• The middle column is composed of the posterior longitudinal ligament and the posterior one third of the vertebral bodies, the annulus, and intervertebral disks. (medscape.com)
  • The anterior longitudinal ligament attaches to the front of the body of the axis, but the posterior longitudinal ligament attaches to the back of the lower centrum. (denveruppercervical.com)
  • The tectorial membrane is the superior extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament and attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the foramen magnum. (physio-pedia.com)
  • The three principal ligaments of the spine are the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL), ligamentum flavum, and posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL). (atlantainjurylawblog.com)
  • The posterior column contains all of the bony elements formed by the pedicles, transverse processes, articulating facets, laminae, and spinous processes. (medscape.com)
  • the nuchal ligament itself attaching to the spinous processes of C2-C7 and to the posterior tubercle of the atlas. (wikipedia.org)
  • The C3-C6 vertebrae have bifid spinous processes, meaning they are split into two parts, while C7 has a non-bifid, rounded spinous process. (kalyanspine.com)
  • The C3-C6 vertebrae have bifid spinous processes, meaning they are split in two parts, whereas C7 has a nonbifid, rounded spinous process. (michaelmurraymd.com)
  • Additionally, secondary ossification centres may be seen at the tips of the transverse processes and spinous processes that may persist until early in the 3rd decade of life and simulate fractures. (physio-pedia.com)
  • These centres occur in the cartilage covering the upper and lower surfaces of the body (epiphysial plates) and the tips of the transverse and spinous processes. (bookdome.com)
  • The posterior surface of the vertebral column presents in the median line the spinous processes. (wikidoc.org)
  • The spinous processes are separated by considerable intervals in the lumbar region, by narrower intervals in the neck, and are closely approximated in the middle of the thoracic region. (wikidoc.org)
  • however, it is composed of a thick anterior arch with 2 prominent lateral masses and a thin posterior arch. (medscape.com)
  • The odontoid process is held in tight approximation to the posterior aspect of the anterior arch of C1 by the transverse ligament, which stabilizes the atlantoaxial joint. (medscape.com)
  • It is ring-like and consists of an anterior arch, posterior arch, and two lateral masses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alternatively, it has lateral masses that are connected via anterior and posterior arch, according to this article . (flintridgefamilychiropractic.com)
  • The presence of rheumatoid granulation tissue between the anterior arch of C 1 vertebra and the odontoid process is an important factor. (bmj.com)
  • An attempt at blunt dissection between the posterior surface of the C1 arch/odontoid complex and the C2 vertebral body failed due to release adhesions. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • The articulation of the odontoid process of C2 (axis) with the anterior arch of C1 (atlas) allows for 50% of cervical lateral rotation. (medscape.com)
  • The transverse and alar ligaments maintain joint integrity and limit posterior motion of the odontoid process relative to the C1 anterior arch. (medscape.com)
  • The atlas is made up of a thick anterior arch, a thin posterior arch, 2 prominent lateral masses, and 2 transverse processes. (medscape.com)
  • The odontoid process articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas via its anterior articular facet and is held in place by the transverse ligament. (medscape.com)
  • The transverse processes spread out from the side of the pedicles like wings and help to anchor the surrounding muscle to the vertebral arch. (kalyanspine.com)
  • The transverse ligament firmly opposes the odontoid process to the posterior portion of the anterior arch of atlas and provides stability to the atlantoaxial joint. (kalyanspine.com)
  • The atlas comprises of a thick anterior arch, a thin posterior arch, two prominent lateral masses, and two transverse processes. (kalyanspine.com)
  • The spinous process is a small projection backwards from the articulation of the two laminae of the axis's vertebral arch. (denveruppercervical.com)
  • Mechanism: C1 compression (e.g., diving into shallow waters) causing burst Fx-classically 4-parts of the anterior and posterior arch of C1. (elpasochiropractorblog.com)
  • When the atlas and epistropheus are articulated this process lies behind the anterior arch of the atlas, and displays on its anterior surface an oval or circular facet which rests on that on the posterior surface of the anterior arch of the atlas. (co.ma)
  • The vertebrae are preformed in cartilage, the cartilaginous structure showing a centrum and two separate halves of a neural arch, with the various processes represented at first only in concentrated mesenchyme into which the chondrifying process extends later. (bookdome.com)
  • Thus in the cervical region the bifid spines have double epiphyses, while the costal processes of the seventh and occasionally of the sixth (and even the fourth) have separate centres of ossification, instead of becoming ossified by extension from the neural arch and transverse process, as in the higher vertebra. (bookdome.com)
  • In the lumbar region the mammillary processes have separate centres (like the twelfth dorsal), and there is said to be an occasional " costal " centre in the transverse process of the first lumbar, and occasional double centres for each half of the neural arch in the fifth lumbar (and very rarely in others). (bookdome.com)
