Positive strand viruses whose genome diarrhea viruses bovine viral. Medical search. Frequent questions

The non-structural (NS) proteins of the Flaviviridae members play a dual role in genome replication and virion morphogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
To overcome this constraint, viral proteins often exhibit multiple functions that come into play at different stages during the viral replication cycle. (bvsalud.org)
Along this line, in both systems, release of nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) is essential for viral RNA replication. (uni-luebeck.de)
Although primarily based on observations made with TCV, this new model could be broadly applicable to other viruses as it provides a molecular basis for maintaining virus genome fidelity in the face of the error-prone nature of virus replication process. (frontiersin.org)
We found that rhT β 4 significantly increased the survival rate of mice infected with MHV-A59 through inhibiting virus replication, balancing the host's immune response, alleviating pathological damage, and promoting repair of the liver. (hindawi.com)
In addition research into animal viruses has made an important contribution to our understanding of viruses in general, their replication, molecular biology , evolution and interaction with the host. (bionity.com)
The arteriviruses are highly species specific, but share many biological and molecular properties, including virion morphology, a unique set of structural proteins, genome organization and replication strategy, and the ability to establish prolonged or true persistent infection in their natural hosts. (bionity.com)
Coronavirus (CoV) genome replication takes place in the cytoplasm in a membrane-protected microenvironment, and starts with the translation of the genome to produce the viral replicase. (bionity.com)
Both viral and cellular proteins are required for replication and transcription. (bionity.com)
Replication of the viral RNA takes place inside the nucleus. (biologydiscussion.com)
An RNA-based system to study hepatitis B virus replication and evaluate antivirals. (harvard.edu)
In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. (lookformedical.com)
Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)
Classification of viruses is principally according to their genome sequence taking into consideration nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, but not according to the diseases they cause (see International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2021 release ). (msdmanuals.com)
Certain single-strand, (+) sense RNA viruses termed retroviruses use a very different method of replication. (msdmanuals.com)
Quick suppression of the viral load with highly active ART (HAART) substantially slows viral replication and prevents resistant mutations. (medscape.com)

It is non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA virus. (wikipedia.org)
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus which replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells and is the only member of the Asfarviridae family. (wikipedia.org)
A linear form (of 14S) is formed after double stranded break in the supercoil. (biologydiscussion.com)
molecular cloning of double-stranded rna virus genomes. (liverpool.ac.uk)
genome double-stranded rnas isolated from purified human reovirus (serotype 3) and rotavirus (wa strain) were modified at the 3' termini by addition of oligo(c) approximately 15 with t4 rna ligase. (liverpool.ac.uk)
The genome of rotavirus consists of 11 segments of double stranded linear molecules of RNA which are 18,555 nucleoside base pair in total. (biomedcentral.com)
The prominent gastroenteric virus is rotavirus, which is a double-stranded RNA virus with a segmented nature of genome enabling higher reassortment events and generates unusual strains with unique genomic constellations derivative of parental rotavirus strains. (benthamopen.com)
Retroviruses use reverse transcription to create a double-stranded DNA copy (a provirus) of their RNA genome, which is inserted into the genome of their host cell. (msdmanuals.com)

