• Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is the dysfunction of the posterior tibial tendon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tibialis posterior tendon (posterior tibial tendon) dysfunction presents one of the most challenging problems that a foot and ankle specialist faces (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction insufficiency is the most common cause of acquired flatfoot in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Many cases of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction may go undiagnosed. (medscape.com)
  • MRI is frequently used in the evaluation and treatment of tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction and has been reported to have a sensitivity of up to 95%, with 100% specificity in tdetecting rupture of the tibialis posterior tendon. (medscape.com)
  • this is caused by tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • I am 3 weeks post-op from surgery 2 fix posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. (ipodiatry.org)
  • Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is one of several terms to describe a painful, progressive flatfoot deformity in adults. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • The adult acquired flatfoot, secondary to posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, is diagnosed in a number of ways with no single test proven to be totally reliable. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • In the early stages of dysfunction of the posterior tibial tendon, most of the discomfort is located medially along the course of the tendon and the patient reports fatigue and aching on the plantar-medial aspect of the foot and ankle. (weebly.com)
  • As dysfunction of the tendon progresses, maximum pain occurs laterally in the sinus tarsi because of impingement of the fibula against the calcaneus. (weebly.com)
  • Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is a condition caused by changes in the tendon, impairing its ability to support the arch. (patelfootandanklecare.com)
  • Kulig K, Popovich JM Jr, Noceti-Dewit LM, Reischl SF, Kim D. Women with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction have diminished ankle and hip muscle performance. (hhma.org)
  • Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction occurs when the posterior tibial tendon of the foot becomes torn or inflamed. (arashdini.com)
  • Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction may be a condition that some people are born with. (arashdini.com)
  • Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction often occurs in athletes such as basketball and tennis players who may have tears in this tendon from repetitive use. (arashdini.com)
  • The shape of the foot may also change in individuals with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, as the heel may tilt outwards and the ankle may roll inwards,as the arch of the foot collapses. (arashdini.com)
  • Tibial tendon dysfunction is diagnosed through a physical examination and a review of symptoms as well as diagnostic tests that may include X-rays, CT scans or MRI scans. (arashdini.com)
  • Make an appointment with a Flat-Foot specialist who will review all the details about a Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction procedure and answer any questions or concerns you may have before proceeding. (arashdini.com)
  • Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is a condition that affects the posterior tibial tendon (the band of tissue that connects the calf with the mid-foot bones and supports the foot while walking). (bglennblairdpm.com)
  • A common foot and ankle problem, posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is a condition that results when tendons are inflamed or torn. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • Inflammation or a tear of this tendon as a result of injury may cause dysfunction, leading to pain and the development of a flatfoot. (davidslevinemd.com)
  • Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction in its early stages may be treated with rest, cold packs, immobilization, physical therapy, steroid injection, and anti-inflammatory medication. (davidslevinemd.com)
  • Left untreated, posterior tibial tendon dysfunction may lead to flatfoot and arthritis in the hindfoot. (peabodypodiatrist.com)
  • Twenty-three patients with stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction who had failed non-surgical therapy were treated with flexor digitorum longus transfer and calcaneal osteotomy. (psu.edu)
  • Our experience, at an intermediate date follow-up is that calcaneal osteotomy and flexor digitorum longus transfer is a safe and effective form of treatment for stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. (psu.edu)
