AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Spinal NervesSpinal FusionSpinal Nerve RootsScoliosisSpinal Cord Vascular DiseasesSpinal CordOrthopedic Fixation DevicesKyphosisThoracic VertebraeSpineLumbar VertebraeNeuralgiaLaminectomySpinal DiseasesBone ScrewsInternal FixatorsSpinal Cord InjuriesLongitudinal LigamentsInfarctionInjections, SpinalPeripheral Nerve InjuriesSciatic NerveLigationCervical VertebraePeripheral NervesHyperalgesiaNerve FibersLumbosacral RegionGanglia, SpinalSpinal FracturesPeripheral Nervous System DiseasesMagnetic Resonance ImagingRats, Sprague-DawleyPostoperative ComplicationsRetrospective StudiesPainOptic NerveRadiculopathyNerve Compression SyndromesSpinal Cord NeoplasmsPain ThresholdPain MeasurementNerve RegenerationMononeuropathiesTreatment OutcomePosterior Horn CellsNeuritisPeripheral Nervous System NeoplasmsPhysical StimulationAxotomyNeurons, AfferentHyperesthesiaSpinal Cord DiseasesAnalgesicsMotor NeuronsAnesthesia, SpinalCyclohexanecarboxylic AcidsSpinal Cord CompressionSpinal CanalCranial Fossa, PosteriorRhizotomySciaticaNerve BlockAxonsTibial NerveNerve Fibers, MyelinatedLumbosacral PlexusPeripheral Nervous System AgentsSpinal NeoplasmsFollow-Up StudiesIntercostal NervesDisease Models, AnimalNerve EndingsSural NerveMedian NerveNerve CrushBehavior, AnimalFacial NerveSpinal StenosisUlnar NerveElectric StimulationFemoral NerveSciatic NeuropathyNeural ConductionSensory Receptor CellsNerve Fibers, UnmyelinatedNociceptorsAminesInfusions, SpinalNerve Growth FactorsTrigeminal NervePhrenic NerveCauda EquinaMyelographySpinal InjuriesHindlimbNerve Growth FactorAfferent PathwaysCranial NervesWallerian Degeneration
ThoracicDorsal and ventral rootsRamiVentralMedialSpineVertebral columnStenosisMusclesRootsVertebraePlexusRamusLateralTumorBranchesPeripheralInnervationCutaneousProximalCanalDecompressionCord and NervesPairs of spinal nervesAnatomy of the spinal cordTibial nerveFibersNeckEntering the spinal cordArteryUnderwent posteriorSensory and motorAffected bonyDistalSegmentalCommon peronExtensorThighIntervertebralTransverseFourth and fifth lumbarIschemiaFusionSurgeryFacetUlnarFossaAccessory nerveContain sensory
Thoracic18
  • The spinal cord comprises three parts: the cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), and lumbar (lower back) regions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Most people have seven spinal bones in the cervical column, 12 in the thoracic column, and five in the lumbar column. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The brachial plexus starts as the union of the ventral primary rami of cervical nerves 5 through 8 (C5-C8) and the thoracic nerve T1 (Figure 1). (asra.com)
  • The aim of this paper was to identify and characterize all the segmental radiculomedullary arteries (RMAs) that supply the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. (thejns.org)
  • The segmental RMAs supplying the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord can be unilateral, bilateral, or multiple. (thejns.org)
  • Acute Transverse Myelitis Acute transverse myelitis is acute inflammation of gray and white matter in one or more adjacent spinal cord segments, usually thoracic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Decreased space in the spinal canal compresses the thoracic spinal cord or lumbar nerve roots (Figure 1) and impedes perfusion accordingly. (orthopaedia.com)
  • Axons via the anterior rami of spinal nerves, except for thoracic nerves T2-T12, do not go straight to the body structures they supply. (earthslab.com)
  • Lower thoracic spinal nerves T6-12 supply power to abdominal muscles. (earthslab.com)
  • Isolated long thoracic nerve injury causes paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We present the case of a 23-year-old woman who sustained isolated long thoracic nerve palsy during anterior spinal surgery which caused external compressive force on the nerve. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During positioning of patients into the lateral decubitus position, the course of the long thoracic nerve must be attended to carefully and the nerve should be protected from any external pressure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Isolated long thoracic nerve paralysis causes weakness of the serratus anterior muscle and winging of the scapula [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We present a patient with long thoracic nerve palsy caused by the direct compression of the nerve during anterior spinal surgery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An electrodiagnostic study carried out two months later revealed an isolated long thoracic nerve lesion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, in the last electrodiagnostic study that was carried out 5 years after the surgery, partial and incomplete regeneration of the long thoracic nerve was reported. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It arises from the sacrum, from the posterior sacro-iliac ligament (Fig. 395, p. 443), from the mamillary processes of the lumbar vertebræ, from the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebræ, and from the articular processes of the lower four cervical vertebræ. (co.ma)
  • Lumbar - Referring to the 5 lumbar vertebrae which are situated below the thoracic vertebrae and above the sacral vertebrae in the spinal column. (en-academic.com)
Dorsal and ventral roots6
  • The formation of the spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots. (wikipedia.org)
