Potassium channel protein flow potassium channels inwardly rectifying. Medical search. Frequent questions

Kir channel alpha subunits possess only 2TM domains linked with a P-domain. (embl.de)
Schoots O, Wilson JM, Ethier N, Bigras E, Hebert TE, Van Tol HH: Co-expression of human Kir3 subunits can yield channels with different functional properties. (drugbank.com)
Both subunits are transmembrane proteins containing modest cytoplasmic domains, which interact with focal adhesion proteins talin, paxilin, and other folks (53, 160). (lckinhibitor.com)
brush resides in a cluster of redundant CNGCs encoding subunits which resemble metazoan voltage-gated potassium (Kv1-Kv4) channels in assembly and gating properties. (elifesciences.org)
The results reveal a mechanism by which quantitative competition between channel subunits for tetramer assembly can impact the phenotype of the mutation carrier. (elifesciences.org)
The amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal domains of inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channel subunits are both intracellular. (ox.ac.uk)
These channels are made from four subunits. (scholarpedia.org)
The majority of channels have three, four, or five homologous or identical subunits, arranged in circular symmetry, forming a single aqueous pore at the axial intersection ( Figure 2 ). (scholarpedia.org)
However, one set of channels (ClC chloride channels) has two homologous subunits forming one pore in each of the subunits. (scholarpedia.org)
Perhaps there are 500 genes for pore-forming and accessory subunits of channels. (scholarpedia.org)
Figure 2: Pseudosymmetric architecture of ion channels formed from 2, 3, 4, or 5 protein subunits or multiple repeated domains in a single subunit. (scholarpedia.org)
In addition many of these channels have smaller accessory subunits that typically do not contribute to the actual pore. (scholarpedia.org)

Given the heterogeneity and broad expression of potassium channels and calcium-activated chloride channels, we resorted to performing Drosophila chromosome walk or expression cloning using frog oocytes or axolotl oocytes as the expression system, for the initial molecular identification of founding members of voltage-gated potassium channels (1987), inwardly rectifying potassium channels (1993) and calcium-activated chloride channels (2008). (ucsf.edu)
Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) also serve a broad range of physiological functions by regulating the electrical potential across the cell membrane and the flow of salt and water across epithelia. (ucsf.edu)
In the nervous system, these chloride channels may regulate neuronal excitability and synaptic efficacy. (ucsf.edu)

Abstract Mammalian adenosine-triphosphate-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels help couple cellular metabolism to electrical excit. (cn1699.cn)

The dominant expression of inwardly rectifying channels in cells from healthy donors is thought to support important glial cell functions such as the spatial buffering of extracellular K + . The downregulation of these channels and the less negative mean membrane potential in cells from patients should impair spatial buffering currents and neurotransmitter clearance. (arvojournals.org)
In neurons, TASK channels carrying hyperpolarizing K + leak currents, and the pacemaker channel HCN2, carrying depolarizing I h , stabilize the membrane potential by a mutual functional interaction. (biomedcentral.com)

It enables functional studies of heterologously expressed channels that can be subjected to mutagenesis in order to identify structural elements important for specific aspects of the channel function. (ucsf.edu)
In a previous study we identified an extensive gating network within the inwardly rectifying Kir1.1 (ROMK) channel by combining systematic scanning mutagenesis and functional analysis with structural models of the channel in the closed, pre-open and open states. (philipwfowler.me)

Sodium and epithelial sodium channels participate in the regulation of the capacitation-associated hyperpolarization in mouse sperm. (umassmed.edu)
2011) The crystal structure of a voltage-gated sodium channel. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
In green algae and plants that lack voltage-gated sodium channels, electric signal generation may depend on CaCCs. (ucsf.edu)
Sodium-chloride (NaCl) enters the cell via the apical thiazide-sensitive NCC and leaves the cell through the basolateral Cl− channel (ClC-Kb), and the Na+/K+-ATPase. (medscape.com)
Thus, when open, potassium ion-selective channels and anion channels hyperpolarize cells (cause the membrane potential to become more negative), whereas sodium- or calcium-selective channels and non-selective cation channels depolarize cells (cause the membrane potential to become more positive). (scholarpedia.org)

Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels open at the 'helix bundle crossing' (HBC), formed by the M2 helices at the cytoplasmic end of the transmembrane pore. (nature.com)
Kir channels consist of only two transmembrane helices plus an extensive C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of the channel pore. (nature.com)

Spauschus A, Lentes KU, Wischmeyer E, Dissmann E, Karschin C, Karschin A: A G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channel (GIRK4) from human hippocampus associates with other GIRK channels. (drugbank.com)
Key points Mutations in GIRK4 (KCNJ5) G-protein gated channels cause primary aldosteronism, a major cause of secondary hyp. (cn1699.cn)

Studies recommended that mechanosensitive channels could possibly be tethered to cytoskeletal and external anchors via intracellular and extracellular linkers. (lckinhibitor.com)
Many ion channels (such as most Na, K, Ca and some Cl channels) are gated by voltage but others (such as certain K and Cl channels, TRP channels, ryanodine receptors and IP 3 receptors) are relatively voltage-insensitive and are gated by second messengers and other intracellular and/or extracellular mediators. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
One advantage in channel studies is the possibility of examining one channel at a time, with submillisecond resolution, for many seconds, in experimentally determined intracellular and extracellular environments. (ucsf.edu)
It is assumed that this ionic interplay between TASK and HCN2 channels enhances the resistance of neurons to insults accompanied by extracellular pH shifts. (biomedcentral.com)
Hypokalemia may result from inadequate potassium intake, increased potassium excretion, or a shift of potassium from the extracellular to the intracellular space. (medscape.com)

Src Kinase Is the Connecting Player between Protein Kinase A (PKA) Activation and Hyperpolarization through SLO3 Potassium Channel Regulation in Mouse Sperm. (umassmed.edu)
The increased activity of BK channels may support the proliferative activity of gliotic cells via feedback regulation of Ca 2+ entry and membrane potential. (arvojournals.org)
Most cell types express a variety of ion channels that serve important physiological functions, such as neuronal signaling, regulation of heartbeat and vascular tone, control of ion flow across epithelia, regulation of secretion from exocrine glands, and control of hormone release from endocrine tissues. (ucsf.edu)
It allows the generation of specific probes to examine the localization of channel protein and the mRNA encoding the channel and to elucidate mechanisms for channel regulation in vivo. (ucsf.edu)
In addition to conducting biophysical, biochemical, and cell biological studies of channel assembly, trafficking, regulation, and function, we need to learn how these channels are targeted to specific subcellular compartments of a neuron, how they respond dynamically to neuronal activity, and how these channels in turn modulate neuronal signaling. (ucsf.edu)
There is increasing evidence that both of these domains are required for the regulation of Kir channels by agents such as G-proteins and nucleotides. (ox.ac.uk)
Flux of ions through ion channels contributes to the electrolyte movements required for volume regulation of single cells and for the net polarized transport of salt across epithelia like gut, kidney, or the choroid plexus. (scholarpedia.org)

Therefore, mechanical forces transduced for the ion channel by way of cell adhesions along with the cytoskeletal network can have an effect on ion conductivity and activate intracellular signaling in an amplitudedependent style. (lckinhibitor.com)
Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that allow the flow of ions across membranes, either plasma membranes, or the membranes of intracellular organelles [ 4 ]. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
Mapping of the physical interaction between the intracellular domains of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir6.2. (ox.ac.uk)
Using an in vitro protein-protein interaction assay, we demonstrate that the two intracellular domains of Kir6.2 physically interact with each other, and we map a region within the N terminus that is responsible for this interaction. (ox.ac.uk)

These findings provide important insights into the function of CNGCs and reveal how a small change in a channel protein can have far reaching effects on an organism. (elifesciences.org)

Ashford ML, Bond CT, Blair TA, Adelman JP: Cloning and functional expression of a rat heart KATP channel. (drugbank.com)
Iizuka M, Kubo Y, Tsunenari I, Pan CX, Akiba I, Kono T: Functional characterization and localization of a cardiac-type inwardly rectifying K+ channel. (drugbank.com)
Here, we hypothesized that the absence of HCN2, an important functional counter player of TASK channels, affects neuronal survival during stroke-induced tissue damage. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, a mutation within the conserved region of the N-terminal interaction domain, which disrupts its interaction with the C terminus, severely compromised the ability of both Kir6.2 and Kir2.1 to form functional channels, suggesting that this interaction may be a feature common to all members of the Kir family of potassium channels. (ox.ac.uk)
DMD is caused by lack of the functional structural protein dystrophin. (jci.org)

Voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) are important membrane proteins that mediate the depolarization of neurons, and play a major role in promoting the release of neurotransmitters. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, midlife obesity involves an increase in ATP-sensitive potassium channel activity in specific hypothalamic neurons known as the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, thereby reducing both the neuronal excitability and the release of peptides crucial for controlling food intake and body weight. (ucsf.edu)
These signals are then rapidly transmitted along capillaries to relax larger upstream arterioles and direct blood flow to active neurons. (umaryland.edu)
For thalamocortical relay neurons, it could be demonstrated that two ion channels, which are predominantly active at rest, strongly influence the resting membrane potential. (biomedcentral.com)

Control of the low voltage-activated calcium channel of mouse sperm by egg ZP3 and by membrane hyperpolarization during capacitation. (umassmed.edu)
Flow cytometry analysis reveals that only a subpopulation of mouse sperm undergoes hyperpolarization during capacitation. (umassmed.edu)
In sea urchin sperm, a cyclic nucleotide-gated K + channel (CNGK) mediates a cGMP-induced hyperpolarization that evokes Ca 2+ influx. (elifesciences.org)
Longden T , Dabertrand F, Koide M, Gonzales A, Tykocki N, Brayden J, Hill-Eubanks D, Nelson M (2017) " Capillary K+-sensing initiates retrograde hyperpolarization to locally increase cerebral blood flow " Nature Neuroscience , 20: 717-726. (umaryland.edu)
Ischemia-induced cell depolarization: does the hyperpolarization-activated cation channel HCN2 affect the outcome after stroke in mice? (biomedcentral.com)

1 The removal of excess K + from areas of high neuronal activity must be mainly mediated by inwardly rectifying K + (K IR ) channels because these channels are the only K + channels with a high open-state probability at the hyperpolarized resting membrane potential characteristic for Müller cells. (arvojournals.org)

Hypokalemia is generally defined as a serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/L (3.5 mmol/L). Moderate hypokalemia is a serum level of 2.5-3.0 mEq/L, and severe hypokalemia is a level of less than 2.5 mEq/L. (medscape.com)
First-line studies include measurement of urine potassium, a serum magnesium assay, and an electrocardiogram (ECG). (medscape.com)
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have linked RRBP1 (ribosomal-binding protein 1) genetic variants to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and serum lipoprotein levels. (biomedcentral.com)
Hypokalemia is generally defined as a serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/L (3.5 mmol/L). Severe hypokalemia is a level of less than 2.5 mEq/L. Hypokalemia is a potentially life-threatening imbalance that may be iatrogenically induced. (medscape.com)

The survival of Rrbp1 -KO mice significantly decreased under high potassium intake due to lethal hyperkalemia-induced arrhythmia and persistent hypoaldosteronism, which could be rescued by fludrocortisone. (biomedcentral.com)

This channel is activated by signalling molecules inside cells, called 'cyclic nucleotides', and its activity ultimately leads to calcium ions flowing into the sperm cell's tail. (elifesciences.org)
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC) family members mediate Ca 2+ influx from cellular stores in plants (Charpentier et al. (elifesciences.org)

When the sub-unit binds to the voltage-dependent calcium channel, it produces a voltage-dependent block, which inhibits the channel, preventing the flow of calcium ions into the neuron. (wikipedia.org)
Introduced negative charges at the HBC (G178D) in Kir2.2 channels forces opening, allowing pore wetting and free movement of permeant ions between the cytoplasm and the inner cavity. (nature.com)
In zebrafish sperm, a more alkaline pH inside the cell causes calcium ions to flow in and this influx of calcium ions triggers a unique spinning-like swimming movement that is different from the swimming of other sperm from other species. (elifesciences.org)
These proteins act as channels and allow ions to move across cell membranes. (elifesciences.org)
Further experiments found that the channel formed by the mutated CNGC protein is leaky and allows calcium ions to enter the cell in the absence of any cue from the environment. (elifesciences.org)
They open and close in response to stimuli, gating the flow of specific small ions. (scholarpedia.org)
The ions flow downhill thermodynamically. (scholarpedia.org)
Since the flow of ions moves charge and constitutes an electric current, channel opening and closing underlie all electrical signaling of electrically excitable cells such as nerve and muscle. (scholarpedia.org)
Cytoplasmic calcium signals are generated by the opening of Ca 2+ -permeable ion channels that let Ca 2+ ions flow into the cytoplasm. (scholarpedia.org)
Ion concentration gradients and electrical forces drive the flow of ions through channel pores. (scholarpedia.org)