  • Fayazi, AH, Nguyen, HV & Juliano, PJ 2002, ' Intermediate term follow-up of calcaneal osteotomy and flexor digitorum longus transfer for treatment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction ', Foot and Ankle International , vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 1107-1111. (psu.edu)
  • They referred to the condition as "tibial posterior tendon dysfunction" and this became known as the most common type of adult acquired flat foot. (weebly.com)
  • Posterior Tibialis Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD) affects ~10% of the population, where Stage I: medial arch pain, possible pain with heel elevation, and mild ankle/foot swelling, Stage II: Stage I + flexible flatfoot deformity, Stage III: Stage I + fixed flatfoot deformity, Stage IV: tibiotalar degeneration stemming from valgus tilt of talus in ankle mortise. (une.edu)
  • https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/posterior-tibial-tendon-dysfunction. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Ross JA " Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction in the athlete. . (bcm.edu)
  • Thickening of the tibialis posterior tendon and peritendinous fluid are ultrasonographic characteristics of tibialis posterior tendon tenosynovitis. (medscape.com)
  • Ankle, tibialis posterior tendon injuries. (medscape.com)
  • Image reveals the speckled internal signal intensity of the tibialis posterior tendon (open arrow). (medscape.com)
  • Lateral plain radiograph of a flat foot resulting from long-standing tibialis posterior tendon rupture. (medscape.com)
  • Drawing shows the relationship of the tibialis posterior tendon to the remainder of the tarsal tunnel. (medscape.com)
  • and PTT, tibialis posterior tendon. (medscape.com)
  • Drawing shows the complex insertions of the tibialis posterior tendon beneath the undersurface of the foot with the muscle dissected away. (medscape.com)
  • The adult acquired flatfoot is a progressive, symptomatic (painful) deformity resulting from gradual stretch (attenuation) of the tibialis posterior tendon as well as the ligaments that support the arch of the foot. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • The transfer of the tibialis posterior tendon to the anterior aspect of the ankle not only replaces the function of the paralyzed muscles, but also removes the deforming force on the medial aspect of the foot. (ijsurgery.com)
  • Goh JC, Lee PY, Lee EH, Bose K. Biomechanical study on tibialis posterior tendon transfers. (ijsurgery.com)
  • The role of tibialis posterior tendon transfer in correction of foot dropdisformity. (ijsurgery.com)
  • [ 10 ] The nerve lies beneath the flexor retinaculum between merging tendons and vessels, which have an anterior to posterior progression of tibialis posterior tendon, flexor digitorum tendon, posterior tibial artery, posterior tibial nerve, and flexor hallucis longus tendon (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The tibialis posterior tendon, flexor digitorum tendon, posterior tibial artery, posterior tibial nerve, and flexor hallucis longus tendon at the ankle level. (medscape.com)
  • Overuse of the posterior tibial tendon is often the cause of PTTD. (patelfootandanklecare.com)
  • For example, when PTTD initially develops, there is pain on the inside of the foot and ankle (along the course of the tendon). (patelfootandanklecare.com)
  • When this tendon becomes inflamed, torn, or over-stretched you may develop PTTD. (bglennblairdpm.com)
  • PTTD occurs when the tendon becomes inflamed (tendonitis), which can occur for a number of reasons (e.g. tendon injury and inherent abnormalities in the tendon itself). (bglennblairdpm.com)
  • More common in women and people over 40, PTTD can result after a serious injury, such as a hard fall directly on your foot or ankle, causes the tendon to become inflamed. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • Even with treatment, pain from PTTD may last for 4-6 months or more, depending on the extent of the damage to the tendon. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • Once the posterior tibial tendon stretches, the ligaments of the arch stretch and tear. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • Adult acquired flat foot was first described in the late 1960s as something that occurred after trauma, as a result of a tear to the tibial posterior tendon. (weebly.com)
  • Over time, the tendon that runs along the inside of the ankle and helps support the arch can get weakened or tear. (mayoclinic.org)
  • On Sunday November 29th, Jimmy Graham of the Seattle Seahawks suffered a patella tendon tear. (howardluksmd.com)
  • The labrum can tear a few different ways: 1) completely off the bone, 2) within or along the edge of the labrum, or 3) where the bicep tendon attaches. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Also note the close anatomic relationship of the distal tendon, spring ligament, and distal deltoid ligament. (medscape.com)