  • The replica highlights many areas of the cervical vertebrae, including the annulus fibrosus rings around the nucleus pulposus, spinal cord with simulated dorsal and ventral roots, spinal nerves, vertebral arteries, and major bony landmarks of the cervical vertebrae. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • The dorsal and ventral roots take a trip a short range, permeate the dura, and enter into the intervertebral foramen , within the dural sac surrounding the spinal cord. (earthslab.com)
  • The dorsal and ventral roots create the common spinal nerve trunk and are signed up with distal to the spinal ganglion. (earthslab.com)
  • The dorsal and ventral roots branch off from the spinal cord and merge together to form a single spinal nerve. (spine-health.com)
  • The dorsal and ventral roots of the sciatic nerve are responsible for symptoms along the buttocks, thigh, leg, and foot. (spine-health.com)
Rami17
  • The dorsal rami provide motor innervation to the deep (a.k.a. intrinsic or true) muscles of the back, and sensory innervation to the skin of the posterior portion of the head, neck and back. (wikipedia.org)
  • Posterior rami carry visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the skin and deep muscles of the back. (wikipedia.org)
  • The posterior rami remain distinct from each other, and each innervates a narrow strip of skin and muscle along the back, more or less at the level from which the ramus leaves the spinal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • The roots of the brachial plexus represent the ventral rami of these spinal nerves. (asra.com)
  • jointly, the small posterior rami innervate the back. (earthslab.com)
  • the much greater anterior rami innervate most other areas of the body other than the head, which is innervated primarily, however not exclusively, by cranial nerves. (earthslab.com)
  • Primarily significant visceral parts of the PNS (sympathetic trunk and prevertebral plexus) of the body are likewise connected with the anterior rami of spinal nerves. (earthslab.com)
  • The cutaneous distribution of these posterior rami extends into the gluteal region of the lower limb and the posterior element of the head. (earthslab.com)
  • The common spinal nerve trunk is gotten in touch with the sympathetic chain of paravertebral ganglia that lie on either side of the vertebral column via the white and gray rami. (earthslab.com)
  • Instead, by accompanying numerous varieties of axons via anterior rami of surrounding nerves they create systems on both the left and right sides of the body. (earthslab.com)
  • Posterior rami of spinal nerves. (co.ma)
  • The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves (rami anteriores) increase in size from above downward. (en-academic.com)
  • Their arrangement is somewhat irregular: one ganglion may give rami to two lumbar nerves, or one lumbar nerve may receive rami from two ganglia . (en-academic.com)
  • Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves - Infobox Nerve Name = PAGENAME Latin = rami posteriores nervorum lumbalium GraySubject = 209 GrayPage = 924 Caption = Diagram of the distribution of the cutaneous branches of the posterior divisions of the spinal nerves. (en-academic.com)
  • Each of these anterior rami gives rise to anterior and posterior branches. (medscape.com)
  • The sacral plexus is formed by the union of the lumbosacral trunk (from the anterior rami of L4 and L5) and the anterior rami of the first, second, third, and fourth sacral nerves. (medscape.com)
  • the anterior rami of the fifth sacral nerve enter between the sacrum and coccyx. (medscape.com)
Ventral9
  • A spinal nerve splits within the intervertebral foramen to form a dorsal ramus and a ventral ramus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ventral root axons join with dorsal root ganglia to form mixed spinal nerves (below). (wikipedia.org)
  • Shortly after this spinal nerve forms, it then branches into the dorsal ramus and ventral ramus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gray matter also contains many internuncial neurons that carry motor, sensory, or reflex impulses from dorsal to ventral nerve roots, from one side of the cord to the other, or from one level of the cord to another. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Each spinal nerve includes a dorsal root (containing afferent fibers) and a ventral root (consisting of afferent fibers). (earthslab.com)
  • they are, on each side, an anterior stem which forms the ventral roots of the first and second arches, and a posterior stem common to the third, fourth, and sixth arches (Fig. 821). (co.ma)
  • When the territory is unfamiliar, e.g. dorsal nerves invading ventral limb, the axons innervate muscles by passive deployment ( Summerbell & Stirling, 1981 ). (biologists.com)
  • While the cause(s) of sciatica is mostly defined as a problem occurring at the level of the spinal nerve root, it is also possible for the dorsal or ventral roots to be affected before they merge to form the spinal nerve root. (spine-health.com)
  • lumbar plexus - n a plexus embedded in the psoas major and formed by the anterior or ventral divisions of the four upper lumbar nerves of which the first is usu. (en-academic.com)
Medial7
  • The dorsal ramus then turns to course posterior-ward before splitting into a medial branch and a lateral branch. (wikipedia.org)
  • These cords are defined by their spatial relationship to the axillary artery, and are designated as the lateral, posterior, and the medial cord. (asra.com)
