Precursors in dicarboxylic acid pathway on fermentation formation dicarboxylic acids. Medical search. Frequent questions

Acid hydrolysis of PMA, resulting in release of the monomer l -malic acid (MA), which is widely used in the food and chemical industry, is a competitive process for producing bio-based platform chemicals. (biomedcentral.com)
Using fed-batch fermentation of FJ-PYC, we obtained the highest PMA titers (81.5, 94.2 g/L of MA after hydrolysis) in 140 h with a corresponding MA yield of 0.62 g/g and productivity of 0.67 g/L h. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, its monomer MA can be easily generated from PMA via acid hydrolysis. (biomedcentral.com)

Pyruvate carboxylase (PYC) plays a pivotal role in the production of dicarboxylic acids in microbial fermentation process. (rpi.edu)
Microbial malic acid production is currently not able to compete economically with well-established chemical processes using fossil resources. (biomedcentral.com)
To pave the path towards microbial malic acid production, the potential of acetate as a carbon source for A. oryzae is evaluated in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
The insights provided here will be useful to further microbial malic acid production using renewable substrates. (biomedcentral.com)

Genetically engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are proposed for the commercial production via fermentation of glucose. (wikipedia.org)
The addition of 5-15 g/L glucose to acetate medium proved beneficial by lowering the time point of maximum productivity and increasing malic acid yield. (biomedcentral.com)
The side product spectrum of cultures with acetate, glucose, and cultures containing both substrates was compared, showing differences especially in the amount of oxalic, succinic, and citric acid produced. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, the presence of CaCO 3 , a pH regulator used for malate production with glucose, was found to be crucial also for malic acid production with acetate. (biomedcentral.com)
The majority of malic acid production processes with A. oryzae described so far utilized glucose as carbon source. (biomedcentral.com)
Comparative metabolome analysis of sucrose- and glucose-based fermentation identified 81 intracellular metabolites and demonstrated that pyruvate from the glycolysis pathway may be a key metabolite affecting PMA synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Glucose is metabolized into pyruvate through the EMP pathway (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas). (biomedcentral.com)
These fuel molecules, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, are broken down and fed into the Krebs cycle, becoming oxidized to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) before entering the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
In the absence of oxygen, when anaerobic respiration occurs, such as in fermentation, glucose is degraded to lactate and lactic acid , and only a small fraction of the available energy of the original glucose molecule is released. (encyclopedia.com)
Before glucose, fatty acids, and most amino acids can be oxidized to CO2 and H2O in the Krebs cycle, they must first be broken down to acetyl CoA. (encyclopedia.com)
Each turn of the Krebs cycle therefore begins when one of the two acetyl-CoA molecules derived from the original 6-carbon glucose molecule yields its acetyl group to the 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form the 6-carbon tricarboxylic acid (citrate) molecule. (encyclopedia.com)

A broad acetate concentration range was tested both for growth and malic acid production with A. oryzae . (biomedcentral.com)
For malic acid production, 45 g/L acetic acid was ideal, resulting in a product concentration of 8.44 ± 0.42 g/L after 192 h. (biomedcentral.com)
This study evaluates relevant aspects of malic acid production with A. oryzae using acetate as carbon source and demonstrates that it is a suitable substrate for biomass formation and acid synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Among these genera, Aspergillus oryzae is of particular interest in the context of malic acid production with bio-based substrates as this species exhibits a high tolerance against biomass-derived inhibitors [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Currently, the main role of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in wine is to conduct the malolactic fermentation (MLF). (frontiersin.org)
The main role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in wine has traditionally been to perform the conversion of malic acid to lactic acid. (frontiersin.org)

Succinic acid can be dehydrogenated to fumaric acid or be converted to diesters, such as diethylsuccinate (CH2CO2CH2CH3)2. (wikipedia.org)

The supposed pathway starts with glycolysis in the cytosol. (biomedcentral.com)

Dry biomass concentration was highest for acetic acid concentrations of 40-55 g/L reaching values of about 1.1 g/L within 48 h. (biomedcentral.com)

these limitations must be overcome to achieve an economically competitive process, including enhanced strain tolerance and fermentation performance in the presence of inhibitors released from dilute acid-pretreated lignocellulose [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Succinate is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a primary metabolic pathway used to produce chemical energy in the presence of O2. (wikipedia.org)
As intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, malic acid has great potential to be produced microbially. (biomedcentral.com)
In silico simulation of a genome-scale metabolic model ( i ZX637) further verified that pyruvate carboxylase ( pyc ) via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle strengthened carbon flux for PMA synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
The Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle, is the common pathway by which organic fuel molecules of the cell are oxidized during cellular respiration. (encyclopedia.com)

In the mitochondria, acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate were condensed into citric acid by citrate synthase (CS). (biomedcentral.com)

In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state. (wikipedia.org)
Natural metabolic pathways are dynamically regulated at the transcriptional, translational, and protein levels. (rpi.edu)

For the fermentation of these substrates, a robust microorganism with a high tolerance for biomass-derived inhibitors is required. (biomedcentral.com)

A growing number of studies support the appreciation that LAB can also significantly, positively and negatively, contribute to the sensorial profile of wine through many different enzymatic pathways. (frontiersin.org)

As a diprotic acid, succinic acid undergoes two successive deprotonation reactions: (CH2)2(CO2H)2 → (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)− + H+ (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)− → (CH2)2(CO2)22− + H+ The pKa of these processes are 4.3 and 5.6, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
Often, they are instead the product of the metabolism of yeast and bacteria and are modified and released in wine during the fermentation processes. (frontiersin.org)
Inexpensive renewable feedstocks and media for fermentation, as well as high PMA titers with good productivity are also important constraints in developing industrial PMA fermentation processes. (biomedcentral.com)

