NeuronsGlutamateSynapsesPostsynaptic partnersGABAergicNeurotransmitter releaseNeuronCalyxTerminalMembranePathwayRegulating vesicleProteinsTerminalsAxonActive zoneSubsequentIsolated rat cortical nerve terminalsPostsynapticInhibitionHippocampalExcitatoryNeurotransmissionCerebralExposureSuggestActiveRoleExpression
Neurons10
- This impulse travels along the nerve fiber and excites or inhibits thousands of other neurons, to which the fiber is connected via synapses. (lindau-nobel.org)
- Neurotransmission begins when vesicles that store the neurotransmitters fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing the molecules into the space between the two neurons. (elifesciences.org)
- Here, we demonstrate that SAT2 expression is primarily confined to glutamatergic neurons in many brain regions with SAT2 being predominantly targeted to the somatodendritic compartments in these neurons. (dadospdf.com)
- Within the brain and other parts of the nervous system, synapses are key junctional points in between neurons (the nerve cells) where critical signals are transmitted. (crunchtime-records.com)
- More specifically, the 'glutamatergic' synapses are the prime 'excitatory' synapse junctions that neurons use to activate each other and are known to have broad diversity in size and shape. (crunchtime-records.com)
- These mice showed a reduction or delay in synapse formation and a high reduction in the number of key proteins in the synapses, such as the glutamate receptors, which are ion channels that detect glutamate released from the presynaptic neurons to activate the postsynaptic neurons. (crunchtime-records.com)
- The researchers in the Zou lab obtained evidence that the asymmetry of this complex bridging the two neurons may lead to the asymmetric assembly of presynaptic and postsynaptic complexes across the synapse and ultimately determines the direction of the flow of neural signals, a fundamental feature of neuronal synapses. (crunchtime-records.com)
- Animals with pain after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-Pain) displayed higher spontaneous and evoked activity in PB neurons, and a dramatic increase in after-discharges-responses that far outlast the stimulus-compared to controls. (iasp-pain.org)
- VNC (ventral nerve cord) motor neurons are scattered along the VNC and send processes to the DC via commissures ( arrowheads ). (wormatlas.org)
- The lateral touch receptor neurons ( ALM in the anterior body, PLM in the posterior body) run on the peripheral side of the hypodermis, whereas VNC, DC, and canal-associated nerves run on the inside between the hypodermis and pseudocoelom. (wormatlas.org)
Glutamate4
- Finally, antibody labelings showed that a high percentage of presynaptic ribbon release sites and postsynaptic glutamate receptors were not juxtaposed, favoring a role for spillover. (jneurosci.org)
- Effects of isoflurane and propofol on glutamate and GABA transporters in isolated cortical nerve terminals. (cornell.edu)
- Since effects on transmitter transport have been implicated in anesthetic actions, the authors examined the sensitivity of presynaptic glutamate and GABA transporters to the effects of a representative volatile (isoflurane) and a representative intravenous (propofol) anesthetic. (cornell.edu)
- METHODS: A dual-isotope (l-[3H]glutamate and [14C]GABA) approach allowed simultaneous comparisons of anesthetic effects on three independent assays of glutamate and GABA transporters in adult rat cerebral cortex: transmitter uptake into isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes), transmitter binding to lysed and washed synaptosomes (synaptic membranes), and carrier-mediated release (reverse transport) of transmitter from preloaded synaptosomes using a modified superfusion system. (cornell.edu)
Synapses3
- A longstanding missing piece of the synapse puzzle has been an explanation for how glutamatergic synapses are assembled and maintained, leading to further questions about whether a common development mechanism or pathway, even exists for the large numbers and many types of glutamatergic synapses. (crunchtime-records.com)
- One main conclusion of this paper is that the planar cell polarity pathway is responsible for the formation and maintenance of a very large majority of glutamatergic synapses. (crunchtime-records.com)
- After Prickle1 and Prickle2 were specifically knocked out in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, the researchers found a 70-80% reduction in the number of glutamatergic synapses. (crunchtime-records.com)
Postsynaptic partners1
- In forming a distal, lateral synaptic network, horizontal cells enrich not only their own physiology but that of presynaptic and postsynaptic partners. (org.es)
GABAergic2
- CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that isoflurane and propofol at clinical concentrations do not affect excitatory glutamatergic transmission or inhibitory GABAergic transmission directly effects on their presynaptic neuronal transporters. (cornell.edu)
- Remarkably, these effects are not associated with changes in the expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic components, but with a reduction of parvalbumin (PV) neuron density and PV mRNA levels. (biorxiv.org)
Neurotransmitter release3
- The proteome of the presynaptic active zone controls neurotransmitter release and the short- and long-term structural and functional dynamics of the nerve terminal. (mdpi.com)
- My work over the last 40 years has been concerned with the two most basic signaling mechanisms in the brain: ion channels, which mediate the electrical excitability of nerve fibers and neurotransmitter release, which is the process, by which a nerve ending sends a signal to the receiving or 'postsynaptic' cell. (lindau-nobel.org)
- The 'Calyx of Held', a glutamatergic presynaptic terminal in the auditory pathway has unique properties for the study of neurotransmitter release. (lindau-nobel.org)
Neuron3
- The neuron integrates these inputs and generates an 'action potential' (or an electrical nerve impulse), when its membrane potential surpasses a certain threshold. (lindau-nobel.org)
- At these sites, a transmitting presynaptic neuron sends information, in the form of chemical signals known as neurotransmitters, to a receiving postsynaptic cell. (elifesciences.org)