Here we describe the selection and characterization of the first pestiviral genome with the capability to complete productive infection in the absence of uncleaved NS2-3. (uni-luebeck.de)
An animal may get infected by bovine viral diarrhoea virus after birth or through fetal congenital infection before birth (usually in the first 100 days of the gestation period. (cowcaretaker.com)
Bovine viral diarrhoea is also called bovine pestivirus infection. (cowcaretaker.com)
Cattle herds struggling with BVD shed lesser virus for a short time if they have antibodies when acute infection occurs. (cowcaretaker.com)
BRDC or bovine respiratory disease complex is a respiratory system infection common in young weaning cattle that is caused by several factors such as bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens. (cowcaretaker.com)
The present invention is relative to chimerical peptides, whose primary structure holds at least one segment which inhibits the activation of the NS3 protease of a virus from the Flaviviridae family, they also contain a cell penetrating segment and they are capable of inhibiting or attenuate the viral infection. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
This invention is also relative to pharmaceutical compounds which contain these chimerical peptides for the prevention and/or treatment of the infection caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
1. Chimerical peptides, characterized by having a primary structure comprising at least one segment inhibitor of the activation of the NS3pro protease from a virus of the Flaviviridae family and a cell penetrating segment and these peptides are able to inhibit or attenuate the infection by the virus. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Soon after infection, the single stranded positive RNA that constitutes the viral genome is efficiently translated using a cap-independent mechanism driven by the internal ribosome entry site element (IRES). (bionity.com)
However, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the infection caused by each virus is distinct, as are the diseases they cause. (bionity.com)
Cell macromolecular synthesis may be controlled after CoV infection by locating some virus proteins in the host cell nucleus. (bionity.com)
The Japanese encephalitis virus causes Japanese encephalitis (JE), an infection of the brain (JEV). (microbiologynote.com)
ZIKV infection diagnosis relies on serology-which is challenging due to cross-reactions with other flaviviruses and/or absence or low titer of IgM and IgG antibodies at early phase of infection- virus isolation, which is labor intensive, time consuming and requires appropriate containment. (biomedcentral.com)
Further studies are needed to validate this assay in clinical positive samples collected during acute ZIKV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
The non-specific clinical presentation can be confused with most other arboviruses particularly dengue and chikungunya virus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
the finding of extra rna fragments with respect to the regular 11 genome segments suggests the possibility of simultaneous or sequential infection by more than one electropherotype in a single diarrhea event or occurrence of modification in the length of the rna segments during an infection. (liverpool.ac.uk)
virus-specific immunity in neonatal and adult mouse rotavirus infection. (liverpool.ac.uk)
mouse rotavirus (epizootic diarrhea of infant mice) was used as a model to study the role of virus-specific immunity in infection and diarrheal disease. (liverpool.ac.uk)
the location and proportion of antigen-positive cells appeared to vary as a function of time postinfection and age of the animal at the time of infection. (liverpool.ac.uk)
LPS is usually associated with bacterial infection, polyI:C is usually associated with viral contamination, and CpG is usually associated with both bacterial and viral infections. (cancercurehere.com)
Rotavirus is recognized as a major cause of non bacterial gastroenteritis (infection of the stomach and intestinal tract leading to diarrhea and vomiting) especially in infants and young children worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Rotavirus infection is also known as infantile diarrhea (since almost all children are infected in there first few years of life when they are especially at risk for the disease) or winter diarrhea (because in the United states, the disease occurs more often during winter and springs with the most activity occurring from November to May). (biomedcentral.com)
In the United states, rotavirus infection are responsible for approximately 3 million cases of diarrhea and an estimated 55,000 hospitalization for diarrhea and dehydration in children under 5 years old each year, although these infection cause relatively few deaths in united States. (biomedcentral.com)
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a mild to severe disease, once a child is exposed to rotavirus infection, it takes about 1-2 days (incubation period) before symptoms often starts with fever, nausea and vomiting, which are often followed by abdominal cramps and frequent watery diarrhea (which may last for 3-8 days) infected children may also have a cough and runny nose. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycoprotein D is essential for virus penetration into permissive cells and thus is a major target for virus neutralizing antibodies during infection. (biomedcentral.com)
As a result, viral receptors over the cell membrane offer binding sites for the trojan and so are also mixed up in structural modulation of viral envelopes, resulting in the fusion Pseudouridimycin from the viral and mobile membranes and virion entrance, the first step in viral an infection of focus on cells [2]. (angiogenesis-blog.com)
However, pigs inoculated with SwH1N1 virus and subsequently infected with pH1N1 had very mild lung lesions, apparently attributed to the remaining lesions caused by SwH1N1 infection. (vetres.org)
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
However, it is not clear whether they are involved in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection and host response. (biomedcentral.com)
Although studies have demonstrated that circRNAs are involved in the regulation of host cells after viral infection, there is a lot to unravel to understand the role that circRNAs play in virus-host interactions and viral pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Bovine leukosis virus has a worldwide distribution, but the prevalence of infection is higher in certain regions such as eastern Europe, North and South America, Africa, and Australasia. (anipedia.org)
A high prevalence of infections, such as candidiasis and varicella-zoster virus infection, must also be anticipated, and appropriate prevention and treatment strategies must be initiated. (medscape.com)
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) species are a diverse group of pathogens classified into 5 major pathotypes that can cause intestinal infection and diarrhea. (lecturio.com)