  • Every vertebra in the spine has three main parts: a drum-shaped bone designed to bear weight and withstand compression, an arch-shaped bone that protects the spinal cord, and star-shaped processes that serve as outriggers for muscle attachments. (atlantainjurylawblog.com)
  • The odontoid process (also dens or odontoid peg) is a protuberance (process or projection) of the Axis (second cervical vertebra). (onteenstoday.com)
  • It is so-named because the uppermost cervical vertebra (called the atlas) rotates about the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra. (onteenstoday.com)
  • The odontoid process provides a pivot point - called an axis of motion - around which the skull and the first cervical vertebra (the atlas) rotate, twist and/or turn (these are really all the same thing. (onteenstoday.com)
  • The cervical spine is viewed as 3 distinct columns: anterior, middle, and posterior. (medscape.com)
  • Video-assisted intubation should be considered to limit cervical spine motion during the process of securing the airway. (medscape.com)
  • The vertebral transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the true vertebrae and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which the vertebral artery, vertebral veins, and inferior cervical ganglion pass. (wikipedia.org)
  • The superior and inferior articular processes of cervical vertebrae have fused on either or both sides to form articular pillars, columns of bone that project laterally from the junction of the pedicle and lamina. (wikipedia.org)
  • dynamic cervical X-rays, MR, and CT examinations confirming chronic angulated type 2 odontoid fractures. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • AAI, also known as atlantoaxial subluxation, is radiologically identified increased mobility or laxity between the body of the first cervical vertebra (atlas) and the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra (axis) (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Abnormal posterior translation (or subluxation) can cause cervical cord impingement with the potential for significant neurologic compromise and even death. (medscape.com)
  • During extremes of cervical flexion or extension, competent transverse and alar ligaments limit posterior translation of the odontoid process. (medscape.com)
  • Incompetent ligaments or a damaged odontoid process can allow for significant translation and potential damage in cases of cervical hyperflexion or hyperextension in which axial compression is delivered to the head and cervical spine. (medscape.com)
  • The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the CERVICAL ATLAS above. (lookformedical.com)
  • Note Jefferson Fx with pillar and transverse foramina fx requiring posterior occipital-cervical fusion (below right image). (elpasochiropractorblog.com)
  • The grooves by which the second cervical nerves leave the vertebral canal cross the laminæ immediately behind the superior articular processes. (co.ma)
  • The sixth cervical vertebra often displays an enlargement of the anterior tubercle on the transverse process, called the carotid tubercle from the circumstance that the carotid artery may be conveniently compressed against it. (co.ma)
  • The seventh cervical vertebra (vertebra prominens) receives the latter name from the outstanding nature of its spinous process, which ends in a single broad tubercle. (co.ma)
  • their extremities agrees with that between the transverse processes of the atlas, these two constituting the widest members of the cervical series. (co.ma)
  • Not infrequently the costal element is separate from the true transverse process, thus constituting a cervical rib. (co.ma)
  • In addition, it can be used instead of the halo orthosis to stabilize upper cervical fractures (Jefferson and hangman's fractures) and fractures of the odontoid process. (caringmedical.com)
  • It comprises a variety of anatomical abnormalities resulting from a bony defect in the posterior fossa and upper cervical spine. (mhmedical.com)
  • however, other cranial and vertebral abnormalities occur in approximately one fourth of patients and may include atlantooccipital fusion, abnormal positioning of the odontoid process, Klippel-Feil Syndrome , cervical ribs, fused thoracic ribs, and kyphoscoliosis. (mhmedical.com)
  • Radiologically, type II is characterized by a relatively small posterior fossa, which results in elongation of the pons and the fourth ventricle into the spinal canal, displacement of the medulla oblongata, and crowding of the cervical cord roots into an upward course (upward herniation). (mhmedical.com)
  • Complications of nonunited Type II odontoid fractures can range from neck pain to progressive neurological deficit from cervical myelopathy. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Such cases require anterior transoral decompression, posterior cervical decompression, and instrumented fusions. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Odontoid fractures are among the most common injuries at the craniocervical junction and account for nearly one in six cervical spine fractures. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Various algorithms have been proposed for the management of Type II odontoid fractures, with nonsurgical management including cervical orthosis and halo-vest and surgical management including both anterior and posterior options. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • The hazards of nonunited odontoid fractures in adults can include mechanical neck pain[ 2 ] as well as progressive craniocervical deformity[ 5 8 ] and neurological deterioration into cervical myelopathy. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • This case illustrates a complex craniocervical deformity leading to progressive cervical myelopathy occurring for 25 years following a nonunited odontoid fracture and in combination with substantial subaxial disease. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • This makes odontoid process loose and can lead to cervical instability and neural symptoms though many of os odontoideum cases are asymptomatic. (boneandspine.com)
