized as multi-layered "deep" processing units, implying that the cortical networks they form have a non-classical architecture and are potentially more computationally powerful than previously assumed. (biorxiv.org)
With the recent development of sophisticated genetical, optical and electrical techniques it has become clear that many key neuron types (e.g., cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons, cerebellar Purkinje cells) are highly complicated I/O information processing devices. (biorxiv.org)
and the large and prolonged Ca 2 + spike at the apical dendrite of L5 cortical pyramidal neurons ( M E Larkum, Zhu, and Sakmann 1999 ). (biorxiv.org)
Bursts are suggested to provide an alerting signal to the cortex and enhance stimulus detection, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying these effects are not clear, because the postsynaptic responses of different subtypes of cortical neurons to unitary thalamocortical bursts are mostly unknown. (jneurosci.org)
In 18 additional cortical neurons, we elicited unitary burst responses optogenetically. (jneurosci.org)
Using brain slices from mouse somatosensory thalamus and cortex, we achieved the first dual recordings of directly connected thalamic and cortical neurons and compared between cortical responses to single thalamic spikes and to bursts. (jneurosci.org)
Using subcellular channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping in mouse visual cortex, we compared feedforward (FF) or feedback (FB) cortico-cortical (CC) synaptic input to cells projecting back to the input source (looped neurons) with cells projecting to a different cortical or subcortical area. (elifesciences.org)
Another possibility, not mutually exclusive to the previous one, is that CC projections selectively synapse onto looped neurons directly to form interareal monosynaptic loops, which would be excitatory since most long-range cortical afferents are glutamatergic. (elifesciences.org)
Chronic pain enhances this cortico-cortical connection, as manifested by an increased number of ACC neurons that respond to S1 inputs and the magnified contribution of these neurons to the nociceptive response in the ACC. (iasp-pain.org)
Computational studies suggest that this shift is specifically due to enhanced cortical excitatory transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
Altered network properties in C9ORF72 repeat expansion cortical neurons are due to synaptic dysfunction. (muirmaxwellcentre.com)
Activity-dependent regulation of excitability in rat visual cortical neurons. (auth.gr)
Effects of dopaminergic modulation of persistent sodium currents on the excitability of prefrontal cortical neurons: A computational study. (auth.gr)

1 . Shah MM, Migliore M, Brown DA (2011) Differential effects of Kv7 (M-) channels on synaptic integration in distinct subcellular compartments of rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
Here, using physiologically relevant patterns of MF stimulation in acute mouse hippocampal slices, we found that disrupting postsynaptic Ca 2+ dynamics increases MF-PTP, strongly suggesting a form of Ca 2+ -dependent retrograde suppression of this form of plasticity. (eneuro.org)
K+ channel regulation of signal propagation in dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. (modeldb.science)
1998). Dendritic hyperpolarization-activated currents modify the integrative properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. (modeldb.science)
Role of an A-type K+ conductance in the back-propagation of action potentials in the dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. (modeldb.science)

Postsynaptic density Voltage- gated Ca++ channel Synaptic vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter Receptor Neurotransmitter Axon terminal Synaptic cleft Dendrite A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Neurotransmitters are generally stored in synaptic vesicles, clustered close to the cell membrane at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron. (wikipedia.org)
Transporters, or membrane transport proteins, pump neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft back into axon terminals (the presynaptic neuron) where they are stored for reuse. (wikipedia.org)
In general, each neuron consists of a somatic cellular body, on which a variable number of thin elongated structures, called dendrites, converge and from which a long single structure, called axon, emerges, branching in several synaptic terminals. (biomedcentral.com)
By using a combination of optogenetics, in vivo electrophysiology, and machine learning analysis, we find that a subset of neurons in the ACC receives S1 inputs, and activation of the S1 axon terminals increases the response to noxious stimuli in ACC neurons. (iasp-pain.org)
These modulatory events dramatically affect how synaptic information is integrated to generate patters of action potentials (APs) as well as how those APs are transformed into transmitter release at axon terminals ( Figure 1A ). (frontiersin.org)

Our results reveal that CC connections are selectively wired to form monosynaptic excitatory loops and support a differential role of supragranular and infragranular neurons in hierarchical recurrent computations. (elifesciences.org)