The nucleocapsid also encloses a single-stranded RNA genome with positive polarity, which is approximately 11kb long. (microbiologynote.com)
Positive-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome that can serve as messenger RNA (mRNA) that can be directly translated to produce an amino acid sequence. (msdmanuals.com)

Processing of the viral polyprotein is achieved cotranslationally by viral encoded proteases , giving rise to the different mature viral proteins. (bionity.com)
Viral RNA as well as viral proteins interact with different components of the host cell, acting as key determinants of viral pathogenesis. (bionity.com)
Viral and host proteases split this polyprotein into 10 proteins . (microbiologynote.com)
The histone proteins get attached to DNA and results in super coiled form through winding of the DNA strands. (biologydiscussion.com)
Both termini of the genomic contain sequences that do not encode viral proteins, known as the 5′ and the 3′ untranslated region. (biomedcentral.com)
ORF1 encodes a polyprotein that is cleaved by the virus-encoded protease into six nonstructural proteins, including the norovirus protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). (researchsquare.com)
The present article is based on the large amount of sequence data accumulated in these years and focuses on the viral nucleic acids and proteins and their function. (pdfroom.com)
Grapevine fanleaf virus RNA1-encoded proteins 1A and 1BHel suppress RNA silencing. (harvard.edu)
Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are characterized by a segmented viral genome consisting of eight single stranded RNA fragments of negative polarity encoding 10 proteins [ 27 ]. (vetres.org)
Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. (lookformedical.com)
These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell. (lookformedical.com)
Once the provirus is integrated into the host cell DNA, it is transcribed using typical cellular mechanisms to produce viral proteins and genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)

Host plants pre-infected with a mild isolate of a virus frequently become protected against secondary infections (superinfections) by more severe isolates of the same virus, or closely related viruses, but remain susceptible to more distantly related viruses. (frontiersin.org)
Symptomatic infections typically manifest as non-specific febrile illnesses with diarrhea, rigors, headache, vomiting, decreased level of consciousness, aseptic meningitis, or encephalitis as well as other symptoms. (microbiologynote.com)
Several viral infections in humans have been tracked to have animal-origin and conversely, reverse-zoonosis is also not unusual [ 1 Choudhary P, Minakshi P, Ranjan K, Basanti B. Zooanthroponotic transmission of rotavirus in Haryana State of Northern India. (benthamopen.com)
As novel regulatory molecules, circRNAs mediate the regulation of viral infections and the cellular immune response, which provide a new perspective for understanding virus-cell interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
Appropriate antiretroviral therapy (ART) and treatment of specific infections and malignancies are critical in treating patients who are HIV positive. (medscape.com)
Noninvasive disease tends to present with watery diarrhea, while invasive infections cause bloody diarrhea. (lecturio.com)
Hence it is used in the treatment of infections, inflammatory bowel diseases, candiasis, diarrhea, small intestine bacterial overgrowth in individuals with multiple sclerosis [17]. (enmd-2076.com)

the distribution of viral antigen in intestinal tissues was determined by immunofluorescent staining with anti-simian rotavirus (sa-11) serum. (liverpool.ac.uk)
rotavirus antibody determination by the neutralization test and electron microscopic detection of viruses in children with acute gastroenteritis]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
monoclonal antibodies were derived against the sa11 simian, nic bovine, and wa human rotavirus strains and characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, plaque neutralization, and hemagglutination inhibition. (liverpool.ac.uk)
dose effect on experimental reproduction of rotavirus diarrhoea in colostrum-deprived newborn calves. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Rotavirus were detected in faeces of 22(13.8%) children with acute diarrhea, 90.9% of positive cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis were under 2 years of age with highest prevalence in children 7-12 months of age. (biomedcentral.com)
Rotavirus has also been implicated as an etiological agent of diarrhea in older children, adult human, young and adult animals, including calves and piglets. (biomedcentral.com)
Rotavirus was coined from the Latin word (rota - meaning wheel), and is given because the viruses have a distinct wheel like shape. (biomedcentral.com)
Noroviruses have been considered as the second most common virus cause of sporadic gastroenteritis after rotavirus in children [2-5]. (researchsquare.com)
Molecular characterization of unusual bovine rotavirus A strains having high genetic relatedness with human rotavirus: Evidence for zooanthroponotic transmission. (benthamopen.com)

