Powder cocaine to crack. Medical search. Frequent questions

I recently filed a piece for KGOU in Norman, Oklahoma, regarding the disparity in sentencing between the crack and powder forms of cocaine. (blogspot.com)
On August 3, 2010, President Barack Obama "signed an historic piece of legislation that narrows the crack and powder cocaine sentencing disparity from 100:1 to 18:1 and for the first time eliminates the mandatory minimum sentence for simple possession of crack cocaine. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
American Civil Liberties Union, "President Obama Signs Bill Reducing Cocaine Sentencing Disparity," August 3, 2010, last accessed July 26, 2016. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
One example is the sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine in the 1980s. (hightimes.com)
End the federal crack and powder cocaine disparity in sentences, and make the change retroactive. (typepad.com)
after the Fair Sentencing Act, the disparity between crack and powder cocaine sentencing is down to 18 to one. (theweek.com)
The Justice Reinvestment Act goes even further: it eliminates Maryland's crack and powder cocaine disparity and eliminates mandatory minimum sentences for low-level drug offenders. (famm.org)
I am a paralegal from Kansas, and the 'crack cocaine' disparity is absolutely rediculous. (typepad.com)
As a former drug addict, I can tell you that crack is no more dangerous than any other drug and the sentencing disparity is simple stupidity. (typepad.com)

According to court documents and other information presented in court, Bryant, previously convicted on state charges for cocaine trafficking, began trafficking in heroin and fentanyl in 2018. (justice.gov)
Online Chems house is the innovation for new generations shop that supply Pure Cocaine, Heroin, Ketamine and MDMA Crystal. (onlinechemhouse.com)
He will tell you that crack in itself doesn't make people violent, that methamphetamine alone will not make you look like one of those grisly "after" photos in the public service ads, and that cocaine and heroin are not as addictive as is commonly believed. (hightimes.com)
We've been giving drugs to users - marijuana, cocaine, crack, methamphetamine and heroin - and studying their effects for more than 20 years. (hightimes.com)
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 8 : A comparison of 'visible' and 'invisible' users of amphetamine, cocaine and heroin: two distinct populations? (erowid.org)
To compare the characteristics of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine users having no history of contact with services with those of a group in contact. (erowid.org)
According to court documents, Conner is among the 15 federal defendants arrested in 2021 and charged in a 45-count indictment for trafficking narcotics as part of a DEA-led multi-agency operation targeting cocaine and heroin traffickers in North Sacramento. (atf.gov)
Some people inject a combination of cocaine and heroin , called a "speedball. (medlineplus.gov)

Officers confiscated marijuana, powder cocaine, crack cocaine and cash. (wral.com)
Thomas, if you lived in NYC during the 80s, I think you'd rethink the statement that crack is no more dangerous than say marijuana. (typepad.com)
Trends in the prevalence of marijuana, cocaine , and other illegal drug use national YRBS: 1991-2019. (msdmanuals.com)

PROVIDENCE - A Providence man currently serving a term of state probation, having completed a sentence of eight years with 30 months to serve at the ACI for drug trafficking, today was ordered detained in federal custody following an investigation and his arrest by members of the FBI Safe Streets Gang Task Force into his alleged trafficking of crystal methamphetamine (meth) and crack cocaine. (justice.gov)
Pereira, charged by way of a criminal complaint with distribution of 5 grams or more of crystal methamphetamine and distribution of cocaine base, made his initial appearance in U.S. District Court in Providence today before U.S. District Court Magistrate Judge Patricia A. Sullivan. (justice.gov)

The effects of cocaine on a fetus are thought to be similar to those of tobacco, and are less severe than those of alcohol. (wikipedia.org)
For example, a 1985 study that showed harmful effects of cocaine use during pregnancy created a huge media buzz. (wikipedia.org)
What are the short-term effects of cocaine? (medlineplus.gov)
Other long-term effects of cocaine use may include malnutrition and movement disorders , including Parkinson's disease . (medlineplus.gov)