  • The tibialis posterior is, by far, the most frequently ruptured tendon in the rear foot, but injuries to this structure are often overlooked. (medscape.com)
  • Tendon transfers for peripheral nerve injuries of the lower extremity. (ijsurgery.com)
  • In addition to having technical expertise, experienced hand surgeons must have precise knowledge of flexor tendon anatomy to guide appropriate treatment of injuries to the flexor tendon system. (medscape.com)
  • Your posterior tibial tendon is a fibrous cord which runs down the inside/back of your leg, beneath your ankle, and down into your arch. (myfootdr.com.au)
  • The deformity progresses or worsens because once the vital ligaments and posterior tibial tendon are lost, nothing can take their place to hold up the arch of the foot. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • A person with flat feet has greater load placed on the posterior tibial tendon which is the main tendon unit supporting up the arch of the foot. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • This condition is an overstretching and inflammation of the posterior tibial tendon, which travels from a muscle in the calf down to the arch of the foot. (flagstaffboneandjoint.com)
  • This tendon is one of the major supporting structures of the foot's arch and aids in walking. (flagstaffboneandjoint.com)
  • Orthotics or bracing help support the tendon to reduce its pull along the arch, thus reducing pain. (weebly.com)
  • The posterior tibial tendon is the tendon that attaches the calf muscle to the bones on the inside of the foot and ankle, and is responsible for creating the arch in the feet. (arashdini.com)
  • This tendon provides the support that normally holds up the arch of the foot while walking. (arashdini.com)
  • Attaching calf muscles to the inside bones of your foot, the posterior tibial tendon supports your arch and helps you maintain balance. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • The inflamed or torn tendon often causes the arch of the foot to fall or completely collapse. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • This tendon helps hold the arch up and provides support when stepping off on your toes when walking. (peabodypodiatrist.com)
  • This orthopaedic surgeons to record whether the develops with repetitive stress on the main participant had flat foot or not, and whether supporting tendon of the arch over a long the flat foot was unilateral or bilateral and period of time [ 3 ]. (who.int)
  • When your symptoms first begin, you may feel pain on the inside of the foot and ankle (along the course of the tendon). (myfootdr.com.au)
  • In fact, the symptoms usually occur after activities that involve the tendon, such as running, walking, hiking or climbing stairs. (patelfootandanklecare.com)
  • Symptoms and signs of posterior Achilles tendon bursitis develop at the top edge of the posterior shoe counter. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The presence of the small, tender, and skin-colored or red nodule in a patient with symptoms consistent with posterior Achilles tendon bursitis is diagnostic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This "weakness" can lead to a range of symptoms from functional hallux limitus (and its compensations), increased risk for ankle sprains, lateral foot pain and maybe Achilles tendon pain. (clinicalbootcamp.net)
  • The classic triad of symptoms of EDMD that functions in maintaining cellctoccell adc are: early contractures, particularly of the hesion and conduction may be responsible elbows, Achilles tendon, and posterior cerc for arrhythmic involvement [ 5 ]. (who.int)
  • The posterior tibial tendon passes through the ankle to attach the calf muscle with the bones of the midfoot. (davidslevinemd.com)
  • The posterior tibial tendon starts in the calf, stretches down behind the inside of the ankle, and attaches to bones in the middle of the foot. (peabodypodiatrist.com)
  • The posterior tibial nerve courses down the posterior calf. (medscape.com)
  • Also note that the flexor hallucis and flexor digitorum tendons cross distally at the knot of Henry (straight arrow). (medscape.com)
  • Last, note the tibial artery and nerve (curved arrow) between the flexor digitorum longus tendon and the flexor hallucis longus tendon in the tarsal tunnel. (medscape.com)
  • The lateral border may be traced, when the muscle is in action, as a rounded edge starting from the iliac crest and slanting obliquely forward and upward to the axilla, where it takes part with the teres major in forming the posterior axillary fold. (wikibooks.org)