Pestiviruses are enveloped viruses within the family Flaviviridae that have a highly variable single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of ≈12.3 kb ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
The family Flaviviridae contains three genera of positive-strand RNA viruses, namely, Flavivirus, Hepacivirus (e.g., hepatitis C virus [HCV]), and Pestivirus. (uni-luebeck.de)
Pestivirus is a genus of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes in the family Flaviviridae, which also includes Border Disease Virus (BDV) and Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV). (cowcaretaker.com)
10. Chimerical peptides according to the claim 1, where the mentioned virus from the Flaviviridae family is a Hepacivirus and specifically HCV. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus classified as a pestivirus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. (zoologix.com)
Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family. (microbiologynote.com)
The Flaviviridae family of viruses includes the Japanese encephalitis virus, an RNA virus with a diameter of approximately ~ 40-50 nm and cubic symmetry. (microbiologynote.com)

Moon SL, Wilusz J. Viral RNAs versus the Cellular RNA Decay Machinery. (umich.edu)
The viral genome is diploid, i.e. it consists of two identical single-stranded positive-sense RNAs with a sedimentation constant of 60 to 70S and a length of 8 400 nucleotides. (anipedia.org)

Oxidative stress influences positive strand RNA virus genome synthesis and capping. (umich.edu)
This process occurs concomitantly with the inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, caused by the expression of viral proteases. (bionity.com)
The synthesis of antigen (i.e. tumour antigen) occurs by viral DNA which results in increased DNA metabolism in the infected host cell. (biologydiscussion.com)

BACKGROUND: Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a primary cause of neonatal calf diarrhea worldwide, and is also associated with acute diarrhea in adult cattle during the winter season, resulting heavy economic losses to both dairy and beef industry throughout the world. (ac.ir)
The coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infects mice and serves as an ideal model of viral pathogenesis, mainly because experiments can be conducted using animal-biosafety level-2 (A-BSL2) containment. (hindawi.com)
A high abundance of bovine nidovirus, influenza D, bovine rhinitis A and bovine coronavirus was found in the samples. (biomedcentral.com)

Pestiviruses have a single stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes. (wikipedia.org)
To determine why serum from small ruminants infected with ruminant pestiviruses reacted positively to classical swine fever virus (CSFV)-specific diagnostic tests, we analyzed 2 pestiviruses from Turkey. (cdc.gov)
For pestiviruses, like bovine viral diarrhea virus, the NS2-3 region and its processing by the NS2 autoprotease is of particular importance. (bvsalud.org)
Pestiviruses, like bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bear a striking degree of similarity to HCV concerning polyprotein organization, processing, and function. (uni-luebeck.de)
Pestiviruses account for important diseases in animals such as Classical swine fever (CSF) and Bovine viral diarrhoea / Mucosal disease (BVD/MD). According to the current O.I.E. list CSF and BVD/MD are notifiable diseases and eradication programms are administered in many countries worldwide. (bionity.com)

In depth knowledge of the molecular basis of the viral cycle is needed to control viral pathogenesis and disease spreading. (bionity.com)
The viral envelope glycoprotein D from bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5 (BoHV-1 and -5), two important pathogens of cattle, is a major component of the virion and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of herpesviruses. (biomedcentral.com)