A white powder stimulant that is normally snorted or rubbed into the gums. (talktofrank.com)
Cocaine is a stimulant that can make people feel like they have more energy and are extra alert. (medlineplus.gov)
Crack is a stimulant derived from powdered cocaine. (drugrehab.com)
Crack cocaine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant produced by dissolving powdered cocaine in a mixture of water and ammonia or baking soda. (drugrehab.com)
Cocaine is a sympathomimetic drug with central nervous system stimulant and euphoriant properties. (msdmanuals.com)

Most people snort cocaine - they crush it into a fine powder, divide it into lines and snort it through the nose. (talktofrank.com)
People snort cocaine powder through the nose or rub it into their gums. (medlineplus.gov)

Cocaine hydrochloride is packaged as a white crystalline powder. (cmcdefense.com)
Crack (the most common version of "cocaine base") is made by heating a mixture of cocaine hydrochloride and baking soda in water. (cmcdefense.com)
A firefighter with the department's hazardous material team radioed the results of a field test around 8:49 p.m., noting, 'We have a yellow bar saying cocaine hydrochloride,' reported the Washington Post. (theblaze.com)
For inhalation, the powdered hydrochloride salt is converted into a more volatile form, usually by adding sodium bicarbonate , water, and heat. (msdmanuals.com)

A conviction of possession in California (whether powder or crack) allows a judge to choose between one of three custodial sentences: 16 months, 2 years, or 3 years. (cmcdefense.com)
Justice Thomas wrote that the question in the case centered around whether crack offenders who did not trigger a mandatory minimum qualify to have their sentences reduced. (lex18.com)
For decades, the quantity thresholds for mandatory minimum sentences for crack cocaine were much lower than powder cocaine. (lex18.com)
Mr. Conyers has called the crack-cocaine sentences the 'most outrageous example of the unfairness of mandatory minimums. (typepad.com)

There are three types of cocaine: coke, crack and freebase. (talktofrank.com)
Powdered coke and crack can be prepared to make a solution for injecting, which is much more dangerous than snorting or smoking cocaine. (talktofrank.com)
Lawson's tale is mostly just sad: Not only are there the allegations of "intimate terrorism" from Saatchi and blackmail/theft by the Grillo sisters, but Lawson says that she tried cocaine six times when a friend introduced it to terminally ill husband John Diamond to boost his spirits (Diamond died in 2001), then dabbled with coke again in July 2010, during a particularly rough patch with Saatchi. (theweek.com)
Under Massachusetts law, cocaine, whether crack cocaine or powder coke is considered a Class B Controlled Substance . (masscriminaldefense.com)

The following questions are about cocaine, including all the different forms of cocaine such as powder, `crack', `free base', and coca paste. (cdc.gov)

On Nov. 17, 2022, Charles Carter, 36, of Sacramento, was sentenced to 70 months in prison for conspiracy to distribute and to possess with intent to distribute at least 500 grams of cocaine. (atf.gov)
On July 22, 2022, Michael Hampton, 57, of Vallejo, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute at least 500 grams of cocaine. (atf.gov)

The House Judiciary Committee passed legislation today overturning federal sentencing policies that treat crack cocaine offenses one hundred times more severely than powder cocaine offenses. (drugpolicy.org)
Even though the majority of crack users are white, African-Americans make up more than 80 percent of federal defendants sentenced for crack cocaine offenses. (drugpolicy.org)
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously Monday that people convicted of certain low-level crack cocaine offenses are not eligible for resentencing under the First Step Act. (lex18.com)
The sentencing changes in the First Step Act and the Fair Sentencing Act were put into place after it was determined that people convicted of crack offenses were disproportionately Black, as opposed to those found with powder cocaine, which was more commonly used in white populations. (lex18.com)

The risk of overdose increases if you mix cocaine with other drugs or alcohol. (talktofrank.com)
College basketball star Len Bias died of a powder cocaine overdose while celebrating his number one draft pick in the 1986 NBA Draft. (freedomworks.org)
Can a person overdose on cocaine? (medlineplus.gov)
It's possible to overdose on cocaine. (medlineplus.gov)
On June 1, 2019, paramedics called in to the CPCC 2 people with suspected opioid overdose who reported exclusive use of crack cocaine after being resuscitated with naloxone. (bvsalud.org)