  • It does miss the medial aspect of the leg, which is innervated by the saphenous nerve, a cutaneous extension of the femoral nerve. (medscape.com)
  • the vascular sheath is medial and deeper to the sciatic nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Note that the ankle pressure can be measured by assessing either the dorsalis pedis (DP) on the dorsum of the foot or the posterior tibial (PT) artery behind the medial malleolus. (orthopaedia.com)
  • Use of the spine endoscope provides visualization of the posterior spinal anatomy and nerves, while an endoscopic RF probe facilitates the ablation of the medial (and lateral) branches of the dorsal ramus and can lead to more complete ablation of the nerves and therefore better and longer lasting pain relief. (elliquence.com)
  • The medial branches of the posterior divisions of the lumbar nerves run close to the articular processes of the vertebræ and end in the Multifidus . (en-academic.com)
Spine30
  • The spinal cord does not extend for the entire length of the spine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • There are 8 pairs of spinal nerves in the cervical spine, labeled C1 to C8. (spine-health.com)
  • The synapse system is an enhanced set of instruments and implants, including clamps, variable-axis screws, hooks, transconnectors, transverse bars and rods, designed for posterior stabilization of the upper spine. (aofoundation.org)
  • Spinal decompression works by gently stretching the spine. (webmd.com)
  • This change takes pressure off the spinal disks, which are gel-like cushions between the bones in your spine, by creating negative pressure in the disc. (webmd.com)
  • As a result, bulging or herniated disks may retract, taking pressure off nerves and other structures in your spine. (webmd.com)
  • In addition, you may need spinal fusion to stabilize your spine. (webmd.com)
  • The implementation of surgery has obvious advantages whether it is to relieve pain, stabilize the spine, restore nerve function, or recover early. (scirp.org)
  • A spinal condition resulting from the normal wear and tear process of aging on your spine. (piedmont.org)
  • The goals of the procedure are to restore stability in the spine, eliminate pain, and treat common spinal pathologies. (texasback.com)
  • Traditionally, a TLIF is performed by making an incision in the patient's back and stripping the posterior muscles to gain access to the spine. (texasback.com)
  • Cervical radiculopathy is a common cervical spine condition which is potentially disabling with nerve root dysfunction [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
  • Neurogenic claudication is caused by nerve ischemia in the spine. (orthopaedia.com)
  • These latter positions of spinal flexion, riding a bicycle or pushing a shopping cart, tend to maximally open the spinal canal, whereas extension of the spine as seen with upright standing tends to compress the central canal. (orthopaedia.com)
  • Spinal Nerve Plexi]] The spinal nerves form within a few centimeters of the spine on each side. (physio-pedia.com)
  • The procedure is called a posterior fusion because the surgeon works on the back, or posterior, of the spine. (eorthopod.com)
  • Posterior fusion procedures in the lumbar spine are used to treat spine instability, severe degenerative disc disease, and fractures in the lumbar spine. (eorthopod.com)
  • The nerve roots are checked to see if they move freely in the spinal canal and as they leave the spine through the small holes between the vertebrae, the neural foramina. (eorthopod.com)
  • The human spine is formed by 24 spinal bones, called vertebrae . (eorthopod.com)
  • Foothill Ranch, CA, June 06, 2008 --( PR.com )-- A traditional, "open" surgical spine procedure typically involves the surgeon making a long incision, from either an anterior or posterior approach, dissecting and retracting layers of tissue as needed to provide both visualization and access to the affected area. (pr.com)
  • Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF): An intervertebral disc in the cervical spine bulges or herniates, exerting pressure on an adjacent nerve root. (pr.com)
  • Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF): Herniated intervertebral disc in the lumbar spine. (pr.com)
  • The sciatic nerve starts as a collection of nerve fibers in the lower spine. (spine-health.com)
  • These nerve fibers, or roots, exit the spinal canal through a number of openings in the bones at each level of the lower spine called foramina. (spine-health.com)
  • The nerve root is short, at times measuring just 1 mm in length 2 Bogduk N. Clinical and Radiological Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine E-Book. (spine-health.com)
  • If this tiny segment of nerve root is affected while it courses through the foramen in the lower spine, sciatica may occur. (spine-health.com)
  • Posterior cervical decompression is a surgical procedure performed through the back of the neck to relieve pressure over compressed nerves in the cervical spine region caused by inflamed spinal tissue or nerves, by removing portions of the cervical vertebrae. (endoscopic-spine.com)
  • The spine is made up of 33 small bones called vertebrae and is known as the spinal column or vertebral column. (endoscopic-spine.com)