K+ and Cl- channels and transporters in sperm function. (umassmed.edu)
The ability of ion channels to accomplish these three physiological functions also requires the housekeeping operation of another class of membrane proteins, the transporters and pumps, to set up standing ion concentration gradients across cell membranes. (scholarpedia.org)

OBJECTIVE: To verify the hypothesis that electroacupuncture inhibits the hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulating the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus of acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) rats. (bvsalud.org)

Conserved among eukaryotes and prokaryotes, potassium channels modulate neuronal signaling in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, regulate cell volume and the flow of salt across epithelia, and control heart rate, vascular tone, and the release of hormones such as insulin. (ucsf.edu)

Opioid receptors are a class of G-protein coupled receptors, such that when β-endorphin or another opioid binds, a signaling cascade is induced in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
When endorphin molecules bind to opioid receptors, G proteins activate and dissociate into their constituent Gα and Gβγ sub-units. (wikipedia.org)
Currently, ion channels (including ligand-gated ion channels) represent the second largest target for existing drugs after G protein-coupled receptors [ 5 ]. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
Here, his work (sponsored by two American Heart Association Founder's Affiliate Postdoctoral Fellowships) focused on the role of vascular ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors in the control of brain blood flow. (umaryland.edu)

2. Dunlop J, Bowlby M, Peri R, Vasilyev D, Arias R. (2008) High-throughput electrophysiology: an emerging paradigm for ion-channel screening and physiology. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

Ion channels, phosphorylation and mammalian sperm capacitation. (umassmed.edu)
Identification of proteins undergoing tyrosine phosphorylation during mouse sperm capacitation. (umassmed.edu)

In such asthma models, newly identified CaCC channel blockers reduce mucin secretion and ASM contraction, suggesting that CaCC blockers may be of therapeutic value. (ucsf.edu)

Once these ion channels were molecularly identified, we asked how these channels work, how transmitter actions and second messengers may regulate channel activity, and how these channels fulfill their physiological functions. (ucsf.edu)

Two various mechanosensitive channels have already been described in vascular cells: shear activated potassium channels and stretch-activated ion channels (108, 258, 326). (lckinhibitor.com)
Longden T , Nelson M (2015) " Vascular Inward Rectifier K+ Channels as External K+ Sensors in the Control of Cerebral Blood Flow " Microcirculation , 22(3): 183-196. (umaryland.edu)

The activation of these channels results in calcium (Ca2+) influx followed by membrane depolarization. (lckinhibitor.com)

Hemorheology, electrocardiography (ECG), hematoxylin and eosin staining, and expression of glycogen phosphorylase BB (GPBB) and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) were used to assess cardiac function. (bvsalud.org)
These pathological features were previously linked to aberrant expression and remodeling of the cardiac gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43). (jci.org)
KATP channels also are found in the heart where they are involved in the response to cardiac ischemia: they also are blocked by phentolamine. (ox.ac.uk)
Our results suggest that this may be because Kir6.2, which is expressed in the heart, forms the pore of the cardiac KATP channel. (ox.ac.uk)

Cloned Kir channel cDNAs encode proteins of between ~370-500 residues, both N- and C-termini are thought to be cytoplasmic, and the N terminus lacks a signal sequence. (embl.de)
For example, our recent study revealed that increased expression of EAG2 potassium channels in medulloblastoma (MB) facilitates the volume reduction known as premitotic cytoplasmic condensation that is essential for cells to proceed with mitotic cell division, thereby promoting MB cell proliferation and malignant tumor growth. (ucsf.edu)

