• The results indicate the existence of a glutamatergic pathway from the ComNTS to the DMV neurons modulated by presynaptic NE receptors. (psu.edu)
  • Synapsins associate as endogenous substrates to the surface of synaptic vesicles and act as key modulators in neurotransmitter release across the presynaptic membrane of axonal neurons in the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lack affects nervous signal transduction across excitatory and inhibitory synapses of neurons differently and is believed to be synapse-specific. (wikipedia.org)
  • Initial signal transduction appears to be unaffected by the lack of synapsins, but repeated stimulation of cultured synapsinless hippocampal neurons subsequently showed depressed responses at the excitatory synapse. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gi-coupled mGlu receptors also may exist on presynaptic elements of neighboring γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons where they play a role in heterosynaptic suppressions of GABA release. (aspetjournals.org)
  • A neurexin (NRXN) is a presynaptic protein that helps to glue together neurons at the synapse. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Illustration representing astrocyte responsiveness to dopamine and the bidirectional communication flow between astrocytes and neurons with depression of excitatory post synaptic currents. (nature.com)
  • The Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb (1949 ) is credited with inventing the concept, which was based on appealing - but speculative - ideas of how excitatory neurons ought to be synaptically interconnected, ought to have their interconnections modified, and ought to function together. (degruyter.com)
  • We found an intersegmental chain of synaptically connected neurons, alternating excitatory and inhibitory, necessary for wave propagation and active in phase with the wave. (elifesciences.org)
  • The excitatory neurons (A27h) are premotor and necessary only for forward locomotion, and are modulated by stretch receptors and descending inputs. (elifesciences.org)
  • This circuit is made up of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • A neuron's somatodendritic region can receive excitatory and inhibitory inputs from other neurons. (jove.com)
  • A postsynaptic neuron usually receives numerous impulses from several other presynaptic neurons. (jove.com)
  • Neurons that release neurotransmitters are called presynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In such cases, the dendrites (a neuron's receiving branches) on the postsynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters that affect receptors on the presynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Retrograde transmission can inhibit presynaptic neurons from releasing additional neurotransmitters and help control the level of activity and communication among neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A neuron can simultaneously receive many impulses-excitatory and inhibitory-from other neurons and integrate simultaneous impulses into various patterns of firing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • ion channels directly connect the cytoplasm of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) evoked by stimulation of the ComNTS were blocked by kynurenic acid (1 mM) and, in Mg 2+ -free solution, were sensitive to both the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor blocker 3- [(RS)-2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl]-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (20 μM) and the non-NMDA receptor blocker 2,3-dihydro-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl- benzo(f)quinoxaline (5 μM). (psu.edu)
  • Glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were recorded from neonatal trigeminal motoneurons in response to stimulation of the supratrigeminal nucleus (SuV). (nih.gov)
  • Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, which include mGlu1-8 receptors, are a heterogeneous family of G-protein-coupled receptors which function to modulate brain excitability via presynaptic, postsynaptic and glial mechanisms. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Although presynaptic strategies exist, postsynaptic proteins remain less studied because of a paucity of cell-type-specific reagents. (jefferson.edu)
  • To study excitatory postsynapses with cell-type specificity, we engineered dlg1[4K], a conditionally labeled marker of Drosophila excitatory postsynaptic densities. (jefferson.edu)
  • Normal neuromuscular junction showing a presynaptic terminal with a motor nerve ending in an enlargement (bouton terminale): Synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane with multiple folds and embedded with several acetylcholine receptors. (medscape.com)
  • It was hypothesized that the activation of xc- prevents drug seeking by increasing glutamatergic tone on presynaptic group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) and thereby inhibiting excitatory transmission. (jneurosci.org)
  • Recent progress on the molecular and pharmacological aspects of these presynaptic mGlu receptors is unveiling their functions and the therapeutic directions of agents designed for these novel glutamate receptor targets. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Activation of presynaptic GABA(A) receptors induces glutamate release from parallel fiber synapses. (sppin.fr)
  • 1. Phosphoinositide hydrolysis-linked excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors (ACPD receptors) are selectively activated by the glutamate analogue trans-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD). (nih.gov)
  • In the first experiment, the capacity of glutamate derived from xc- to regulate excitatory transmission via mGluR2/3 was determined. (jneurosci.org)
  • Therefore, a mechanism that may account for the ameliorative effect of cysteine prodrugs on cocaine seeking is that the increase in extracellular glutamate produced by activating xc- restores tone on presynaptic mGluR2/3 and thereby reduces synaptic glutamate release. (jneurosci.org)
  • Two experiments were conducted to examine the hypothesis that glutamate derived from xc- stimulates inhibitory presynaptic mGluR2/3, thereby reducing synaptic glutamate release and preventing cocaine-primed drug seeking. (jneurosci.org)
  • Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and alterations in its release, receptor function, or signaling pathways can have profound effects on cognitive processes. (woodtv.com)
  • The mGlu2 receptor is expressed in the brain on presynaptic nerve terminals where it modulates glutamate release, helping to maintain the balance of excitatory neurotransmission. (woodtv.com)
  • Biohaven's troriluzole is a novel, orally administered small molecule that modulates glutamate, the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the human body. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Troriluzole is thought to restore glutamate homeostasis by enhancing glutamate cycling, decreasing presynaptic glutamate release, and augmenting the expression and function of excitatory amino acid transporters (i.e. (pharmiweb.com)
  • This suggests that the effect of trans-ACPD was not mediated by a presynaptic action but must be mediated by direct effects on CA1 pyramidal cells or by a decrease in synaptic inhibition. (nih.gov)
  • Numerical data of inhibitory and excitatory synapses in conditional mutant mice for Nrg1 and Nrg3. (elifesciences.org)
  • Numbers of presynaptic Ca2+ channel clusters match those of functionally defined vesicular docking sites in single central synapses. (sppin.fr)
  • GluR1 funcitons as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system and is widely expressed in brain. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • Dopamine inhibits excitatory neurotransmission in basolateral amygdala during development via pre-synaptic mechanism. (nel.edu)
  • Wang P, Fang M, Zha Y, Lai J, Li Z. Dopamine inhibits excitatory neurotransmission in basolateral amygdala during development via pre-synaptic mechanism. (nel.edu)
  • Certain members of this receptor family have been shown to function as presynaptic regulatory mechanisms to control release of neurotransmitters. (aspetjournals.org)
  • This discovery has led to a new understanding of mechanisms for short-term presynaptic plasticity, that appears crucial for working memory. (ist.ac.at)
  • The reserve pool is the pool of synaptic vesicles which reside in the nerve terminal away from the presynaptic membrane of the axon, but are not in the ready to release or ready-release pool. (wikipedia.org)
  • An excitatory GABA loop operating in vivo. (sppin.fr)
  • The proteome of the presynaptic active zone controls neurotransmitter release and the short- and long-term structural and functional dynamics of the nerve terminal. (mdpi.com)
  • Because of its restorative effect, synapsin IIa is believed to play a fundamental role in synaptic vesicle mobilization and reserve pool regulation in presynaptic nerve terminals. (wikipedia.org)
  • A novel paradigm in ground-based space simulated modelling developed to study presynaptic event conundrum in brain intensified inhibitory and attenuated excitatory processes in nerve terminals. (copernicus.org)
  • B ) Confocal images (top three panels) and binary images (bottom panel) illustrating presynaptic GABAergic boutons co-labeled with GAD65 (magenta) and CB1R (cyan) contacting the soma of tdTomato+ pyramidal cells (gray) in controls, Nrg1 and Nrg3 conditional mutant mice. (elifesciences.org)
  • D ) Confocal images (top three panels) and binary images (bottom panel) illustrating presynaptic VGlut1+ puncta (blue) in tdTomato+ axons (red) of pyramidal cells located in close apposition to PSD95+ clusters (green) in PV+ interneurons (gray) in controls, Nrg1 and Nrg3 conditional mutant mice. (elifesciences.org)
  • 4. trans-ACPD had a number of direct excitatory effects on CA1 pyramidal cells. (nih.gov)
  • trans-ACPD also had effects on CA1 pyramidal cells that were not excitatory in nature. (nih.gov)
  • A breakthrough for the identification of the proteome of the presynaptic active zone was the successful employment of antibodies directed against a cytosolic epitope of membrane integral synaptic vesicle proteins for the immunopurification of synaptic vesicles docked to the presynaptic plasma membrane. (mdpi.com)
  • Combining immunopurification and subsequent analytical mass spectrometry, hundreds of proteins, including synaptic vesicle proteins, components of the presynaptic fusion and retrieval machinery, proteins involved in intracellular and extracellular signaling and a large variety of adhesion molecules, were identified. (mdpi.com)
  • Developmental changes in parvalbumin regulate presynaptic Ca2+ signaling. (sppin.fr)
  • In general, Gi-coupled mGlu receptor subtypes appear to negatively modulate excitatory (and possibly also inhibitory) neurotransmitter output when activated. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Depending on the receptor, the response may be excitatory or inhibitory. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This member of the synapsin family encodes a neuron-specific phosphoprotein that selectively binds to small synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic nerve terminal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutations in the SYN2 gene may be associated with abnormal presynaptic function and schizophrenia. (wikipedia.org)
  • These effects of cystine were presynaptic, because there was no change in mEPSC or sEPSC amplitude, and an increase in the evoked EPSC paired-pulse facilitation ratio. (jneurosci.org)
  • 1980. Selective depression of excitatory amino-acid induced depolarizations by magnesium ions in isolated spinal cord preparations. (cdc.gov)
  • Those vesicles in the ready-release pool reside very close to the presynaptic membrane and are primed to release neurotransmitters for nervous signal transduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Actin- and Myosin-Dependent Vesicle Loading of Presynaptic Docking Sites Prior to Exocytosis. (sppin.fr)
  • NE (30 μM) did not affect the membrane input resistance but reduced the paired- pulse depression, demonstrating that NE acts on presynaptic α 2 - adrenoceptors. (psu.edu)
  • Amyloid β oligomers suppress excitatory transmitter release via presynaptic depletion of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. (nih.gov)
  • Localization studies have shown that mGlu7 is restricted to the presynaptic grid at the site of vesicle fusion. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The proteinaceous inventory of the presynaptic active zone has recently been reported. (mdpi.com)