Snorting cocaine can damage your nose, especially if it's not been chopped very finely. (talktofrank.com)
Cocaine can be detected in a urine test for up to 3 days after snorting it. (talktofrank.com)
Over time, snorting cocaine damages the cartilage in your nose that separates your nostrils. (talktofrank.com)
The powder is usually ingested by inhaling (or "snorting") it through the nose. (cmcdefense.com)
Smoking crack brings a quicker and more powerful sense of euphoria than snorting cocaine, but the high from crack doesn't last long. (drugrehab.com)

Injecting cocaine can damage veins and cause ulcers and gangrene. (talktofrank.com)
Injecting cocaine also puts a person at higher risk of getting diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C . (medlineplus.gov)

Unusual sources of exposure resulting in silicosis include inhalation of crack cocaine, scouring powder, exposure in the electronics industry, grinding maize, farm ing, living in desert- like terrain, and the cutting of gemstones. (cdc.gov)

On Sept. 29, 2022, Jason Tolbert, 45, of Sacramento, was sentenced to four years and nine months in prison for possession with intent to distribute cocaine. (atf.gov)
He pleaded guilty in 2008 to possession with intent to distribute an unspecified amount of crack cocaine. (lex18.com)
For example, a person charged with knowing or intentional possession with intent to distribute at least 50 grams of crack was subject to a 10-year mandatory minimum before 2010. (lex18.com)

the concept of the crack baby emerged in the US during the 1980s and 1990s in the midst of a crack epidemic. (wikipedia.org)
During 1980s and 1990s, a surge occurred in use of crack cocaine in US cities: the crack epidemic. (wikipedia.org)
Early studies in the mid-1980s reported that cocaine use in pregnancy caused children to have severe problems, including cognitive, developmental, and emotional disruption. (wikipedia.org)
Crack use peaked in the late 1980s, but the drug continues to be a common substance of abuse in communities across the United States. (drugrehab.com)

Harm reduction groups distributed fentanyl test strips and naloxone to crack cocaine users and warned them of the dangers of using alone. (bvsalud.org)

Because crack enters the bloodstream more quickly than powder, it may deliver a faster or more powerful "high. (cmcdefense.com)
When users smoke crack, the drug enters the bloodstream through the lungs. (drugrehab.com)

Before its addictive nature became apparent, cocaine was marketed in the United States as a cure for coughs, toothaches, depression and fatigue. (cmcdefense.com)
On the basis of SDS scores, cocaine HCI seems to have a relatively modest addictive potential. (erowid.org)
Cocaine is a very addictive drug that is made from leaves of the coca plant found in South America. (medlineplus.gov)

Under current federal law, possession of five grams of crack cocaine is punishable by a mandatory five year sentence. (blogspot.com)
A crack offender is eligible for a sentence reduction under the First Step Act only if convicted of a crack offense that triggered a mandatory minimum sentence," the opinion says. (lex18.com)

Crack and powder cocaine are two forms of the same drug," said Jasmine Tyler, deputy director of national affairs for the Drug Policy Alliance, which advocates for alternatives to the war on drugs. (drugpolicy.org)
Cocaine is risky for anyone with high blood pressure or a heart condition, but even healthy young people can have a fit, heart attack or stroke after using the drug. (talktofrank.com)
Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), theorized in the 1970s, occurs when a pregnant woman uses cocaine and thereby exposes her fetus to the drug. (wikipedia.org)
As a recreational drug in the United States, cocaine is typically available in one of two forms: powder or crack. (cmcdefense.com)
Politicians and drug warriors often claim that crack is more dangerous than the powder version. (cmcdefense.com)
The accused did not need to know that the substance was cocaine as long as the accused understood that it was an illegal drug. (cmcdefense.com)
Another form of the drug is crack cocaine. (medlineplus.gov)
Crime and medical statistics demonstrate that crack is a drug that is used by racial minorities and the poor in proportions far greater than their representation in society as a whole. (theweek.com)
Webb's stories described how a San Francisco-based drug ring 'sold tons of cocaine to the Crips and Bloods street gangs of Los Angeles and funneled millions in drug profits to an arm of the Contra guerillas of Nicaragua run by the Central Intelligence Agency. (lewrockwell.com)
If you are facing a cocaine possession charge or any drug offense in Massachusetts, contact me for a free case evaluation. (masscriminaldefense.com)
Crack cocaine is a highly toxic drug with great potential to induce addiction. (bvsalud.org)
Because cocaine is such a short-acting drug, heavy users may inject it or smoke it repeatedly every 10 to 15 minutes. (msdmanuals.com)