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a degenerative disease of the lumbar spine that occult commonly in the elderly. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This nerve then crosses the ischial spine, enters the perineum through the lesser sciatic foramen, and pierces the pelvic surface of the obturator internus muscle. (medscape.com)
Vertebral column2
Stenosis10
  • Posterior cervical fusion (PCF) surgery is often needed when patients require treatment of some typical spinal conditions, including degenerative disc disease, spondylosis, spinal stenosis, fracture, and tumor. (aofoundation.org)
  • Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Lumbar spinal stenosis is narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal causing compression of the nerve rootlets and nerve roots in the cauda equina before their exit from the foramina. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The most common etiology is spinal stenosis, namely degenerative spondylosis and its associated potentially-compressive phenomena (bone overgrowth, disc protrusion, facet arthritis). (orthopaedia.com)
  • Spinal stenosis is often diagnosed with MRI or CT scan, as axial imaging can show it best. (orthopaedia.com)
  • Figure 1: Sagittal illustration of the normal canal volume (left) and that seen with spinal stenosis (right). (orthopaedia.com)
  • Posterior cervical decompression is usually indicated for herniated discs, spinal stenosis, bone spurs, bulging discs, spinal injury, spinal tumors and when conservative treatment options do not provide relief. (endoscopic-spine.com)
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a prevalent and disabling cause of low back and leg pain in elderly people and nerve root sedimentation sign (NRSS) has been demonstrated to have high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing LSS in selected patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most objective method to evaluate anatomic spinal stenosis through imaging data is by using the dural sac cross-sectional area (DSCA) evaluation [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, a well-defined and simple morphological classification for assessing the severity of anatomical spinal stenosis is very important. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis is a common cause of radicular and generalized back pain among older adults. (elliquence.com)
Muscles11
  • The erector spinae ( / ɪ ˈ r ɛ k t ər ˈ s p aɪ n i / irr- EK -tər SPY -nee ) [1] or spinal erectors is a set of muscles that straighten and rotate the back . (wikipedia.org)
  • The main goal of this procedure was to remove, en bloc, all ipsilateral lymphatic structures from the mandible superiorly to the clavicle inferiorly and from the strap muscles to the anterior border of the trapezius. (medscape.com)
  • Many spinal cord injury patients still have the ability to move their shoulders, bend their elbows and expand their wrists - this means we have the nerves to these muscles at our disposal," she said. (medscape.com)
  • The group of muscles supplied by that nerve is called a myotome. (spine-health.com)
  • Botulinum Toxin , such as Botox ® and Dysport® is injected directly into spastic muscles to weaken them by blocking transmission between the nerve and the muscle. (uclahealth.org)
  • Coccygeal Plexus: Composed of the merging of nerves S4 through Co1, this plexus supplies motor and sensory control of the genitalia and the muscles that control defecation. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Then the small muscles along the sides of the low back are lifted off the vertebrae, exposing the back of the spinal column. (eorthopod.com)
  • Posterior branches of spinal nerves innervate the intrinsic muscles of the back and surrounding skin. (earthslab.com)
  • The layers of neck muscles are separated using a retractor, and the affected nerve root is identified. (endoscopic-spine.com)
  • The anterior branches supply flexor muscles of the lower limb, and posterior branches supply the extensor and abductor muscles. (medscape.com)
  • It leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, below the piriformis, and runs down in front of the sciatic nerve, the gemelli, and the tendon of the obturator internus, then enters the anterior surfaces of the quadratus femoris and gemellus inferior muscles. (medscape.com)
Roots17
  • The posterior and anterior roots come together to create a spinal nerve. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Each spinal nerve is supplied by 2 nerve roots. (spine-health.com)
  • These 2 nerve roots branch directly from the spinal cord and merge to form the spinal nerve as it runs through an opening between adjacent vertebrae, called the intervertebral foramen. (spine-health.com)
  • A surgeon removes bone and other tissue to expand the openings for nerve roots. (webmd.com)
  • The model also exposes to the viewer the spinal cord interaction with the bone and its connecting anterior and posterior roots. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • In the lumbosacral region, nerve roots from lower cord segments descend within the spinal column in a nearly vertical sheaf, forming the cauda equina. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The cord is divided into functional segments (levels) corresponding approximately to the attachments of the 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The compression of the cord or the nerve roots by bone overgrowth, as shown, is a common cause of neurogenic claudication. (orthopaedia.com)
  • In some cases, the surgeon may enlarge the neural foramina the tunnels where the nerve roots leave the spinal cord. (eorthopod.com)
