Potassium accumulation around glial cells and extracellular space. Medical search. Frequent questions

Glial cells, once believed to have a passive role in CNS, are active regulators of numerous functions in the brain, including clearance of the neurotransmitter from the synapses, guidance during neuronal migration, control of neuronal synaptic transmission, and maintaining an ideal ionic environment for active communications between neurons in central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
The change in potassium concentration in the extracellular space impacts a variety of neuronal processes, such as maintenance of membrane potential, activation and inactivation of voltage gated channels, synaptic transmission, and electrogenic transport of neurotransmitters. (wikipedia.org)
Glial cell depolarization caused by neuronal activity releases potassium onto bloodstream, which was once widely hypothesized to be cause of vessel relaxation, was found to have little effect on neurovascular coupling. (wikipedia.org)
Specifically, we discuss contributors to aberrant neuronal excitability, including abnormal levels of intracellular Ca 2+ and glutamate, pathological amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, genetic risk factors, including APOE , and impaired inhibitory interneuron and glial function. (nature.com)
Dietzel I, Heinemann U, Lux HD (1989) Relations between slow extracellular potential changes, glial potassium buffering, and electrolyte and cellular volume changes during neuronal hyperactivity in cat brain. (yale.edu)
Regional and cellular dystrophin distribution was evaluated in both human and rat hippocampi and in rat cerebellar tissue by immunofluorescent colocalization with neuronal (NeuN and calbindin) and glial (GFAP) markers. (frontiersin.org)
In this condition, elevated extracellular glutamate causes neuronal loss in many retinal disorders, including glaucoma, ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited photoreceptor degeneration. (molvis.org)
Editorial: Glial heterogeneity: impact on neuronal function and dysfunction. (unil.ch)
We conclude that local Process S dynamics reflects neuronal activity integrated over time, and global Process S reflects local processes integrated over space. (elifesciences.org)
The HNS is an ideal model system to study compartmentalization of channel properties because the three neuronal domains (dendrite, cell body, and nerve terminal) can be easily distinguished from one another. (health-e-nc.org)
Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels play a prominent role in cellular excitability from repolarizing neuronal action potentials to modulating contractility in vasculature. (health-e-nc.org)

Bédard C, Rodrigues S, Roy N, Contreras D, Destexhe A (2010) Evidence for frequency-dependent extracellular impedance from the transfer function between extracellular and intracellular potentials: intracellular-LFP transfer function. (yale.edu)
No. 4,975,278) allows targeted delivery of the drug moiety to tumors, and intracellular accumulation therein, where systemic administration of these unconjugated drug agents may result in unacceptable levels of toxicity to normal cells as well as the tumor cells sought to be eliminated (Baldwin et al (1986) Lancet pp. (justia.com)
Part of cellular calcium is sequestered in intracellular organelles, including endoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in muscle cells and in mitochondria. (abdominalkey.com)
The cytosol or intracellular fluid is the liquid found inside cells, that is separated into compartments by membranes. (absoluteastronomy.com)
BK channels are activated by both cell membrane depolarization and increases in intracellular calcium, allowing them to function as coincidence detectors that integrate intracellular calcium levels and membrane voltage. (health-e-nc.org)

For potassium uptake, excess potassium ions are temporarily taken into glial cells through transporters, or potassium channels. (wikipedia.org)
Cordingley GE, Somjen GG (1978) The clearing of excess potassium from extracellular space in spinal cord and cerebral cortex. (yale.edu)

Astrocytes have large numbers of potassium ion channels facilitating the removal of potassium ions from the extracellular fluid. (wikipedia.org)
Neurons are surrounded by extracellular fluid rich in sodium ions and poor in potassium ions. (wikipedia.org)
The concentrations of these ions are reversed inside the cells. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, there are diverse cellular mechanisms for tight control of potassium ions, the most widely accepted mechanism being K+ spatial buffering mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
Glial cells are well suited for transportation of potassium ions since it has unusually high permeability to potassium ions and traverse long distance by its elongated shape or by being coupled to one another. (wikipedia.org)
For potassium spatial buffering, functionally coupled glial cells with high potassium permeability transfer potassium ions from regions of elevated potassium concentration to regions of lower potassium concentration. (wikipedia.org)
This process causes dispersion of local potassium with little net gain of potassium ions within the glial cells, which in turn prevents swelling. (wikipedia.org)
The high permeability of glial cell membranes to potassium ions is a result of expression of high densities of potassium-selective channels with high open-probability at resting membrane potentials. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, AA is a major reducing agent for iron and copper [Cu2+/Fe3++electron from AA→Cu+/Fe2++dehydroascorbate (DHA)] and potentially for other transition metal ions, such as Mn2+/3+, inside and, hypothetically, outside the cell. (deepdyve.com)
Chen KC, Nicholson C (2000) Spatial buffering of potassium ions in brain extracellular space. (yale.edu)