  • The posterior column is held in alignment by a complex ligamentous system, including the nuchal ligament complex, the capsular ligaments, and the ligamenta flava. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 , 7 ] Two thirds of these cases are due to laxity of transverse ligament, whereas one third are due to abnormal odontoid development. (medscape.com)
  • On the posterior aspect of the neck of the dens there is a shallow groove in which lies the transverse ligament of the atlas, which holds the dens in position. (co.ma)
  • in this study, all had a history of remote trauma and the radiological appearance of an old odontoid fracture that was displaced and could not be reduced with traction. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Anterior release through a retropharyngeal approach coupled with posterior C1-C2 instrumentation proved to be an effective alternative to the traditional transoral approach to treat a chronic malunited odontoid fracture. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Her history was positive for a Type II odontoid fracture managed conservatively and lost to follow-up for 25 years. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • We present the case of a 68-year-old female with a past medical history significant for a Type II odontoid fracture sustained 25 years previously. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • While the exact etiology is not understood, it most likely represents an unrecognized fracture at the base of the odontoid or damage to the epiphyseal plate during the first few years of life. (boneandspine.com)
  • Type I: fracture of the upper part of the odontoid peg. (boneandspine.com)
  • Type II: fracture at the base of the odontoid. (boneandspine.com)
  • Type 2 odontoid fractures are associated with a high rate of nonunion without surgical treatment. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • 4 ] If these fractures cannot be reduced by traction, they may require anterior decompression or transoral odontoid release followed by a posterior C1-C2 instrumented fusion. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Odontoid fractures can be managed surgically when indicated. (neurosurgery-blog.com)
  • The goal in this study was to systematically review the literature and synthesize outcomes including fusion rates, technical failures, reoperation, and 30-day mortality associated with ADS versus PA for odontoid fractures. (neurosurgery-blog.com)
  • The majority of the odontoid fractures were type II based on the Anderson-D'Alonzo classification. (neurosurgery-blog.com)
  • In the neck, fractures of the posterior elements and dislocations can damage the vertebral arteries, causing a syndrome resembling a brain stem stroke. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rarely, nonunion of Type II odontoid fractures may be hypertrophic where both instability and compression cause neurological morbidity. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • The odontoid process, also known as the dens, is an upward projectile of bone that arises from the front part of the center of the axis vertebra. (onteenstoday.com)
  • Facet joints are synovial joints that give the spine it's flexibility by sliding on the articular processes of the vertebra below. (kalyanspine.com)
  • Odontoid process is part of axis [name of the second vertebra] in a normal population. (boneandspine.com)
  • Your spine is a stack of 33 interlocking bones called vertebra, processes, and coccyx (tailbone). (atlantainjurylawblog.com)
  • The second vertebra (C2) is a peg-shaped axis, with a projection called the odontoid, around which the atlas pivots. (atlantainjurylawblog.com)
  • Its most prominent point behind corresponds to the spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra. (wikidoc.org)
  • This is a line drawn on a lateral radiograph of the skull or on a sagittal cut from a CT or MRI scan that connects the posterior and anterior aspects of the foramen magnum. (ebmconsult.com)
  • The anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes extend from the upper aspect of C1 to the anterior and posterior aspects of the foramen magnum. (physio-pedia.com)
  • The ring formed by the lateral masses and the anterior and posterior arches is of irregular outline. (co.ma)
  • Type III: through the odontoid and into the lateral masses of C2. (boneandspine.com)
  • It is characterised, by failure of normal spinal segmentation, resulting in block vertebrae and fusion of posterior elements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The apical, alar, and transverse ligaments, by allowing spinal column rotation, provide further stabilization and prevent posterior displacement of the dens in relation to the atlas. (medscape.com)
  • According to Steele's rule of thirds, at the level of the atlas, the odontoid process, the subarachnoid space, and spinal cord each occupy one third of the area of the spinal canal. (medscape.com)
  • It is noteworthy that the grooves traversed by the highest two spinal nerves lie behind the articular processes, in place of in front, as in other parts of the column. (co.ma)
  • An increased atlanto-axial translation, larger odontoid height, and basilar impression are more prevalent in the Marfan-population compared to age-matched controls [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is a line drawn from the posterior surface of the hard palate to the tip of the opisthion (posterior aspect of the foramen magnum) and is used to measure the distance of how much the odontoid tip extends above this line. (ebmconsult.com)
  • When the opisthion (posterior aspect of the foramen magnum) cannot be identified on a plain radiograph use the McGregor line. (ebmconsult.com)