  • Decompressive Lumbar Laminectomy: Abnormal bone spurs or rough intervertebral disc edges exert pressure on spinal nerve roots or the cauda equina, a nerve root bundle at the end of the spinal cord. (pr.com)
  • These lumbar nerve roots then combine to form one large nerve. (spine-health.com)
  • At the level of each spinal segment, two individual "roots" (bundles of nerve fibers) branch off the spinal cord and merge right before it enters the intervertebral foramen as a single nerve root. (spine-health.com)
  • The sensory and motor fibers within the sciatic nerve roots are distinct and can be affected individually or together, resulting in only pain, only motor deficits, or both. (spine-health.com)
  • The nerve to the quadratus femoris and gemellus inferior arises from the anterior divisions of the fourth and fifth lumbar and first sacral nerve roots. (medscape.com)
  • The nerve to the obturator internus and gemellus superior arises from the anterior division of the fifth lumbar and first and second sacral nerve roots. (medscape.com)
  • The nerve to the piriformis arises from the posterior divisions of the first and second sacral nerve roots and enters the anterior surface of the muscle. (medscape.com)
  • The superior gluteal nerve arises from the posterior divisions of the fourth and fifth lumbar and first sacral nerve roots. (medscape.com)
Vertebrae10
Plexus14
  • Subsequent anatomic study reported a possible plexus composed of both cervical nerves and contributions from the SAN that collectively provided trapezial motor innervation. (medscape.com)
  • We have been doing this for peripheral nerve and brachial plexus injuries for many years, but its use in spinal cord injury only started recently, and before this publication there have only been single cases reported. (medscape.com)
  • I was doing a lot of brachial plexus nerve transfer surgeries and I thought it might work in spinal cord injury so we started doing it and found good results. (medscape.com)
  • The point at which the musculocutaneous nerve exits the brachial plexus is important when considering the location at which to block the brachial plexus. (asra.com)
  • Some groups of spinal nerves merge with each other to form a large plexus. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Some spinal nerves divide into smaller branches, without forming a plexus. (physio-pedia.com)
  • A plexus is a group of nerves that combine with each other. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Cervical Plexus,]] provides nerve connections to the head, neck, and shoulder. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Sacral Plexus]], provides connections for the posterior thigh, most of the lower leg, the entire foot, and part of the pelvis. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Lumbar plexus - Infobox Nerve Name = PAGENAME Latin = plexus lumbalis GraySubject = 212 GrayPage = 949 Caption = Plan of lumbar plexus. (en-academic.com)
  • The sacral plexus (plexus sacralis) is a nerve plexus that provides motor and sensory nerves for the posterior thigh, most of the lower leg, the entire foot, and part of the pelvis (see the following image). (medscape.com)
  • The nerves forming the sacral plexus converge toward the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen and unite to form a flattened band. (medscape.com)
  • These 2 nerves sometimes arise separately from the plexus, and in all cases their independence can be shown by dissection. (medscape.com)
  • From the second, third, and fourth sacral nerves, a pelvic splanchnic nerve is given to the inferior hypogastric plexus. (medscape.com)
Ramus3
  • The dorsal ramus of spinal nerve (or posterior ramus of spinal nerve, or posterior primary division) is the posterior division of a spinal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • After it is formed, the dorsal ramus of each spinal nerve travels backward, except for the first cervical, the fourth and fifth sacral, and the coccygeal. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first and second, and sometimes the third and fourth lumbar nerves are each connected with the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk by a white ramus communicans . (en-academic.com)
Lateral7
  • Given the proximal take off of the musculocutaneous nerve, the lateral proximal arm would often be spared. (asra.com)
  • The common peroneal, also known as the common fibular nerve, innervates the lateral aspect of the leg and dorsum of the foot. (medscape.com)
  • The common peroneal nerve follows the tendon of the bicep femoris along the lateral margin of the popliteal fossa. (medscape.com)
  • It is more lateral and superficial than the tibial nerve. (medscape.com)
  • We report retrospectively a series of four cases involving the successful use of the recently described parascapular sub-iliocostalis plane block (PSIP), for lateral-posterior rib fractures. (bvsalud.org)
  • The interlaminar window at L5-S1 is easily accessed through a direct posterior approach, visualized using both AP and Lateral radiographs. (elliquence.com)
  • The upper three give off cutaneous nerves which pierce the aponeurosis of the Latissimus dorsi at the lateral border of the Sacrospinalis and descend across the posterior part of the iliac crest to the skin of the buttock , some of their twigs running as far as the level of the greater trochanter . (en-academic.com)
Tumor4