Three BVDV strains have been identified, designated as genotype 1, 2 and 3 on the basis of antigenic variation and differences in sequences in the 5' UTR of the viral genome. (zoologix.com)
Mouse coronaviruses, also known as mouse hepatitis viruses (MHVs), are histologically classified as respiratory strains such as MHV-1, MHV-2, MHV-3, MHV-A59, and MHV-JHM as well as enterophilic strains such as MHV-y and MHV-R1. (hindawi.com)
Between 1968 and 2002, 606 strains including 10 human ZIKV strains were isolated in Central and West Africa countries and reported by the WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever of Pasteur Institute in Dakar [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, animals firstly infected with SwH1N1 virus and latter infected with pH1N1 exhibited undetectable viral RNA load in nasal swabs and lungs after challenge with pH1N1, indicating a cross-protective effect between both strains. (vetres.org)
Influenza viruses circulating in swine are closely related to the human H1N1 and H3N2 strains and reports of sporadic cross-species transfer of swine and avian influenza viruses to humans have been documented repeatedly during recent decades [ 18 ]. (vetres.org)
Ample data is available in support of the emergence of new viruses or virus strains which have established in uncommon host species or exhibiting species jumping, making their survival in the bionetwork conceivable. (benthamopen.com)
Less common strains of E. coli are able to cause disease within the GI tract, most commonly presenting as abdominal pain and diarrhea. (lecturio.com)

The family includes pathogens such as rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and potato yellow dwarf virus that are of public health, veterinary, and agricultural significance. (wikipedia.org)
Bovine respiratory disease has a complex aetiology that includes a combination of stressors, individual host factors and a varying number of pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
While some viruses and bacteria have been widely studied and are known to be an important component of the respiratory complex, novel, emerging or unrecognised pathogens are not easily detected because they are not routinely considered in the differential diagnosis or laboratory diagnostic assays are not available. (biomedcentral.com)
To develop new and more effective indicators of waterborne pathogens it is important to better understand how both evolution and ecology interact with the genomes and natural history of waterborne pathogens and their indicators, if different from themselves. (nationalacademies.org)

The genus Pestivirus comprises the established species bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1, BVDV-2, border disease virus (BDV), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV), as well as a growing number of additional tentative Pestivirus species. (cdc.gov)
Despite the insertion of a ubiquitin gene or an internal ribosomal entry site between the NS2 and NS3 coding sequences, the selected chimeric BVDV-1 genomes gave rise to infectious virus progeny. (uni-luebeck.de)
Bovine viral diarrhea or BVD is a common cattle disease caused by the notorious bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). (cowcaretaker.com)
for BVDV frequently nonhomologous RNA recombination events lead to the appearance of genetically distinct viruses that are lethal to the host. (bionity.com)

RNA structures that resist degradation by Xrn1 produce a pathogenic Dengue virus RNA. (umich.edu)
The nocturnal bats have been accepted harbouring many pathogenic viruses and serving as natural reservoirs. (benthamopen.com)

From bovine viral diarrhea and mucosal disease to bloat, here are five common diseases in cattle that you must watch for in your new herd to ensure optimal animal health and eliminate production losses. (cowcaretaker.com)

Additionally, we obtained the complete or near-complete genome of bovine rhinitis B, enterovirus E1, bovine viral diarrhea virus (sub-genotypes 1a and 1c) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and partial sequences of other viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
The sequencing of the human genome revealed that at least 1% of the human genome consists of endogenous retroviral sequences, representing past encounters with retroviruses during the course of human evolution. (msdmanuals.com)
Summary: Comparative genomics remains a pivotal strategy to study the evolution of gene organization, and this primacy is reinforced by the growing number of full genome sequences available in public repositories. (omictools.com)

It is an infectious, single-stranded RNA-based virus with an envelope. (microbiologynote.com)
BoHV-1 is a pathogen of cattle associated with two major syndromes, called infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Most experimental data have been obtained from studies of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and infectious bronchitis virus of chickens (IBV). (pdfroom.com)
Additional representatives of the family reviewed in this article are the human (HCV) and bovine (BCV) coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), haemagglutinating encephalitis virus (HEV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). (pdfroom.com)
The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)

The analytical sensitivity of the assay was evaluated to be 32 genome-equivalents and 0.05 plaque forming unit (pfu). (biomedcentral.com)

Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae and affects birds and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of influenza A viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Occasionally viruses are transmitted from this reservoir to other species and may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or give rise to human influenza pandemics. (wikipedia.org)
avian influenza viruses can directly infect humans. (bionity.com)
Influenza Viruses 10. (biologydiscussion.com)
Importantly, not only did these studies identify previously unrecognised viral species, but they also consistently observed an abundance of viruses not part of the regular veterinary diagnostic laboratory detection range, including influenza D virus (IDV), bovine rhinitis viruses A and B (BRAV and BRBV), parvoviruses and bovine herpesviruses other than bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1). (biomedcentral.com)
The recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from North American and Eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. (vetres.org)
The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. (vetres.org)
In Europe, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently have a high prevalence in commercial farms. (vetres.org)
In April 2009, a new A(H1N1) influenza virus was identified containing a distinct combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine influenza lineages as well as from avian and human lineages [ 8 , 21 ], which rapidly reached pandemic proportions. (vetres.org)
The mortality of swine influenza virus (SIV) infected pigs is usually low, although morbidity may approach 100% [ 14 ]. (vetres.org)
Several notifiable emerging viruses like influenza, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Ebola, Hendra, Nipah and Zika viruses have become the leading causes of epidemics and losses thereto in both human and animals. (benthamopen.com)

Herpesviruses constitute a large and diverse family of enveloped viruses and are composed of three subfamilies, Alpha- , Beta- and Gammaherpesvirinae . (biomedcentral.com)
Important prototypes of this family comprise human herpesviruses, such as Human herpesvirus (HHV)-1 and -2 (known as herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and -2), and animal herpesviruses. (biomedcentral.com)

The family includes equine arteritis virus (EAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV) of mice and simian haemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). (wikipedia.org)
Simian Virus-40 3. (biologydiscussion.com)
The term papova is derived from the first two letters of the three prototypes, papilloma virus, polyoma virus and simian vacuolating virus-40 (SV40). (biologydiscussion.com)

Veterinary virology is the study of viruses in non-human animals. (wikipedia.org)
Virology experts recommend following a vaccination program for various bovine diseases, and vaccines for BVD are available as either killed virus or modified live virus vaccines. (cowcaretaker.com)

Flaviviruses include the West Nile virus, dengue virus, Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus, Yellow Fever Virus, and several other viruses. (wikipedia.org)
The viruses in this family that are of veterinary importance include Japanese encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Israel turkey meningoencephalomyelitis virus, Sitiawan virus, Wesselsbron virus, yellow fever virus and the tick-borne flaviviruses e.g. louping ill virus. (wikipedia.org)
The most significant type of viral encephalitis in Asia is Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is brought on by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). (microbiologynote.com)

In other species, the virus causes no obvious disease. (wikipedia.org)
This study highlights the use of untargeted sequencing approaches to study the unrecognised range of microorganisms present in healthy or diseased animals and the need to study previously uncultured viral species that may have an important role in cattle respiratory disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Subunit, DNA and vectored vaccine candidates have been developed using this glycoprotein as the primary antigen, demonstrating that gD has the capacity to induce robust virus neutralizing antibodies and strong cell-mediated immune responses, as well as protection from clinical symptoms, in target species. (biomedcentral.com)
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)
Virulence Virulence The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. (lecturio.com)

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family and is the cause of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs, cattle, sheep and goats. (wikipedia.org)
Torovirus is a genus of viruses within the family Coronaviridae, subfamily Torovirinae that primarily infect vertebrates and include Berne virus of horses and Breda virus of cattle. (wikipedia.org)
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family causes serious disease in livestock (sheep, goat, cattle). (wikipedia.org)
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most common diseases in intensively managed cattle, often resulting in high morbidity and mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
While the severity of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) varies, it can account for up to 70% of the mortality observed in intensive beef production systems (i.e., feedlot cattle) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is the most common economically important retroviral disease of cattle. (anipedia.org)

Bovine Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis or hardware disease isn't really a disease but an injury to the reticulum that occurs when an animal ingests nuts, bolts, nails, wire, needles, safety pins, staples, and even other sharp nonmetallic objects like glass. (cowcaretaker.com)
Diarrhea especially when it occurs along with vomiting can quickly lead to dehydration in babies and young children. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzootic bovine leukosis should be distinguished from sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL), which occurs mainly in young animals aged between four months and two years and presents as juvenile multicentric, thymic or skin forms of the disease. (anipedia.org)

A total of 160 children with acute diarrhea were selected by random sampling. (biomedcentral.com)
NoVs are highly diverse and divided into seven genogroups (GI-GVII) of which GI, GII and GIV have been found among human, and GII is the most popular genogroup in children with acute diarrhea. (researchsquare.com)