  • Medial and lateral plantar nerves after branching from the posterior tibial nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Cutaneous innervation by the medial and lateral branches of the posterior tibial nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The bones, muscles, ligaments and tendons of your feet normally are well-balanced to distribute your body's weight while standing, walking and running. (rakuten.co.jp)
  • Rather, it is a slow, gradual stretching followed by inflammation and degeneration of the tendon. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • Stage I: Inflammation and swelling of the posterior tibial tendon around the inside of the ankle. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can show tendon injury and inflammation but cannot be relied on with 100% accuracy and confidence. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • Posterior Achilles tendon bursitis is inflammation of a bursa that forms in response to shoe pressure and is located at the top edge of the posterior shoe counter between the skin and Achilles tendon. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diminished sensation over the sole of the foot, especially on the medial side, is noted, resulting from posterior tibial nerve compression. (medscape.com)
  • Posterior tibial nerve block allows for rapid anesthetization of the heel and plantar regions of the foot. (medscape.com)
  • Posterior tibial nerve block is often overlooked in the emergency department, although it is safe, relatively easy to perform, and can provide excellent anesthesia to the foot. (medscape.com)
  • A combination of posterior tibial nerve block, saphenous nerve block , superficial peroneal nerve block , deep peroneal nerve block , and sural nerve block results in complete block of sensory perception beneath the ankle, as shown in the image below. (medscape.com)
  • The areas to anesthetize include a line along the anterior ankle for the superficial peroneal nerve (blue line), the deep peroneal nerve (red star), the saphenous nerve (pink star), the sural nerve (green arrow), and the posterior tibial nerve (orange arrow). (medscape.com)
  • Understanding the arborization of the tibial nerve is crucial to a successful posterior tibial nerve block. (medscape.com)
  • [ 8 , 9 ] The posterior tibial nerve arises from the sciatic nerve and courses down the posterior thigh and posteromedial lower leg, as shown in the image below. (medscape.com)
  • At the level of ankle, the posterior tibial nerve can be found midway between the medial malleolus and the heel. (medscape.com)
  • One conclusion was that customized semi-rigid foot orthoses have moderate to large beneficial effects in treating and preventing PF and posterior tibial stress fractures. (oandp.com)
  • Tendon surgery allows a doctor to remove inflamed tendon tissue, repair damaged bone and tendon tissue, and realign the bones as necessary. (bglennblairdpm.com)
  • The inflamed tendon tissue is cleaned and removed. (davidslevinemd.com)
  • A new type of surgery has been developed in which surgeons can re-construct the flat foot deformity and also the deltoid ligament using a tendon called the peroneus longus. (weebly.com)
  • Tendon transfers have been used in upper extremity reconstruction for well over a century. (medscape.com)
  • While newer techniques of functional electrical stimulation and microvascular transfer have added new dimensions to reconstruction, tendon transfer remains a primary tool in upper extremity paralysis management. (medscape.com)
  • He was diagnosed desmoid tumor of posterior cruciate ligament of the knee by intraoperative biopsy, and underwent successful PCL resection and reconstruction by Four-strand semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autograft arthroscopically, and fortunately five years after operation, there were no clues as to recurrence of the tumor examined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). (medscape.com)
  • Tendon transfers may also be useful in restoring function in patients with spastic disorders due to cerebral palsy or stroke. (medscape.com)
  • Anterior transplantation of the posterior tibial tendon for persistent palsy of the common peroneal nerve. (ijsurgery.com)
  • Interosseous transfer of tibialis posterior for common peroneal nerve palsy. (ijsurgery.com)
  • In some cases, the nerve transfer surgery was successfully combined with tendon transfers to maximize functional benefits. (medscape.com)
  • She notes that tendon transfer is already an established technique for patients with spinal cord injury, but nerve transfer gives different benefits. (medscape.com)
  • Tendon transfer generally gives more strength to a muscle but nerve transfer gives more natural subtle movements better for fine motor control," Van Zyl said. (medscape.com)
  • We often do tendon transfer in one arm and nerve transfer in the other. (medscape.com)
  • If they have to pick something up from the floor, patients say they would use their tendon-transfer hand to hold the wheel and stabilize their wheelchair and their nerve-transfer hand to pick up the object. (medscape.com)