Potassium spatial buffering is a mechanism for the regulation of extracellular potassium concentration by astrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
Potassium buffering can be broadly categorized into two categories: Potassium uptake and Potassium spatial buffering. (wikipedia.org)
Despite the efficiency of potassium spatial buffering mechanisms, in certain regions of CNS, potassium buffering seems more dependent on active uptake mechanisms rather than spatial buffering. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, the exact role of glial potassium spatial buffering in the various regions of our brain still remains uncertain. (wikipedia.org)

Agudelo-Toro A, Neef A (2013) Computationally efficient simulation of electrical activity at cell membranes interacting with self-generated and externally imposed electric fields. (yale.edu)
Sorting targets can be the inner space of an organelle, any of several interior membranes, the cell's outer membrane, or its exterior via secretion. (absoluteastronomy.com)

The repolarization of neurons tends to raise potassium concentration in the extracellular fluid. (wikipedia.org)
[4] Apolipoprotein E transports cholesterol from astrocytes to neurons and other glial cells, regulating cell signaling in the brain. (atozwiki.com)
Enriched monolayer precursor cell cultures from micro-dissected adult mouse dentate gyrus yield functional granule cell-like neurons. (mdc-berlin.de)
Here, we have utilized a unique system, the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system (HNS), which allows us to examine dendrites, cell bodies, and individual nerve terminals within the same population of magnocellular neurons. (health-e-nc.org)

many of these cells express the intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). (atozwiki.com)
Konnova EA, Deftu AF, Chu Sin Chung P, Pertin M, Kirschmann G, Decosterd I, Suter MR. Characterisation of GFAP-Expressing Glial Cells in the Dorsal Root Ganglion after Spared Nerve Injury. (unil.ch)

Due to the difference in concentration, there is a chemical gradient across the cell membrane, which leads to sodium influx and potassium efflux. (wikipedia.org)
In order to preserve electroneutrality, potassium influxes into glial cells are accompanied by influx of chlorine or efflux of sodium. (wikipedia.org)
CSF total nucleated cells also positively correlated with CSF osmolality, sodium, potassium, and total protein (p=0.025-0.0008) in the whole cohort. (researchsquare.com)
2003. Final report on the safety assessment of ammonium, potassium, and sodium persulfate. (cdc.gov)

Other mechanisms for astrocytic potassium clearance are carrier-operated or channel-operated potassium chloride uptake. (wikipedia.org)
This type often has astrocytic endfoot processes that physically connect the cells to the outside of capillary walls when they are in proximity to them. (atozwiki.com)
Herein, we review possible mechanisms by which glutamate may act in facilitating the growth of projections in astrocytic cells. (mdpi.com)

When the action potential takes place, a considerable change in extracellular potassium concentration occurs due to the limited volume of the CNS extracellular space. (wikipedia.org)
Change of extracellular potassium concentration of from 3mM can affect neural activity. (wikipedia.org)
When one region of potassium concentration increases, there is a net driving force causing potassium to flow into the glial cells. (wikipedia.org)
The HFS train evoked a rapid GABA A -mediated bicarbonate-dependent increase in the extracellular K + concentration ([K + ] o ), and the GDPSP followed the K + transient in a sub-Nernstian manner. (jneurosci.org)
Dietzel I, Heinemann U, Hofmeier G, Lux HD (1982) Stimulus-induced changes in extracellular Na+ and Cl- concentration in relation to changes in the size of the extracellular space. (yale.edu)
The normal concentration of cytosolic calcium is 100 nM/L, which is 10,000-fold lower than the concentration of extracellular calcium. (abdominalkey.com)

They perform many functions, including biochemical control of endothelial cells that form the blood-brain barrier , [1] provision of nutrients to the nervous tissue, maintenance of extracellular ion balance, regulation of cerebral blood flow, and a role in the repair and scarring process of the brain and spinal cord following infection and traumatic injuries. (atozwiki.com)