Neurotransmitters are released into and diffuse across the synaptic cleft, where they bind to specific receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. (wikipedia.org)
The excitatory neurons (A27h) are premotor and necessary only for forward locomotion, and are modulated by stretch receptors and descending inputs. (elifesciences.org)
While frequency facilitation at this synapse is limited by endogenous activation of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), whether MF-PTP can be regulated in an activity-dependent manner is unknown. (eneuro.org)
Finding unstable periodic orbits in electroreceptors, cold receptors and hypothalamic neurons. (auth.gr)
In the central nervous system, diversity among postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors generates diversity in synaptic transmission properties and appears to be an important mechanism for neural signal processing, e.g. by filtering similar presynaptic signals through different postsynaptic receptors (DeVries, 2000). (gasyblog.com)
In this study, we have investigated the functional characteristics of glycine receptors in the narrow-field AII amacrine cell. (gasyblog.com)

However, the basic function of the perceptron, a linear summation of its inputs and thresholding for output generation, highly oversimplifies the synaptic integration processes taking place in real neurons. (biorxiv.org)
A potential consequence is that bursts will enhance the response to the immediate sensory event over responses to less urgent, modulatory inputs. (jneurosci.org)
However, it remains unknown whether CC inputs selectively contact looped neurons over closely intermingled IT neurons projecting elsewhere (non-looped IT neurons), or whether they innervate IT neurons equally regardless of their projection pattern. (elifesciences.org)
We show that-in both rats and mice-PB contains few GABAergic neurons, and that most of its GABAergic inputs arise from CeA. (iasp-pain.org)

The SI evoked response was successfully reproduced from the intracellular currents in pyramidal neurons driven by a sequence of lamina-specific excitatory input, consisting of output from the granular layer (∼25 ms), exogenous input to the supragranular layers (∼70 ms), and a second wave of granular output (∼135 ms). The model also predicted that SI correlates of perception reflect stronger and shorter-latency supragranular and late granular drive during perceived trials. (jneurosci.org)

We also review current models for the mechanisms of GABA-mediated synchronization of neural activity, focusing on parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons, which are altered in schizophrenia and whose function has been strongly linked to the production of neural synchrony. (hindawi.com)
How neural networks, including those underlying central pattern generators (CPGs) and sensory feedback circuits, orchestrate the precisely timed activation of motor and premotor neurons in multiple body segments remains poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)
Therefore, knowing when and where to act is contingent on plasticity at multiple levels, from gene transcription through neurons and neural circuits to behavior. (biomedcentral.com)
It has been implicated in multiple forms of neural plasticity, and active (de) methylation is an important regulator of gene expression in adult neurons involved in learning and memory [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Methylation likely supports "metaplasticity" (plasticity of neural plasticity), since it is a relatively stable epigenetic mark that also retains the potential for change [ 21 , 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Thus, when investigating microcircuit activity, techniques able to acquire data from multiple single neurons simultaneously and to capture short- and long-term changes in neuronal dynamics are needed. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we evaluate the recent developments in imaging and electrophysiological techniques used to perform multiple single neurons recordings on microcircuits ex vivo . (frontiersin.org)
A few single neurons, including ALM , CAN , or small groups of neurons (lateral ganglia), are also found along the lateral body wall. (wormatlas.org)

The cell receiving the signal, or target cell, may be another neuron, but could also be a gland or muscle cell. (wikipedia.org)

Single-unit recordings are advantageous for reporting individual neuron activity but are difficult to obtain in humans, limiting observations to highly trained monkeys. (jneurosci.org)
A complete list of C. elegans neurons, their lineage, and descriptions can be found in the Individual Neuron section of the WormAtlas. (wormatlas.org)

These forms of plasticity are due to increases in presynaptic neurotransmitter release, and can be engaged when dentate GCs fire in bursts (e.g., during exploratory behaviors) and bring CA3 pyramidal neurons above threshold. (eneuro.org)

The synaptic terminals of the transmitting neuron (the presynaptic element) send signals by releasing chemical molecules (neurotransmitters) to the dendritic, somatic or axonic, part of the receiving neuron (postsynaptic term) [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Decoding time-varying calcium signals by the postsynaptic biochemical network: Computer simulations of molecular kinetics. (auth.gr)

Modelling the firing pattern of bullfrog vestibular neurons responding to naturalistic stimuli. (auth.gr)

Neuronal activity triggers an increase in astrocytic calcium levels, prompting the release of gliotransmitters, such as glutamate, ATP, and D-serine.These gliotransmitters diffuse into the extracellular space, interacting with nearby neurons and influencing synaptic transmission. (wikipedia.org)
The mammalian vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2 and Drosophila ortholog dVGLUT have been implicated as modulators of DA neuron resilience. (umassmed.edu)

In the hippocampus, the excitatory synapse between dentate granule cell (GC) axons, or mossy fibers (MFs), and CA3 pyramidal cells (MF-CA3) expresses robust forms of short-term plasticity, such as frequency facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). (eneuro.org)
Presynaptic facilitation: Quantal analysis and simulations. (auth.gr)