When CPCC specialists in poison information followed up on the patients' status with the emergency department, they learned of 2 similar cases, raising suspicion that a batch of crack cocaine was mixed with an opioid, possibly fentanyl. (bvsalud.org)

Some people use cocaine along with other drugs or alcohol. (medlineplus.gov)

Others dissolve the powder and inject it into the bloodstream. (medlineplus.gov)

Maurice Speaks, 36: possession of a firearm during the commission of certain felonies, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute (crack). (savannahpd.org)

The article focuses particularly on the long-running crack-cocaine sentencing debate, and it suggests that the US Sentencing Commission has an amendment to the crack guidelines in the works. (typepad.com)

Media reports commonly emphasized that babies who had been exposed to crack in utero would never develop normally. (wikipedia.org)
This article explains the difference between powder and crack, discusses the crimes that are commonly associated with cocaine in California, and describes the penalties that judges can impose upon conviction of those crimes. (cmcdefense.com)

The first son was kicked out of the Navy Reserve for cocaine use and told the New Yorker that he turned up for at least one Burisma board meeting high on the illicit substance. (theblaze.com)
A 2016 police report indicated that Hunter Biden, who referred to himself in his memoir as a 'functioning addict,' returned a rental car in Arizona that contained 'a small ziplock bag with a white powdery substance inside' along with a cocaine pipe, reported the Washington Examiner. (theblaze.com)

PROVIDENCE, RI - A Providence man who was found to be in possession of nearly three kilograms of fentanyl pills and fentanyl powder when members of the Rhode Island DEA. (justice.gov)

Under current law it takes 500 grams of powder to trigger the five-year sentence, but only five grams of crack results in the same term. (drugpolicy.org)
Under current law, someone caught with five grams of crack gets a five-year sentence, while it takes 500 grams of powder cocaine to trigger the same sentence, even though there is no physiological difference. (typepad.com)

Crack cocaine has been heated to make it into a rock crystal. (medlineplus.gov)
It is alleged that on at least five occasions between July 25, 2019, and January 28, 2020, while under law enforcement surveillance, Pereira delivered varying amounts of crystal meth and crack cocaine in exchange for cash. (justice.gov)
It is alleged that on July 25 and on August 15, 2019, Pereira sold 20 grams of crystal meth for $360, and that between October 1, 2019, and January 28, 2020, he allegedly delivered between 1.45 and 7 grams of crack cocaine for between $100 and $300. (justice.gov)
It is alleged that during Friday's pre-dawn search of Pereira's residence, agents and officers seized over 140 grams of crystal meth, 8 grams of crack cocaine, and various items used in the preparation, packaging, and distribution of crystal meth and crack cocaine. (justice.gov)

Concurrent crack and powder cocaine users from Sao Paulo: Do they represent a different group? (bvsalud.org)

1988- Congress jacks up penalties for smoking crack. (nhgazette.com)

It was an attempt to address a big issue in America at the time: Crime, particularly violent crime, had been rising for decades, starting in the 1960s but continuing, on and off, through the 1990s (in part due to the crack cocaine epidemic). (vox.com)

It makes no more sense to punish crack cocaine offenders more harshly than powder cocaine offenders than it does to punish wine drinkers more harshly than beer drinkers. (drugpolicy.org)

Prevalence of crack use was lower, but the proportion of daily users was the same as in the contact group. (erowid.org)
This study showed high prevalence of past hepatitis E virus infection among persons who use crack. (bvsalud.org)

Babies exposed to crack in utero were written off as doomed to be severely disabled, and many were abandoned in hospitals. (wikipedia.org)