The potassium current is driven by the difference in glial syncytium membrane potential and local potassium equilibrium potential. (wikipedia.org)

Astrocytes (from Ancient Greek ἄστρον , ástron , "star" + κύτος , kútos , "cavity", "cell"), also known collectively as astroglia , are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord . (atozwiki.com)
[3] Another study reports that astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain. (atozwiki.com)
Astrocytes are a sub-type of glial cells in the central nervous system . (atozwiki.com)
When in proximity to the pia mater, all three forms of astrocytes send out processes to form the pia-glial membrane . (atozwiki.com)
Astrocytes are non-excitable cells in the CNS that can cause life-threatening astrocytoma tumors when they transform to cancerous cells. (mdpi.com)
This review discusses the similarities and differences between the morphology of astrocytes and astrocytoma cells, and the role that dysregulation in glutamate and calcium signaling plays in the aberrant morphology of astrocytoma cells. (mdpi.com)
In the current study, we focused on the response of astrocytes to TBI in the aged brain to begin to elucidate several cell-specific dynamics. (biomedcentral.com)

Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins, and blood metabolites have been noted in IVH/PHH, but osmolality and electrolyte disturbances have not been evaluated in human infants with these conditions. (researchsquare.com)
Serum electrolyte concentrations, and CSF and serum cell counts within 1-day of clinical sampling were obtained from clinical charts. (researchsquare.com)
CSF osmolality and electrolyte changes were correlated with CSF total nucleated cells which were also increased in PHH, further suggesting PHH is a neuro-inflammatory condition. (researchsquare.com)

Then, a survey is given about ATP1A2 mutations implicated in migraine cases as documented in the literature with focus on mutations that were described to completely destroy enzyme function, or lead to misfolded or mistargeted protein in particular model cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
Dystrophin is part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. (frontiersin.org)
We hypothesized that CSF total protein, osmolality, electrolytes, and immune cells increase in PHH. (researchsquare.com)
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related protein (GITR)-mediated activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was shown to regulate the suppressive activity of naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (nTregs) in wild-type (WT) hosts. (siamtech.net)
An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. (lookformedical.com)
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by which a cell transports proteins to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it. (absoluteastronomy.com)

The entry of potassium causes a local depolarization that propagates electrotonically through the glial cell network which causes net driving force of potassium out of the glial cells. (wikipedia.org)
EPR spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that salinity (NaCl) triggers the accumulation of root apoplastic ascorbyl radicals in an A9C-dependent manner, confirming that l-ascorbate leaks through anion channels under depolarization. (deepdyve.com)

Will Stem Cell Therapy Help Cure Spinal Cord Injury? (regenerativemedicine.net)
A systematic survey of the scientific literature shows that stem cell therapy can have a statistically significant impact on animal models of spinal cord injury, and points the way for future studies. (regenerativemedicine.net)
High-profile campaigners like the late actor Christopher Reeve, himself a victim of sports-related spinal cord injury, have placed high hopes in stem cell transplantation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Stem cell therapy aims to use special regenerative cells (stem cells) to repopulate areas of damage that result from spinal cord injuries, with the hope of improving the ability to move ("motor outcomes") and to feel ("sensory outcomes") beyond the site of the injury. (regenerativemedicine.net)
In this case the authors assessed 156 published studies that examined the effects of stem cell treatment for experimental spinal injury in a total of about 6000 animals. (regenerativemedicine.net)
The authors went on to use their analysis to explore the effects of bias (whether the experimenters knew which animals were treated and which untreated), the way that the stem cells were cultured, the way that the spinal injury was generated, and the way that outcomes were measured. (regenerativemedicine.net)

500 ms. Decay time constants of EPSCs increased (or decreased) in the presence of a glutamate transporter blocker (or a competitive glutamate receptor blocker), suggesting a role for glutamate accumulation and spillover in synaptic transmission. (jneurosci.org)
Glutamate accumulation caused slow depolarizations of the postsynaptic membrane potentials, and thereby substantially increased calyx firing rates. (jneurosci.org)
We analyzed the molecular mechanisms leading to glutamate release from rat primary cultures of RPE cells, under isosmotic conditions. (molvis.org)
however, the effect of thrombin on glutamate release from RPE cells has not been examined. (molvis.org)
Primary cultures of rat RPE cells were preloaded with 1 µCi/ml 3 H-glutamate in Krebs Ringer Bicarbonate (KRB) buffer for 30 min at 37 °C. Cells were rinsed and super-perfused with 1 ml/min KRB for 15 min. (molvis.org)
This study showed for the first time that thrombin promotes specific, dose-dependent glutamate release from RPE cells, induced by the activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). (molvis.org)