  • Posterior fossa tumor is a type of brain tumor located in or near the bottom of the skull. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If a tumor grows in the area of the posterior fossa, it can block the flow of spinal fluid and cause increased pressure on the brain and spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Symptoms from posterior fossa tumors also occur when the tumor damages local structures, such as the cranial nerves. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There is limited space in the posterior fossa, and the tumor can easily press on delicate structures if it grows. (medlineplus.gov)
Branches7
  • The posterior root is the part of the nerve that branches off the back of the spinal column. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • From there, the spinal nerve branches into a network of nerves. (spine-health.com)
  • The branches from the cords go to form the terminal nerves of the upper extremity, namely the musculocutaneous, axillary, median,radial, and ulnar nerves. (asra.com)
  • The sciatic nerve branches into which two nerves? (studystack.com)
  • It separates into its terminal branches about 6 cm proximal to the popliteal crease into the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Each of the nerves in turn might have various branches called for the certain structures they innervate. (earthslab.com)
  • Caption = Areas of distribution of the cutaneous branches of the posterior divisions of the spinal nerves. (en-academic.com)
Peripheral6
  • These then merge to form peripheral nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the efforts of numerous clinicians and basic scientists over many years, we now have a firm understanding of how the motor signal generated in the brain travels down the spinal cord, into a peripheral nerve, and interfaces with the target muscle. (medscape.com)
  • Antidepressants may have been invented for depression, but they are also known to modulate peripheral nerves, Dr. Auwaerter says, thereby dulling PHN pain. (shinglestalk.com)
  • The stimulation of peripheral nerve endings by the delivery of electrical energy through the surface of the skin. (shinglestalk.com)
  • Effects of chondroitinase ABC on intrathecal and peripheral nerve tissue. (lu.se)
  • 80%), including 233 cases with meningitis, 326 with parameningeal infections, 33 with peripheral joint infections, and 7 with posterior circulation infarct presumed to be due to infection. (cdc.gov)
Innervation2
  • Anatomic study of the SAN has long maintained a debate as to the exact contributions of this nerve and other cervical motor nerves to the innervation of the trapezius muscle. (medscape.com)
  • The classic and much-used Gray's Anatomy assigned cervical nerves to a proprioceptive sensory role, with only the SAN providing motor innervation to the trapezius. (medscape.com)
Cutaneous1
Proximal1
  • The sciatic nerve divides into the tibial and common peroneal nerve about 5-12 cm proximal to the popliteal crease. (medscape.com)
Canal9
  • A surgeon removes a small portion of bone -- a section of bony arch or the entire bony arch -- to increase the size of the spinal canal and relieve pressure. (webmd.com)
  • A small opening where the nerves leave the spinal canal. (piedmont.org)
  • The lamina forms the back portion of the bony ring covering the spinal canal. (eorthopod.com)
  • In this way, the nerves inside the spinal canal are relieved of additional tension and pressure. (eorthopod.com)
  • Procedure also used to remove tumors, osteophytes, or vertebral fracture fragments from the spinal canal. (pr.com)
  • Cervical Corpectomy: Narrowing of the cervical spinal canal due to growth of bone spurs or the ligament behind the vertebral bodies, where an anterior cervical discectomy does not address the entire area of neural compression. (pr.com)
  • Cervical Laminoplasty: Cervical spinal canal is painfully restrictive due to injury or disease. (pr.com)
  • Transverse magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the narrowest spinal canal in all patients were acquired and graded by two experienced doctors using the Braz classification, Schizas classification and Chen Jia classification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is due mainly to the reduction of the anatomical space of the nerves and blood vessels in the lumbar spinal canal and clinically, it often presents as persistent low back pain, sacral pain or neurogenic intermittent claudication and so on [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Decompression20
  • Spinal Decompression Therapy: Is It Right for You? (webmd.com)
  • Some people turn to spinal decompression therapy -- either surgical or nonsurgical. (webmd.com)
  • What Is Nonsurgical Spinal Decompression? (webmd.com)
  • Nonsurgical spinal decompression is a type of motorized traction that may help relieve back pain . (webmd.com)
  • More research is needed to establish the safety and effectiveness of nonsurgical spinal decompression. (webmd.com)
  • To know how effective it really is, researchers need to compare spinal decompression with other alternatives to surgery. (webmd.com)
  • How Is Nonsurgical Spinal Decompression Done? (webmd.com)
  • You are fully clothed during spinal decompression therapy. (webmd.com)
  • Who Should not Have Nonsurgical Spinal Decompression? (webmd.com)
  • Ask your doctor whether or not you are a good candidate for nonsurgical spinal decompression. (webmd.com)
  • Surgical spinal decompression is another option for treating certain types of back pain . (webmd.com)