- Exceptions are URX , URY , BAG , and FLP neuron processes that run in the sensillar nerves but do not end in the sensillar endings. (wormatlas.org)
Calyx2
- Here the role of glutamatergic transmission at the calyx synapse is investigated. (jneurosci.org)
- Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from calyx endings were performed in an in vitro whole-tissue preparation of the rat vestibular crista, the sensory organ of the semicircular canals that sense head rotation. (jneurosci.org)
Terminal2
- And these molecules can be released from both nerve terminal (anterograde signal), and from muscle fiber (retrograde signal). (intechopen.com)
- In front of the contact, the motor axon loses its myelin sheath and forms nerve terminal branches. (intechopen.com)
Membrane1
- A breakthrough for the identification of the proteome of the presynaptic active zone was the successful employment of antibodies directed against a cytosolic epitope of membrane integral synaptic vesicle proteins for the immunopurification of synaptic vesicles docked to the presynaptic plasma membrane. (mdpi.com)
Pathway1
- In addition, Fbxo3 modifies this pathway by inhibiting Fbxl2-mediated RIM1α ubiquitination, suggesting that presynaptic protein ubiquitination makes a crucial contribution to the development of neuropathic pain. (jneurosci.org)
Regulating vesicle1
- Presynaptic active zone proteins have a crucial role in regulating vesicle exocytosis, which is essential for synaptic plasticity. (jneurosci.org)
Proteins2
- Combining immunopurification and subsequent analytical mass spectrometry, hundreds of proteins, including synaptic vesicle proteins, components of the presynaptic fusion and retrieval machinery, proteins involved in intracellular and extracellular signaling and a large variety of adhesion molecules, were identified. (mdpi.com)
- Nevertheless, the mechanism for ubiquitination-regulated turnover of presynaptic active zone proteins in the progression of spinal plasticity-associated neuropathic pain remains unclear. (jneurosci.org)
Terminals2
- Whether exosomes can be actively released from presynaptic nerve terminals is a matter of debate. (centro3r.it)
- In the nervous system, most synaptic terminals form bouton endings. (jneurosci.org)
Axon1
- This depolarization was thought of as excitation, and if the excitation was large enough, action potentials, or nerve spikes, were generated to transfer signals down the length of the nerve-cell axon. (org.es)
Active zone4
- The proteinaceous inventory of the presynaptic active zone has recently been reported. (mdpi.com)
- Here, after research involving Sprague Dawley rats, we reported that spinal nerve ligation (SNL), in addition to causing allodynia, enhances the Rab3-interactive molecule-1α (RIM1α), a major active zone protein presumed to regulate neural plasticity, specifically in the synaptic plasma membranes (SPMs) of the ipsilateral dorsal horn. (jneurosci.org)
- Our findings identify a role of the presynaptic active zone protein in pain-associated plasticity. (jneurosci.org)
- Here, we found that the spinal presynaptic active zone protein Rab3-interactive molecule-1α (RIM1α) participates in neuropathic pain development by binding to and upregulating the expression of Ca V 2.2. (jneurosci.org)
Subsequent1
- These results confirm the prediction that spinal presynaptic Fbxo3-dependent Fbxl2 ubiquitination promotes the subsequent RIM1α/Ca V 2.2 cascade in SNL-induced neuropathic pain. (jneurosci.org)
Isolated rat cortical nerve terminals1
- Clinically relevant concentrations of several classes of general anesthetics did not affect basal, KCl-evoked, or veratridine-evoked CCK8s release from isolated rat cortical nerve terminals. (silverchair.com)
Postsynaptic1
- These contacts were characterized by a presynaptic ribbon surrounded by synaptic vesicles in the bipolar ending, an enlarged synaptic cleft, and prominent postsynaptic densities in both members of the dyad ( Figure 4F). (camkkinases.com)
Inhibition1
- Inhibition of glutamatergic excitatory neurotransmission and potentiation of GABA-mediated inhibitory transmission are possible mechanisms involved in general anesthesia. (cornell.edu)
Hippocampal2
- Neuritic dystrophy, microtubules breakdown, deregulation in presynaptic proteins and loss of mitochondria located at nerve endings are detected in hippocampal cultures only after prolonged exposure to NH 2 htau. (oncotarget.com)
- In hippocampal slice cultures, nPM increased the neurotoxicity of NMDA ( N -methyl- d -aspartic acid), a glutamatergic agonist, which was in turn blocked by the NMDA antagonist AP5 [(2 R )-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate]. (nih.gov)
Excitatory1
- The effects of representative intravenous and volatile anesthetics were studied on the release of sulfated cholecystokinin 8 (CCK8s), a representative excitatory neuropeptide, from isolated rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes). (silverchair.com)
Neurotransmission1
- However, few studies have analyzed the presynaptic actions of general anesthetics on peptidergic neurotransmission, 5,6 largely due to the technical difficulties involved in quantifying peptide release. (silverchair.com)
Cerebral1
- The interactions of nPM with glutamatergic neuronal functions suggest that cerebral ischemia, which involves glutamatergic excitotoxicity, could be exacerbated by nPM. (nih.gov)
Exposure1
- Two in vitro models showed effects of nPM suspensions within 24-48 hr of exposure that involved glutamatergic functions. (nih.gov)
Suggest1
- These transmitter-specific presynaptic effects of general anesthetics suggest that anesthetic-sensitive presynaptic targets are not common to all transmitter classes. (silverchair.com)
Active1
- These vesicles are present throughout the presynaptic terminal and not at the active zones where classic transmitters contained in small synaptic vesicles are secreted. (silverchair.com)
Role1
- Firstly, it will begin with a historical account on the evolution of the morphological analysis of glutamatergic systems and the pivotal role played by the discovery of VGLUTs. (hindawi.com)
Expression1
- Finally, this review will address the modulation of VGLUTs expression after nerve and tissue insult, their physiological relevance in relation to sensation, pain, and neuroprotection, and their potential pharmacological usefulness. (hindawi.com)