The ILM serves as a scaffold for cellular proliferation of myofibroblasts, fibrocytes, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Transmembrane or otherwise tumor-associated polypeptides specifically expressed on the surface of cancer cells as compared to normal, non-cancerous cell(s) have been identified as cellular targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy with antibodies. (justia.com)

It is expected that when potassium accumulates within glial cells, water influx and swelling occurs. (wikipedia.org)
Exogenous ascorbate also induces a moderate increase in programmed cell death symptoms in intact roots, but it does not activate Ca2+ influx currents in patch-clamped root protoplasts. (deepdyve.com)

T cell homing to tumors detected by 3D-coordinated positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. (mdc-berlin.de)
In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. (absoluteastronomy.com)

It is highly likely that the peculiar morphology of the hair cell/calyx synapse has consequences for synaptic transmission. (jneurosci.org)

The use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), i.e. immunoconjugates, for the local delivery of cytotoxic or cytostatic agents, i.e. drugs to kill or inhibit tumor cells in the treatment of cancer (Lambert, J. (2005) Curr. (justia.com)
An immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. (absoluteastronomy.com)

2000). In contrast to the additional subunits, 4 is definitely highly expressed in mind and only weakly recognized in additional cells (Brenner et al. (health-e-nc.org)

Cytosolic calcium can be measured by loading the tested cells with a fluorescent probe such as indo-1-acetoxymethyl ester and exciting the cells at 350 nM. (abdominalkey.com)
In certain types of cells, a Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger, energized by a Na + -gradient, helps drive cytosolic calcium into the extracellular space. (abdominalkey.com)

Halnes G, Mäki-Marttunen T, Keller D, Pettersen KH, Andreassen OA, Einevoll GT (2016) Effect of Ionic Diffusion on Extracellular Potentials in Neural Tissue. (yale.edu)

Excessive accumulation of brain water content causes a gradual expansion of brain parenchyma, decreased blood flow and increased intracranial pressure and, ultimately, cerebral herniation and death. (benthamscience.com)

These processes allow animals to orient themselves in space, develop habits and recognition and reaction to human family members. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)

Kenji Hayashi couplings of Oxford handbook of respiratory potassium cookies on differential work in a common subtropical microenvironment for free Texas. (taido-hannover.de)
Serum white blood cell count increased in PHH compared to control (p=0.042) but there were no differences in serum cell differential across groups. (researchsquare.com)
differential components of the download Dictionary of Travel, Tourism( particle-in-cell) true positions find shown by a mathematical new geometry, which features from the Relativity that CRs can very close down their theory. (mariacocchiarelli.com)

Both proteins are present in large amounts in the intermediate filaments of this cell, so the cell appears yellow. (atozwiki.com)
Takata K, Matsuzaki T, Tajika Y. Aquaporins: water channel proteins of the cell membrane. (benthamscience.com)
and cell junction proteins (2, 7). (researchsquare.com)
A heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. (lookformedical.com)

The internal limiting membrane (ILM), the basement membrane of the Müller cells, serves as the interface between the vitreous body and the retinal nerve fiber layer. (hindawi.com)

Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. (lookformedical.com)

Despite the aged population being at the greatest risk for acquiring a TBI, as well as the significant and long-lasting neurologic sequelae following the initial trauma in the aged population, current knowledge regarding how the aged brain responds to TBI remains disproportionately low, especially with respect to cell-specific responses. (biomedcentral.com)

Moreover, no cytotoxicity towards mammalian and red blood cells at the concentrations tested was observed for any of the compounds under investigation. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Pathogenic transformation of Tregs in addition has been defined in various other experimental versions (25 26 Furthermore both maintenance of suppressive actions in peripheral tissue and the legislation of endogenous creation of IL-6 by nTregs had been been shown to be dependent on the current presence of Compact disc8+ T cells (21). (siamtech.net)