  • 18 months post-injury) cervical spinal cord injury of motor level C5 and below who underwent single or multiple nerve transfers in one or both upper limbs, sometimes combined with tendon transfers, for restoration of elbow extension, grasp, pinch, and hand opening. (medscape.com)
  • The single muscle belly gives rise to 1 tendon, and it is innervated by the anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve (C8 and T1). (medscape.com)
  • Foot drop develops because of ischemic contracture of the posterior compartment and is seen if the acute syndrome is not treated. (medscape.com)
  • The forearm can be divided anatomically into anterior and posterior compartments. (medscape.com)
  • There is diffuse inhomogeneity and hyperintensity of the distal tendon fibers. (runningahead.com)
  • If you're not experiencing relief with orthotics and braces , a podiatrist may recommend surgery to lengthen the Achilles tendon, remove inflamed tissue, or cut and shift bones. (yourfootdoc.com)
  • In the adult acquired flatfoot, pain occurs because soft tissues (tendons and ligaments) have been torn. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • Surgery often involves an osteotomy, which cuts and shifts the heel bone in order to transfer another tendon to be used in place of the torn tibial tendon. (arashdini.com)
  • This tendon can get torn where it attaches to the bone, where it attaches to the labrum or at both locations. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Often a combination of procedures including tendon and muscle augmentation, tendon transfers, realigning of bones or fusion of certain joints might be necessary in more advanced cases. (weebly.com)
  • At the other end of the muscle is a large tendon that attaches beyond the elbow in the forearm. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Neurologic examination showed walking ataxia, decreased sensitivity to light touch in both legs, and no deep tendon reflexes. (cdc.gov)
  • The posterior tibial tendon serves as one of the major supporting structures of the foot, helping it to function while walking. (patelfootandanklecare.com)
  • The tendon has deteriorated considerably, and arthritis often develops in the foot. (patelfootandanklecare.com)
  • Sometimes a short-leg cast or boot is worn to immobilize the foot and allow the tendon to heal, or you may need to completely avoid all weightbearing for a while. (patelfootandanklecare.com)
  • As the tibial tendon tears, individuals often experience pain as the foot gradually rolls inward and flattens. (arashdini.com)
  • Other surgical methods may also include lengthening of the achilles tendon or a fusion of the joints in the back of the foot. (arashdini.com)
  • In PTTD's early stages, treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and/or immobilization of the foot (with crutches or orthotic supports) can help the tendon heal. (bglennblairdpm.com)
  • The damaged tendon is replaced by another foot tendon. (davidslevinemd.com)
  • Foot orthotics may enhance rear foot stability and help reduce irritating motion on the posterior calcaneus while walking. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Patients of paralytic foot drop due to leprosy with a moderately strong tibialis posterior muscle were selected from the outpatient department of Orthopaedics and Leprosy reconstructive surgery units. (ijsurgery.com)
  • Method of anterior transfer of tibialis posterior for correction of foot drop has given encouraging results in a fairly large percentage of cases. (ijsurgery.com)
  • Posterior tibial tendon transfer for drop- foot. (ijsurgery.com)
  • Carayon A, Bourrel P, Bourges M, Touze M. Dual transfer of the posterior tibial and flexor digitorumlongus tendons for Drop foot. (ijsurgery.com)
  • Yeap JS, Singh D, Birch R. A method for evaluating the results of tendon transfers for foot drop. (ijsurgery.com)
  • Soares D. Tibialis posterior transfer in the correction of foot drop due to leprosy. (ijsurgery.com)
  • Others may experience foot pain, knee pain, (abducted), and the heel is rolled outward shin splints and pain in the achilles tendon. (who.int)
  • They or more severe factors such as rupture of were given a brief general medical exami- the ligaments or tendons in the foot [ 7 ]. (who.int)
  • Therefore, if you injure a tendon connecting one muscle, it can be replaced with another tendon to restore muscle functionality. (dramitmulay.com)
  • In some people, the posterior tibial tendon finally gives out or tears. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • Within 10 minutes, 2500 came to this site, for more information about patella tendon tears and the treatment that would end the season for Mr Graham. (howardluksmd.com)