We reported the crystal structure of a chicken Kir2.2[G178D] mutant channel 12 , in which the introduced G178D mutations at the HBC functionally stabilize the open conformation, a strategy used previously to obtain an open crystal structure of a bacterial homolog KirBac3.1 13 . (nature.com)
Potassium channel mutations are linked to diseases of the brain (epilepsy, episodic ataxia), ear (deafness), heart (arrhythmia), muscle (myokymia, periodic paralysis), kidney (hypertension), pancreas (hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, neonatal diabetes), as well as developmental abnormalities of neural crest-derived tissues (Andersen's syndrome). (ucsf.edu)
Not only do mutations that increase or decrease potassium channel activity cause diseases, but alteration of potassium channel expression levels could also have a strong impact. (ucsf.edu)
Furthermore, the G-loop, which occurs at the centre of this extensive gating network, appears to become unstructured in the TS because mutations within this region have a 'catalytic' effect upon the channel gating kinetics. (philipwfowler.me)

New insights into the mechanisms underlying AF have identified promising new approaches, including the modulation of atrium-specific ion channels, connexins and the ryanodine receptor, the prevention of remodelling processes that lead to the arrhythmia as well as specific molecular events involved in arrhythmia generation. (nature.com)
Ion channel gating and conductance are classically understood as separate processes. (nature.com)
Potassium channels are present in all types of cells and play critical roles in control of multiple physiological processes. (nature.com)

Phentolamine block of KATP channels is mediated by Kir6.2. (ox.ac.uk)
The ATP-sensitive K+-channel (KATP channel) plays a key role in insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. (ox.ac.uk)
The beta cell KATP channel is a complex of two proteins: Kir6.2 and SUR1. (ox.ac.uk)
We have used a truncated form of Kir6.2, which expresses independently of SUR1, to show that phentolamine does not inhibit KATP channels by interacting with SUR1. (ox.ac.uk)

In the G178D structure, the HBC gate is slightly wider than in previous structures, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrate rapid wetting of the G178D pore at the HBC region, followed by further expansion and K + conductance through the channel. (nature.com)
In former studies the expression of two different two-pore domain potassium (K 2P ) channels (TASK1, TREK1) were shown to ameliorate neuronal damage due to cerebral ischemia. (biomedcentral.com)
Kir6.2 is the pore-forming subunit of the ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channel. (ox.ac.uk)
The former is an ATP-sensitive K+-selective pore, whereas SUR1 is a channel regulator that endows Kir6.2 with sensitivity to sulfonylureas. (ox.ac.uk)

Potassium channels are present in most mammalian cells, where they participate in a wide range of physiologic responses. (ageing-map.org)

3. Dutzler R, Campbell EB, Cadene M, Chait BT, MacKinnon R. (2002) X-ray structure of a ClC chloride channel at 3.0 A reveals the molecular basis of anion selectivity. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

Hariharan A, Weir N, Robertson C, He L, Betsholtz C, Longden T (2020) " The ion channel and GPCR signaling toolkit of CNS pericytes " Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 14: 423. (umaryland.edu)

Like other signaling proteins, ion channels are flexible molecules that undergo conformational changes between open (active) and closed (inactive) states. (scholarpedia.org)

2007). Here, we report the unusual genetic behavior of a quantitative gain-of-function CNGC mutation ( brush ) in Lotus japonicus resulting in a leaky tetrameric channel. (elifesciences.org)

RRBP1 is a brand-new regulator of blood pressure and potassium homeostasis discovered in this study. (biomedcentral.com)

The whole-cell and the cell-attached configurations of the patch-clamp technique were used to characterize the current densities of different K + channel types and the activity of single Ca 2+ -activated K + channels of big conductance (BK). (arvojournals.org)
Tom's graduate studies were sponsored by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Collaborative Award in Science and Engineering (CASE) fellowship, with Boehringer Ingelheim as an industrial sponsor, and focused on the role of the astrocytic intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel in neurovascular coupling. (umaryland.edu)
The single-channel conductance is unaffected. (ox.ac.uk)

1. Doyle DA, Morais Cabral J, Pfuetzner RA, Kuo A, Gulbis JM, Cohen SL, Chait BT, MacKinnon R. (1998) The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