  • If other measures don't work, your doctor may suggest surgical spinal decompression for bulging or ruptured disks, bony growths, or other spinal problems. (webmd.com)
  • Are There Different Types of Spinal Decompression Surgery? (webmd.com)
  • What Are the Risks of Spinal Decompression Surgery? (webmd.com)
  • It can be difficult to determine who will benefit from spinal decompression surgery. (webmd.com)
  • Cleveland Clinic: "Spinal Decompression Surgery. (webmd.com)
  • Twenty-nine levels of cervical radiculopathy underwent posterior endoscopic cervical decompression. (springer.com)
  • Although we had offered her neurolysis or nerve decompression [ 5 ]-[ 7 ] for her limited dysfunction she did not want to be operated on again. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Posterior cervical decompression can be performed through a minimal invasive approach. (endoscopic-spine.com)
  • Then, the bone or disc material and/or thickened ligaments are removed, relieving the pressure on spinal nerve structures, creating decompression. (endoscopic-spine.com)
Cord and Nerves1
  • Spinal cord and nerves shown in isolation, with dura mater divided and reflected, and with portion of the cerebellum. (utoronto.ca)
Pairs of spinal nerves1
Anatomy of the spinal cord1
Tibial nerve8
Fibers7
Neck2
  • Cranial nerve XI, the spinal accessory nerve (SAN), is vulnerable to injury, owing to its long and superficial course in the posterior cervical neck. (medscape.com)
  • But on Friday the pain remained -- she tweeted, "Pinched a nerve in my neck on a photoshoot and got adjusted this morning. (scienceblogs.com)
Entering the spinal cord1
  • Selective Posterior Rhizotomy , sometimes called a selective dorsal rhizotomy, or SDR, is a neurosurgical procedure where a portion of the sensory nerves entering the spinal cord are cut to eliminate spastic reflexes. (uclahealth.org)
Artery3
  • Multiple AKAs or additional RMAs supplying a single anterior spinal artery are common and should be considered when dealing with the spinal cord at the thoracolumbar level. (thejns.org)
  • Spinal Cord Infarction Spinal cord infarction usually results from ischemia originating in an extravertebral artery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The superior gluteal artery and vein usually run between the lumbosacral trunk and the first sacral nerve, and the inferior gluteal artery and vein often runs between the second and third sacral nerves. (medscape.com)
Underwent posterior2
  • A prospective clinical and radiological study with retrospective evaluation were done for 25 patients with 29 levels of cervical radiculopathy who underwent posterior endoscopic cervical discectomy from November 2016 to December 2018. (springer.com)
  • In the third stage,one week later, she underwent posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation. (biomedcentral.com)
Sensory and motor3
  • Spinal nerves are mixed nerves that carry both sensory and motor information. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information, spinal nerves are referred to as mixed nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • The structure and composition of the sciatic nerve is made of smaller elements that help conduct sensory and motor impulses to the lower part of the body below the hip. (spine-health.com)
Affected bony1
  • Early techniques for posterior stabilization included use of wire or cable around affected bony structures, such as the lamina and/or spinous process. (aofoundation.org)
Distal2
  • A cadaveric study showed that the exit point of the musculocutaneous nerve is typically distal to the coracoid process. (asra.com)
  • A popliteal nerve block is indicated for pain control perioperatively or postoperatively below the patella, the distal two thirds of the lower extremity especially for the ankle or foot but works well for the calf and Achilles tendon. (medscape.com)
Segmental1
  • He had failed closed reduction in the emergency room then was taken to OR emergently for open reduction and C5-T2 posterior segmental instrumentation with synapse 4.0. (aofoundation.org)
Common peron2
  • The sciatic nerve has a common epineural sheath that envelops the nerve trunks of the tibial and common peroneal nerve from their origin in the pelvis. (medscape.com)
  • Above the back of the knee, the sciatic nerve divides into two nerves, the tibial and the common peroneal nerve, both of which serve the lower leg and foot. (spine-health.com)
Extensor2
  • As they pass under the clavicle, each trunk divides into an anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) division, for a total of six divisions. (asra.com)
  • The position of motoneurones innervating the duplicated posterior forearm extensor EMU was mapped by retrograde transport of horse radish peroxidase (HRP). (biologists.com)
Thigh4
  • It leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen and runs toward the posterior aspect of the thigh between the greater trochanter and the ischial tuberosity. (medscape.com)
  • This stands in contrast to neurogenic claudication, which causes symptoms in the buttock and posterior thigh primarily. (orthopaedia.com)
  • Radiculopathy originating from the sciatic nerve may be felt in clearly outlined (and often overlapping) areas of the thigh and leg, which are responsible for the distinctive symptom patterns associated with sciatica and tend to also help physicians identify the level of the spinal segment(s) that are involved in causing the symptoms. (spine-health.com)