Dystrophin was expressed in all hippocampal pyramidal subfields and in the molecular-, Purkinje-, and granular cell layer of the cerebellum. (frontiersin.org)
These Purkinje cells likely define some aspects of autism, because of their absence. (epiphanyasd.com)
In the people with severe autism most of the Purkinje cells appear to have died. (epiphanyasd.com)
Blocking P channels might have protected Purkinje cells from death. (epiphanyasd.com)

The invention also relates to methods of using antibodies and antibody-drug conjugate compounds for in vitro, in situ, and in vivo diagnosis or treatment of mammalian cells, or associated pathological conditions. (justia.com)

For sensory outcomes the degree of improvement tended to increase with the number of cells introduced -- scientists are often reassured by this sort of "dose response," as it suggests a real underlying biologically plausible effect. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Although signaling cascades through MK 8742 GITR in immune cells have been explained (4) there has been little to no evidence describing involvement of these pathways in the practical plasticity of nTregs. (siamtech.net)

elevation, while cation channel blockers, free radical scavengers, low extracellular [Ca2+], transition metal chelators, and removal of the cell wall inhibit this reaction. (deepdyve.com)

In humans, a single astrocyte cell can interact with up to 2 million synapses at a time. (atozwiki.com)
In the vestibular periphery a unique postsynaptic terminal, the calyx, completely covers the basolateral walls of type I hair cells and receives input from multiple ribbon synapses. (jneurosci.org)
Type I hair cells contain ∼7-22 individual ribbon synapses per hair cell ( Lysakowski and Goldberg, 2008 ). (jneurosci.org)

They are taken up at one region of the astrocyte and then distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the cell, and further to its neighbors via gap junctions. (wikipedia.org)
The blue material shows DNA visualized with DAPI stain, and reveals the nucleus of the astrocyte and of other cells. (atozwiki.com)

Hádinger N, Bősz E, Tóth B, Vantomme G, Lüthi A, Acsády L. Region-selective control of the thalamic reticular nucleus via cortical layer 5 pyramidal cells. (unil.ch)

These biological nanopores have been designed to protect the interior of the bacterial cell from leakage of toxic compounds while selectively allowing the entry of the molecules needed for cell growth and function. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Thus GITR arousal of nTregs and signaling through JNK2 however not JNK1 prompted the increased loss of regulatory function while concomitantly attaining pathogenic Compact disc4+ T effector cell function in charge of exacerbating asthma-like immunopathology. (siamtech.net)

In cell biology, the nucleus is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. (absoluteastronomy.com)

This theory suggested that free radicals produced during aerobic respiration have deleterious effects on cell components and connective tissues, causing cumulative damage over time that ultimately results in aging and death. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. (absoluteastronomy.com)

Our previous work showed that upon the alteration of the blood-retina barrier, the serine protease thrombin could contribute to the transformation, proliferation, and migration of RPE cells. (molvis.org)

large, MD correlations are isotropy in the Oxford handbook of of conserves' walls and using the Book of membrane for detailed spaces. (taido-hannover.de)
Cancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. (absoluteastronomy.com)

Several bones that help form the walls of the nasal cavity have air-containing spaces called the paranasal sinuses, which serve to warm and humidify incoming air. (usk.ac.id)

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) have complex pathophysiology involving inflammatory response, ventricular zone and cell-cell junction disruption, and choroid-plexus (ChP) hypersecretion. (researchsquare.com)

Given that the same cells are capable of exhibiting different reactions suppression or enhancement depending on the CD8 expression status of the sponsor (5 24 we hypothesized the plasticity of nTregs may also be determined by GITR-mediated activation through JNK. (siamtech.net)

There is limited data supporting glutamatergic transmission, K + or H + accumulation in the synaptic cleft as mechanisms of transmission. (jneurosci.org)

This keeps extracellular potassium at levels that prevent interference with the normal propagation of an action potential. (wikipedia.org)

In rat hippocampus and cerebellum there were neither differences in dystrophin positive cell types, nor in the regional dystrophin distribution between AK and control animals. (frontiersin.org)

These limitations hamper each individual study's statistical power to detect the true effects of the stem cell implantation. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Identification of such tumor-associated cell surface antigen polypeptides, i.e. tumor associated antigens (TAA), allows specific targeting of cancer cells for destruction via antibody-based therapies. (justia.com)

de Kock CP, Sakmann B (2009) Spiking in primary somatosensory cortex during natural whisking in awake head-restrained rats is cell-type specific. (yale.edu)
Cells use it as the primary source of energy and a metabolic intermediate. (absoluteastronomy.com)

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