These observations also indicate that the function of mechanosensitive ion channels is predetermined by the integrity of your cytoskeleton. (lckinhibitor.com)
We will further discuss the identity of stretchactivated ion channels and their molecular actions connected to endothelial function later inside the critique. (lckinhibitor.com)
Longden T , Dabertrand F, Hill-Eubanks D, Hammack S, Nelson M (2014) " Stress-Induced Glucocorticoid Signaling Remodels Neurovascular Coupling Through Impairment of Cerebrovascular Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channel Function " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 111(20): 7462-7. (umaryland.edu)

as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. (drugbank.com)
2005) Overview of molecular relationships in the voltage-gated ion channel superfamily. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
The headstage also provides an integrated stimulator, which can generate current or voltage stimulation signals on three independent channels (two for MEA2100-256-Systems) per MEA slot. (multichannelsystems.com)
Instead, our results argue that phentolamine may interact directly with Kir6.2 to produce a voltage-independent reduction in channel activity. (ox.ac.uk)

C2CD6 regulates targeting and organization of the CatSper calcium channel complex in sperm flagella. (umassmed.edu)

Thereby, the acidified milieu after arterial occlusion most probably influences the activity of acid-sensing ion channels as well as the cell membrane potential. (biomedcentral.com)
Figure 1: Two ion channels in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. (scholarpedia.org)

A picture is emerging of sperm channel orthologues that employ different activation mechanisms and serve different functions. (elifesciences.org)
In 2009, researchers identified a potassium ion channel, called CNGK, that starts the electrical signal in the sperm cells of sea urchins. (elifesciences.org)
including some of the researchers involved in the 2009 work - now report that the CNGK channel also exists in the sperm cells of a freshwater fish, the zebrafish. (elifesciences.org)
Unexpectedly, the CNGK channel is located in the heads of this fish's sperm cells rather than in the tails. (elifesciences.org)
These findings suggest that while channel proteins found in sperm cells from different species look similar and serve similar roles, they are activated in ways that can be very different. (elifesciences.org)

It also makes it possible to modify the channel gene genetically to test for its physiological roles. (ucsf.edu)

In the smooth muscle, calcium release from the internal store will activate CaCCs, leading to membrane potential changes that open calcium channels to sustain smooth muscle contraction. (ucsf.edu)

4. Hille B. (1986) Ionic channels: molecular pores of excitable membranes. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

Tom was promoted to Assistant Professor in 2015 and continued to work on brain capillaries, with a focus on local endothelial calcium signaling which regulates blood flow through the deep capillary bed. (umaryland.edu)

Molecular identification of these ion channels makes it possible to study one channel type at a time. (ucsf.edu)

The MEA2100-System is the most versatile in vitro recording system from Multi Channel Systems. (multichannelsystems.com)

Figure 7: Ion channel bioprocessing and trafficking as potential targets for drug development. (nature.com)

To determine differences of K + channel activity between Müller glial cells obtained from retinas of healthy human donors and of patients with retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. (arvojournals.org)

Other ion channels, however, such as Cl channels, aquaporins and connexins, have completely different structural properties to the VGL channels, having evolved quite separately. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

Ion channels are ion-permeable pores in the lipid membranes of all cells. (scholarpedia.org)

Inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (Kir) are the principal class of two-TM domain potassium channels. (embl.de)
Interestingly, the "interaction domain" is highly conserved throughout the superfamily of Kir channels. (ox.ac.uk)

Anatomy25

Organisms16

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs146

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Subunits12

Chloride Channels3

Abstract1

Currents2

Mutagenesis2

Sodium5

Transmembrane2

GIRK42

Extracellular5

Regulation7

Intracellular4

Organism1

Functional5

Neurons4

Hyperpolarization5

Neuronal activity1

Serum4

Mice1

Cyclic2

Ions10

Transporters2

Hippocampus1

Eukaryotes1

Receptors4

Physiology1

Phosphorylation2

Blockers1

Second messengers1

Vascular2

Depolarization1

Cardiac4

Cytoplasmic2

Mutations4

Processes3

KATP4

Pore4

Mammalian1

Anion1

Cellular1

Molecules1

Tetrameric channel1

Regulator1

Conductance3

Conduction1

Function3

Voltage4

Calcium channel1

Cell membrane2

Sperm5

Physiological roles1

Membrane potential1

Ionic1

Regulates1

Molecular1

Vitro1

Targets1

Glial1

Connexins1

Pores1

Domain2