  • The sciatic nerve then travels down the back of the upper thigh. (spine-health.com)
Intervertebral2
  • Any pathology that occludes or decreases the size of an intervertebral foramen, such as bone loss, herniation of the intervertebral disc, or dislocation of the zygapophysial joint (the joint in between the articular procedures), can impact the function of the associated spinal nerve. (earthslab.com)
  • The nerve root lies within and courses through the intervertebral foramen at each vertebral segment. (spine-health.com)
Transverse1
  • iliocostalis cervicis which runs from the first 6 ribs to the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C6-C4. (wikipedia.org)
Fourth and fifth lumbar1
Ischemia4
  • What happens if there is posterior cord ischemia or brain ischemia? (studystack.com)
  • This will decrease the chance of nerve ischemia. (medscape.com)
  • Vascular claudication is also caused by ischemia, but in this instance, the ischemic tissue is not nerve but is instead muscle. (orthopaedia.com)
  • There is evidence that posttraumatic ischemia is important in the pathogenesis of acute spinal cord injury (SCI). (thejns.org)
Fusion11
  • Sometimes used in spinal fusion surgery. (piedmont.org)
  • Over the years, the surgeons at Texas Back Institute have performed thousands of spinal fusion surgeries. (texasback.com)
  • Discuss your case carefully with your doctor and family to determine whether spinal fusion surgery is the right solution for you. (texasback.com)
  • A posterior lumbar fusion is the most common type of fusion surgery for the low back. (eorthopod.com)
  • Other procedures are usually done along with the spinal fusion to take the pressure off nearby nerves. (eorthopod.com)
  • The fusion itself involves the lamina bone, the protective roof over the back surface of the spinal cord. (eorthopod.com)
  • Fusion stops this harm to the nerves. (eorthopod.com)
  • Our patient was a 23-year-old woman with a history of a car accident and an L1 flexion-distraction injury, which had been treated in another center by posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation with Cotrel-Dubousset (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • a week later anterior spinal release and fusion was performed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The patient was first treated by posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation from T11 to L3. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For many kinds of operations-instrumented spinal fusion the most notable-open procedures remain the norm due to the demands of positioning, attaching, and configuring fixation devices. (pr.com)
Surgery4
  • A prospective case series of 16 patients undergoing this nerve transfer surgery at an Australian hospital has shown meaningful improvements in elbow extension and grasp-and-pinch hand functions. (medscape.com)
  • In some cases, the nerve transfer surgery was successfully combined with tendon transfers to maximize functional benefits. (medscape.com)
  • Faster return to normal activity - because this procedure is less disruptive than conventional posterior surgery, most patients are able to stand up and walk the evening after surgery. (texasback.com)
  • Most tumors of the posterior fossa are removed with surgery, even if they are not cancerous. (medlineplus.gov)
Facet3
  • Spinal conditions including disc herniation or facet joint osteoarthritis may irritate a spinal nerve or nerve root and cause radiating pain, tingling, numbness, or weakness along the path of the nerve. (spine-health.com)
  • The lamina (bony arch of your vertebra) may be removed (laminectomy) and the facet joints may be trimmed to reach the compressed nerve. (endoscopic-spine.com)
  • Procedure consists on the destruction of the nerves in the facet joints, normally by burning them with radiofrequency. (elliquence.com)
Ulnar2
  • If the median nerve or ulnar nerve is stimulated, the critical recording electrodes must be placed over the primary sensory cortex, where on the scalp? (studystack.com)
  • Ulnar nerve repair by the silicone chamber technique. (lu.se)
Fossa5
  • The posterior fossa is a small space in the skull, found near the brainstem and cerebellum. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most tumors of the posterior fossa are primary brain cancers. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Posterior fossa tumors have no known causes or risk factors. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The best way to look at the posterior fossa is with an MRI scan . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Neoplasms of the posterior fossa. (medlineplus.gov)
Accessory nerve5
  • Course of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) in the posterior cervical triangle. (medscape.com)
  • High-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) allows visualization of the normal SAN, as well as changes after accessory nerve injury. (medscape.com)
  • One such modification is the preservation of 1 or more nonlymphatic structures (eg, spinal accessory nerve, internal jugular vein [IJV], sternocleidomastoid [SCM] muscle). (medscape.com)
  • The resection included the spinal accessory nerve, the IJV, the SCM muscle, and the submandibular gland. (medscape.com)
  • In the 1960s, Suarez and Bocca independently described a more conservative operation that involved removing all the LNs while sparing the spinal accessory nerve, the SCM muscle, and the IJV. (medscape.com)
Contain sensory1