Dicarboxylic acids are widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. (rpi.edu)

The titers of other organic acids were affected by the introduced genes to different extent. (biomedcentral.com)

The importance of the Krebs cycle lies in both the efficiency with which it captures energy released from nutrient molecules and stores it in a usable form, and in the raw materials it provides for the biosynthesis of certain amino acids and of purines and pyrimidines. (encyclopedia.com)
One manifestation of negative selection in the globins is that minimal 3-base type amino acid replacements occur less frequently than would be expected if base replacements had occurred and were accepted at random. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

transcriptional profiling for aspergillusnidulans hoga mapk signaling pathway in response to fludioxonil and osmotic stress. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Common industrial routes include hydrogenation of maleic acid, oxidation of 1,4-butanediol, and carbonylation of ethylene glycol. (wikipedia.org)

Succinic acid (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. (wikipedia.org)
Succinic acid is marketed as food additive E363. (wikipedia.org)
Succinic acid is a white, odorless solid with a highly acidic taste. (wikipedia.org)
Historically, succinic acid was obtained from amber by distillation and has thus been known as spirit of amber. (wikipedia.org)
Dehydration of succinic acid gives succinic anhydride. (wikipedia.org)
Succinic acid is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins. (wikipedia.org)
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be synthesized using succinic acid as a precursor. (wikipedia.org)
Succinic acid also serves as the bases of certain biodegradable polymers, which are of interest in tissue engineering applications. (wikipedia.org)
Acylation with succinic acid is called succination. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] As a food additive and dietary supplement, succinic acid is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (wikipedia.org)
Succinic acid is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry. (wikipedia.org)

The last step of heparin biosynthesis is thought to involve the action of 3-O-sulfotransferase resulting in the formation of an antithrombin III (ATIII) binding site required for heparin's anticoagulant activity. (rpi.edu)

this agent is a semisynthetic lipopeptide synthesized from a fermentation product of aspergillus nidulans. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Itaconic acid, which has been declared to be one of the most promising and flexible building blocks, is currently used as monomer or co-monomer in the polymer industry, and produced commercially by Aspergillus terreus . (biomedcentral.com)
Since the 1960s it has been produced by fermentation with Aspergillus terreus . (biomedcentral.com)

However, the production level of itaconic acid hasn't been improved in the past 40 years, and mutagenesis is still the main strategy to improve itaconate productivity. (biomedcentral.com)
The genetic engineering approach hasn't been applied in industrial A. terreus strains to increase itaconic acid production. (biomedcentral.com)
Itaconic acid production could be improved through genetic engineering of the industrially used A. terreus strain. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results will provide a guide for further enhancement of the itaconic acid production level through genetic engineering in future. (biomedcentral.com)
Itaconic acid is on the DOE (Department of Energy) top 12 list of the biotechnologically produced key building blocks in chemicals production, and is a valuable monomer or co-monomer in polymers manufacturing [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Although several other natural itaconate producers such as Ustilago maydis and Pseudozyma antartica have been discovered, they couldn't compete with A. terreus based on the production level of itaconic acid [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The intermediate product in this oxidative decarboxylation reaction is oxalosuccinate, whose formation is coupled with the production of NADH + H + . While still bound to the enzyme, oxalosuccinate loses CO2 to produce alpha-ketoglutarate. (encyclopedia.com)

This study was carried out to analyze the accumulation patterns of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, chlorogenic acid, and triterpene compounds in fruit samples of Vaccinium oxycoccos L. berries growing in the Cepkeliai State Strict Nature Reserve in Lithuania. (bvsalud.org)
Anthocyanins, flavonols, chlorogenic acid and triterpene compounds were identified and quantified using UPLC-DAD methods, and proanthocyanins were determined using spectrophotometric methods. (bvsalud.org)

Malic acid, a C4-dicarboxylic acid, is one of the commercially used chemicals which is still produced from fossil resources. (biomedcentral.com)

in filamentous fungi, the his-asp phosphorelay signaling system and hog pathway are involved in the action of the fungicides, fludioxonil, and iprodione, as well as osmotic and oxidative stress responses. (liverpool.ac.uk)

As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function. (wikipedia.org)

Acetate is a by-product in lignocellulosic hydrolysates and fast pyrolysis products or can be synthesized by acetogens during syngas fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)

Following the formation of isocitrate there are four oxidation-reduction reactions, the first of which, the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. (encyclopedia.com)

Polymalic acid (PMA) is a water-soluble biopolymer with many attractive properties for food and pharmaceutical applications mainly produced by the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans . (biomedcentral.com)

LAB can also liberate hydroxycinnamic acids from their tartaric esters and have the potential to break down anthocyanin glucosides, thus impacting wine color. (frontiersin.org)

This is a great scientific breakthrough in the field of itaconic acid. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy1

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs25

Phenomena and Processes2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Hydrolysis3

Microbial4

Glucose11

Malic acid production4

Lactic acid2

Fumaric acid1

Glycolysis1

Acetic acid1

Lignocellulose1

Tricarboxylic acid5

Citric1

Metabolic2

Biomass1

Enzymatic1

Processes3

Widely1

Organic1

Amino2

Transcriptional1

Maleic1

Succinic11

Biosynthesis1

Aspergillus3

Production7

Compounds2

Chemicals1

Filamentous1

Regulation1

Product1

Reactions1

Food1

Potential1

Great1