Specific presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms can be further analysed under various conditions, for instance by studying the presynaptic behaviour under repeated activations. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the mechanisms by which VGLUT2/dVGLUT protects DA neurons remain unknown. (umassmed.edu)

The Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb (1949 ) is credited with inventing the concept, which was based on appealing - but speculative - ideas of how excitatory neurons ought to be synaptically interconnected, ought to have their interconnections modified, and ought to function together. (degruyter.com)

Depending on the receptor, binding of neurotransmitters may cause excitation, inhibition, or modulation of the postsynaptic neuron. (wikipedia.org)
Here we demonstrate that similar activity amplification occurs in mice, and that this is related to suppressed inhibition to PB neurons from the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in animals of either sex. (iasp-pain.org)
We describe a novel pathway, consisting of inhibition by dynorphin, somatostatin and corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala that project to the parabrachial nucleus (PB). (iasp-pain.org)

Given the apparent ease with which these robust forms of presynaptic potentiation are elicited at the MF-CA3 synapse, one might expect a process by which the connection is negatively regulated. (eneuro.org)

2011. In this study, using a combination of electrophysiology and computational modelling, we show that these channels selectively influence peri-somatic but not dendritic post-synaptic excitatory synaptic potential (EPSP) integration in CA1 pyramidal cells. (yale.edu)

Cell assemblies and central pattern generators (CPGs) are related types of neuronal networks: both consist of interacting groups of neurons whose collective activities lead to defined functional outputs. (degruyter.com)
FHM1 mutations result in gain-of-function of recombinant human Ca V 2.1 channels and native neuronal Ca V 2.1 channels in FHM1 knock-in mice, causing the enhancement of action potential evoked Ca 2+ influx [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Thalamocortical neurons relay sensory and motor information to the cerebral cortex using both single spikes and high-frequency bursts, but the function of bursts is not fully understood. (jneurosci.org)

Parkinson's disease (PD) targets some dopamine (DA) neurons more than others. (umassmed.edu)
Cell invasion is a crucial step of tumor metastasis , finding new regulators of which offers potential drug targets for cancer therapy. (sdbonline.org)
In contrast, the pharyngeal neurons lie directly among the pharyngeal muscles and are not separated from their muscle targets by a basal lamina. (wormatlas.org)

Neurons are the computational building blocks of the brain. (biorxiv.org)

Neurotransmitters are generally synthesized in neurons and are made up of, or derived from, precursor molecules that are found abundantly in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
However, some neurotransmitters, like the metabolic gases carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, are synthesized and released immediately following an action potential without ever being stored in vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
Reuptake - neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the pre-synaptic neuron. (wikipedia.org)

FF and FB afferents showed similar cell-type selectivity, making stronger connections with looped neurons than with other projection types in layer (L)5 and L6, but not in L2/3, resulting in selective modulation of activity in looped neurons. (elifesciences.org)

These CeA GABA neurons express dynorphin, somatostatin and/or corticotropin releasing hormone. (iasp-pain.org)

Thus, long-range CC projections could selectively participate in excitatory monosynaptic loops by preferentially contacting looped IT neurons, while avoiding neighboring non-looped IT, PT, and CT neurons. (elifesciences.org)

Taken together, these findings revealed the E/I synaptic abnormalities in the amygdala from two generations of the VPA-induced offspring with GABAergic deteriorations in the F2 generation, suggesting a potential therapeutic role of the GABAergic system to generational pathophysiology of ASD. (biomedcentral.com)

CA1 pyramidal neuron: functional significance of axonal Kv7 channels (Shah et al. (yale.edu)

We discovered DA neuron dVGLUT knockdown increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in a sexually dimorphic manner in response to depolarization or paraquat-induced stress, males being especially affected. (umassmed.edu)
Cell damage was assessed using MTT assays, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate and flow cytometry were used to detect the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential respectively. (sdbonline.org)

Low threshold calcium T-current IV curve geometry is alterable through the distribution of T-channels in thalamic relay neurons. (auth.gr)

CAP-Mac is neuron biased in infant Old World primates, exhibits broad tropism in adult rhesus macaques and is vasculature biased in adult marmosets. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we comprehensively examined human brain cell epigenomes by probing DNA methylation and chromatin conformation at single-cell resolution in 517 thousand cells (399 thousand neurons and 118 thousand non-neurons) from 46 regions of three adult male brains. (salk.edu)
The adult C. elegans hermaphrodite has 302 neurons that belong to two distinct and independent nervous systems: a large somatic nervous system (282 neurons) and a small pharyngeal nervous system (20 neurons). (wormatlas.org)