  • The spinous process forms a steeple at the apex of the laminae and is the part of our spine that is felt directly under the skin. (kalyanspine.com)
  • It also has heavy pedicles, laminae and transverse processes that help in the attachment of muscles. (kalyanspine.com)
  • Where is the odontoid process located in the neck? (onteenstoday.com)
  • Marfan syndrome may involve ligamentous laxity, and acute inflammatory processes can affect the retropharyngeal, neck, or pharyngeal spaces. (medscape.com)
  • This process is where ligaments and muscles which move the head or neck may attach. (denveruppercervical.com)
  • This process is carried stork word whizzle out by way of a small vertical incision within the posterior of your neck, typically in the center. (dougr.net)
  • Posterior parts include lamina, pedicle, and a spinous process, according to this article . (flintridgefamilychiropractic.com)
  • Of such double centres one forms the pedicle, upper articular and transverse process, and the other forms the lower articular process and lamina : occasionally a suture persists in the adult, passing obliquely between these two portions. (bookdome.com)
  • The most distinctive attribute of this bone is the robust odontoid process that rises perpendicularly from the higher floor of the body. (dougr.net)
  • frequently becomes developed so as to form a bridge of bone across it, converting the groove into a canal through which the vertebral artery and the posterior ramus of the suboccipital nerve pass-a condition normally met with in many animals. (co.ma)
  • smaller branch (posterior primary ramus) turns toward the back to supply the skin and muscles of the back of the body. (atlantainjurylawblog.com)
  • Rarely, the hypertrophic nonunion requires both anterior transoral decompression and posterior decompression with instrumented fusion. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • The patient underwent anterior transoral decompression, followed by posterior occipitothoracic decompression and instrumented fusion. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • A secondary ossification centre appears at the apex of the odontoid process (os terminale) between 3 and 6 years of age and fuses by age 12 years. (physio-pedia.com)
  • It is derived from 4 ossification centers: 1 for the body, 1 for the odontoid process, and 2 for the neural arches. (medscape.com)
  • The neural halves join dorsally during the first year or so, fusion commencing in the lumbar region, and a few years later the neural arches effect junction with the bodies, the process commencing in the dorsal vertebrae . (bookdome.com)
  • The transverse processes are each pierced by the foramen transversarium, which, in the upper six vertebrae, gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein, as well as a plexus of sympathetic nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • The transverse foramen, through which the vertebral artery passes, is enclosed by the transverse process. (medscape.com)
  • The transverse foramen is a small opening in the transverse process which allows the vertebral artery and vein to pass through. (denveruppercervical.com)
  • This process results in herniation of the cerebellar vermis and choroid plexus through the foramen magnum, with elongation of the medulla and fourth ventricle, and noncommunicating hydrocephalus. (mhmedical.com)
  • The inferior articular processes agree in form and position with those of the remaining members of the series, and are placed behind the inferior intervertebral notches. (co.ma)
  • The superior articular processes allow one lateral mass to glide forward while another glides backward. (denveruppercervical.com)
  • The odontoid ossification includes the top of the body and the inner part of the upper articular processes. (bookdome.com)
  • These include more horizontal orientation of the facet joints in children, underdeveloped uncovertebral joints, mild physiological anterior wedging of the vertebral bodies, and incomplete ossification of the odontoid process. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Eleven patients (2017-2021) underwent transcervical odontoid release followed by C1-C2 posterior fixation [ Table 3 ]. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • The most common approaches are anterior dens screw (ADS) fixation and posterior C1-C2 arthrodesis (PA). (neurosurgery-blog.com)
  • It lacks a vertebral body, spinous process, and discs either superior or inferior to it. (wikipedia.org)
  • The superior surfaces of the bodies have raised processes called uncinate processes that articulate with the inferior lateral portion of the vertebral body present above, called echancrure or anvil. (kalyanspine.com)
  • A type of abnormal location of the ears in which the position of the ears is characterized by posterior rotation (the superior part of the ears is rotated towards the back of the head, and the inferior part of the ears towards the front). (nih.gov)
  • The lamina-prismatic on section-are thick and strong, ending in a stout, broad, and bifid spinous process, the under surface of which is deeply grooved, whilst its sides meet superiorly in a ridge. (co.ma)
  • Placed over the roots of the vertebral arches and the anterior root of the transverse processes are the superior articular surfaces. (co.ma)
  • Stabilization of the reduced C 1 -C 2 articulation was accomplished at a second operation by posterior fusion of the occiput to C 1 , C 2 , and C 3 vertebrae. (bmj.com)
  • The historical background of Os odontoideum revealed that the first case has been illustrated as disentanglement of the odontoid process in 1863. (onteenstoday.com)
  • Os odontoideum is an anomaly where the tip of the odontoid process is divided by a wide transverse gap. (boneandspine.com)
  • Either of these can compromise the blood supply to the developing odontoid, resulting in the os odontoideum. (boneandspine.com)