  • That traffic carried through to Monday, November 30th where another 3,500 people came to read more about patella tendon tears and the end of the season for Jimmy Graham. (howardluksmd.com)
  • The term adult acquired flatfoot is more appropriate because it allows a broader recognition of causative factors, not only limited to the posterior tibial tendon, an event where the posterior tibial tendon looses strength and function. (mcnamarafootcare.com)
  • https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/adult-acquired-flatfoot. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The ball of the shoulder can dislocate toward the front of the shoulder (an anterior dislocation) or it can go out the back of the shoulder (called a posterior dislocation). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • It has been reported that a tendon width of more than 6 mm is suggestive of tenosynovitis, especially if it is associated with a target sign, which is a hypoechoic rim of fluid surrounding the hyperechoic tendon substance. (medscape.com)
  • The position of the tendon is also thought to contribute, as it makes a sharp turn around the medial malleolus, putting a lot of tension on the tendon. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you're experiencing pain on the inside of your ankle, particularly just below that bony bump (your medial malleolus), then you may have irritated your posterior tibial tendon. (myfootdr.com.au)
  • It can be sewn into another bone or tendon. (dramitmulay.com)
  • More than likely, after surgery, you will be given a cast or splint to protect your new tendon transfer until it is done healing and reconnecting to the bone. (dramitmulay.com)
  • The type of surgery performed will depend on the problem with your toes and may involve releasing or lengthening tendons, putting joints back into place, straightening a toe and changing the shape of a bone.Your surgeon may fix the toes in place with wires or tiny screws. (rakuten.co.jp)
  • Once inside the joint, the tendon is attached in part to the bone near the socket and in part to the labrum at the top of the joint. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Most commonly, trauma causes a direct, primary injury to the peripheral nervous system or the muscles and tendons. (medscape.com)
  • Injury to the flexor tendon system can lead to significant morbidity for patients. (medscape.com)
  • In moderate to severe cases, a below knee cast or walking boot may be needed to allow the tendon to rest completely and heal. (weebly.com)
  • Desmoid tumor in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) of the knee has never been described in the literature. (medscape.com)
  • These factors cause enough destruction of tendon substance that tendon transfers are required to replace lost function. (medscape.com)
  • This muscle, lying to the medial side of pronator teres, is the most prominent and may be traced downward to its tendon, which is situated nearer to the radial than to the ulnar border of the front of the wrist and medial to the radial artery. (wikibooks.org)
  • Presents no surface marking proximally, but distally, its tendon stands out when the muscle is in action as a sharp, tense cord in front of the middle of the wrist. (wikibooks.org)
  • Ultrasound therapy and exercises may help rehabilitate the tendon and muscle following immobilization. (patelfootandanklecare.com)
  • In a tendon transfer surgery, a non-working muscle and tendon replace a working muscle and tendon. (dramitmulay.com)
  • The other structure that attaches to the labrum is the tendon of the biceps muscle. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • While this muscle is quite large, it turns into a small tendon about the size of a pencil that attaches inside the shoulder joint. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • When muscle-tendon units remain functional in an extremity, consider sacrificing one function to restore another by transferring the working unit to a new location. (medscape.com)
  • Loss of hand function secondary to neuromuscular paralysis, tendon loss, or muscle loss can dramatically reduce a person's ability to perform normal activities of daily life. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] The prospect of restoring function through transfer of a muscle-tendon unit to perform one of the lost functions is enthusiastically accepted by the patient and rewarding to the surgeon. (medscape.com)
  • Specific loss of tendon or muscle substance can arise from rheumatologic causes, including gout and pseudogout. (medscape.com)
  • Each tendon arising from the FDP muscle flexes the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. (medscape.com)
  • The FDS muscle forms 4 distinct bundles in the middle aspect of the forearm, each of which, in turn, forms 4 distinct tendons in the distal forearm. (medscape.com)