Thus, firing a burst instead of a single spike would more than double the probability of firing in postsynaptic excitatory neurons and in SOM, but not FS, interneurons. (jneurosci.org)

The principal neuron of region CA1 of the hippocampus. (modeldb.science)

RNA sequencing of VGLUT+ DA neurons in mice and flies identified candidate genes that we functionally screened to further dissect VGLUT-mediated DA neuron resilience across PD models. (umassmed.edu)

1997). The NEURON simulation environment. (modeldb.science)

GSOs also mitigated the deleterious effects of GLU on the mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release, thus alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased GSH levels and CAT activity in both cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)

We recorded extracellular field potentials from the primary visual cortex (V1) of head-fixed awake FHM1 knock-in ( n = 12) and wild type ( n = 12) mice in response to square-wave gratings with different visual contrasts. (biomedcentral.com)

FHM1 mice displayed similar amplitude but slower temporal evolution of visual evoked potentials. (biomedcentral.com)
Spectral analysis of the local field potentials revealed an increase in the β/low γ range of WT mice following the abrupt reversal of contrast gratings. (biomedcentral.com)
In LSL-SERCaMP × Alb-Cre mice, robust GLuc activity was observed only in the liver and blood, whereas in LSL-SERCaMP × DAT-Cre mice, GLuc activity was seen in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and tissue samples innervated by dopaminergic projections. (bvsalud.org)

A microscopic nervecell analysis theory for elucidating membrane potential dynamics using boundary element method. (auth.gr)
Answers to the comments of A. Lerchl on the paper "No effects of intermittent 50-Hz EMF on cytoplasmic free calcium and on the mitochondrial membrane potential in human diploid fibroblasts" by Pilger et al. (arasysperfector.com)
Page 1 of 37 and on the mitochondrial membrane potential in human diploid fibroblasts. (arasysperfector.com)
Neurons are bounded by the basement membrane of the hypodermis. (wormatlas.org)

In most cases, stronger connections in looped L5 neurons were located on their apical tufts, but not on their perisomatic dendrites. (elifesciences.org)

Every C. elegans neuron name consists of either two or three uppercase letters indicating class and in some cases a number indicating the neuron number within one class. (wormatlas.org)

Social interactions regulate individual access to resources like food and potential mates that are critical for survival and reproduction [ 1 ], and social relationships are essential for well-being in many species, including humans [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, action potential recordings do not provide information about subthreshold cellular and field potential activity or the activity of smaller neurons that may be coincident with sensory information processing. (jneurosci.org)

Animals with pain after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-Pain) displayed higher spontaneous and evoked activity in PB neurons, and a dramatic increase in after-discharges-responses that far outlast the stimulus-compared to controls. (iasp-pain.org)

Overall, VGLUT protects DA neurons from PD-associated degeneration by maintaining mitochondrial health. (umassmed.edu)

However, it is unclear how neurons controlling the movement of one part of the body relay information to neurons controlling the movement of other parts. (elifesciences.org)

Location-dependent differences between somatic and dendritic IPSPs. (auth.gr)

During the last decades, the development of high-throughput technologies has produced a huge amount of information in the field of neurobiology, requiring the utilization of mathematical modeling to describe the complex dynamics of biological processes and stimulating new collaborations among biologists, physicists and computer scientists [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We pinpointed imaging and molecular features capturing the pathological trajectory of WM, offering potential for assessing treatment outcomes using marmoset as a platform. (umassmed.edu)

Anatomy83

Organisms20

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs95

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes35

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science2

Health Care2

Inhibitory19

Synapses12

Cortical14

Hippocampal5

Axon6

Supragranular and infragranular1

Receptors6

Inputs4

Currents1

Neural5

Single neurons3

Another neuron1

Individual neuron2

Neurotransmitter release1

Signals2

Stimuli1

Glutamate2

Facilitation2

Mechanisms2

Synaptically1

Inhibition3

Synapse1

Pyramidal cells1

Neuronal2

Thalamocortical1

Targets3

Computational1

Neurotransmitters3

Modulation1

GABA1

Selectively1

GABAergic1

Axonal1

Reactive oxygen2

Thalamic1

Adult3

Probability1

Hippocampus1

Functionally1

Simulation Environment1

Dysfunction1

Extracellular1

Mice3

Membrane4

Apical1

Consists1

Regulate1

Sensory1

Spontaneous1

Mitochondrial1

Relay1

Differences1

Dynamics1

Molecular1