Missouri was arrested and charged with trafficking in crack cocaine. (findlaw.com)

Crimes involving crack nevertheless tend to be punished more harshly than comparable crimes involving powder. (cmcdefense.com)

The demonetization of crack might be explained by the perception that crack appeals to a less affluent segment of society, while more privileged users are seen as gravitating toward powder. (cmcdefense.com)
The pleasurable effects of smoking crack last for only five to 10 minutes, causing users to smoke more to maintain the effects. (drugrehab.com)
In contrast, suburban white users tend to prefer cocaine in its powder form. (typepad.com)
OBJECTIVE: to analyze variation in craving levels according to individual and behavioral characteristics of crack cocaine users at two public treatment services in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
Sera samples from 698 users of crack, collected from November 2013 to July 2015 were tested for anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) markers. (bvsalud.org)
Most cocaine users are episodic recreational users. (msdmanuals.com)

The initial high from cocaine doesn't last that long, around 20 to 30 minutes - although this depends on the purity of the cocaine and the person's tolerance. (talktofrank.com)
Repeated use of cocaine can lead to tolerance. (medlineplus.gov)
Tolerance to cocaine occurs, and withdrawal from heavy use is characterized by somnolence, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, and depression. (msdmanuals.com)

On the other hand, if you're white, affluent and you're charged with possessing powder cocaine - which is chemically identical to crack, albeit more concentrated -- you'd need to have nearly six times as much to receive a similar sentence. (blogspot.com)
They also recovered a plastic bag of white powder on a bridge. (justice.gov)
An official familiar with the investigation confirmed to the Post that the transmission was indeed from the White House and that the preliminary test had turned up a positive result for cocaine. (theblaze.com)

Factors such as poverty that are frequently associated with PCE have a much stronger influence on children's intellectual and academic abilities than does exposure to cocaine in isolation. (wikipedia.org)

The hypertension and increased levels of catecholamines caused by cocaine abuse are thought to be responsible for a vasospasm in the uterine blood vessels that causes placental separation and abruption. (medscape.com)

Several differences exist between crack and cocaine . (drugrehab.com)

The treatments for cocaine use disorder are different types of behavioral therapies. (medlineplus.gov)

In a 2018 relapse, Hunter Biden noted he 'used [his] superpower - finding crack anytime, anywhere. (theblaze.com)
Terry sought resentencing on the grounds that he was convicted of a crack offense modified by the Fair Sentencing Act that was passed by Congress in 2010 and the change was retroactive when lawmakers enacted the First Step Act in 2018. (lex18.com)

For a first offense possession of cocaine charge, actual jail time is extremely unlikely. (masscriminaldefense.com)

Crack is the most dangerous form of cocaine. (drugrehab.com)
How old were you the first time you used cocaine, in any form? (cdc.gov)
How long has it been since you last used cocaine, in any form? (cdc.gov)
life , altogether how many times have you used cocaine, in any form? (cdc.gov)

Some people find that cocaine makes them feel down, anxious and paranoid the next day, or longer. (talktofrank.com)

In both groups, SDS scores for cocaine powder were comparable to those for cannabis, LSD and Ecstasy. (erowid.org)

Taking cocaine when pregnant can damage your baby, cause miscarriage, premature labour and low birth weight. (talktofrank.com)
Babies whose mothers used cocaine while pregnant supposedly have increased risk of several different health issues during growth and development. (wikipedia.org)
No specific disorders or conditions have been found to result for people whose mothers used cocaine while pregnant. (wikipedia.org)
Pregnant mothers who use cocaine, often use other drugs in addition, or they may be malnourished and lacking in medical care. (wikipedia.org)

Repeated use of cocaine can also lead to cocaine use disorder, also called addiction. (medlineplus.gov)

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Chemicals and Drugs10

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Psychiatry and Psychology11

Phenomena and Processes7

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Information Science1

Disparity9

Heroin8

Marijuana3

Methamphetamine2

Effects of Coca4

Stimulant5

Snort cocaine2

Hydrochloride4

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Coke4

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Opioid1

Drugs or alcohol1

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Intent to distribute1

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