Notably, the majority of the emerging viruses enclose RNA genome and these are more prone for insertions/mutation in their genome, leading to evolving viral variants. (benthamopen.com)
Because RNA transcription does not involve the same error-checking mechanisms as DNA transcription, RNA viruses, particularly retroviruses, are particularly prone to mutation. (msdmanuals.com)

The virus has a small lipoprotein envelope that surrounds a nucleocapsid composed of core protein . (microbiologynote.com)
Three structural genes are involved in antigenicity because they are expressed on the virus and involved in the development of capsids: core (C), pre membrane (prM), and envelope (E). The E gene is the most significant and extensively researched of the three. (microbiologynote.com)
DIVA vaccines include genetically engineered gene-deleted viruses, for example gE − virus, and subunit or vectored vaccines based on a viral envelope glycoprotein such as gD. (biomedcentral.com)
Introduction For some retroviruses, the viral envelope binds to receptors within a pH-independent way, recommending which the virions may fuse towards the cell membrane [1] straight. (angiogenesis-blog.com)

While uncleaved NS2-3 in complex with NS4A is essential for virion assembly, it cannot replace free NS3/4A in the viral replicase. (bvsalud.org)
For the bovine viral diarrhea virus, the non-structural protein (NS) 4A functions as an NS3 protease cofactor, a replicase building block, and a component in virion morphogenesis. (bvsalud.org)

Despite its widespread use in managing important plant virus diseases, the mechanism of cross protection remains poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
Undetected, these could lead to diarrhea, loss of body weight and infected meat, but fortunately, most diseases aren't fatal for cows. (cowcaretaker.com)
The study of animal viruses is important from a veterinary viewpoint and many of these viruses cause diseases that are economically devastating. (bionity.com)
Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE. (lookformedical.com)
A general term for diseases produced by viruses. (lookformedical.com)

Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. (wikipedia.org)

Applications of modern biotechniques in deciphering the genomic data at a higher pace have added voluminous information on virus biology, although there is quiet perceptive paucity on knowing the connotation of virus evolutions. (benthamopen.com)
Negative-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded negative-sense genome that first must synthesize a complementary positive-sense antigenome, which is then used to make genomic negative-sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)

Moon SL, Wilusz J. Cytoplasmic viruses: rage against the (cellular RNA decay) machine. (umich.edu)
Barnhart MD, Moon SL, Emch AW, Wilusz CJ, Wilusz J. Changes in cellular mRNA stability, splicing, and polyadenylation through HuR protein sequestration by a cytoplasmic RNA virus. (umich.edu)
At the molecular level, the genomes of superinfecting viruses are all but undetectable in most of the cross-protected plants, suggesting a failure of cellular entry or multiplication by the superinfectors (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, three enzymatic activities are located in the viral core, the reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase for the reverse transcription of the viral RNA into proviral DNA), an integrase (for the integration of the proviral DNA into the cellular DNA), and a protease. (anipedia.org)

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the prototypic member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. (bionity.com)
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. (lookformedical.com)

Sporadic bovine leukosis is not associated with BLV and is thought to be non-contagious. (anipedia.org)

Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito borne flavivirus is a pathogen affecting humans in Asia and Africa. (biomedcentral.com)

These tests are crucial in pregnant animals since doing an antibody test in new calves proves futile because of shielding (maternal antibodies ingested by the calf through colostrum will bind the virus and prevent its detection using antibody-based tests. (cowcaretaker.com)
The average ages of positive calves were nine days. (ac.ir)

Plants pre-infected with a mild variant of a virus frequently become protected against more severe variants of the same virus through the cross protection phenomenon first discovered in 1929. (frontiersin.org)
Recent investigations in our labs, by analyzing the whole-plant dynamics of a turnip crinkle virus (TCV) population, coupled with cell biological interrogation of individual TCV variants, revealed possible novel mechanisms for cross protection and the closely related process of superinfection exclusion (SIE). (frontiersin.org)
We validated the algorithm's predictions by characterizing 646 genetic system variants, encoded in plasmids and genomes, expressed in six gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial hosts. (omictools.com)

Arteriviruses are small, enveloped, animal viruses with an icosahedral core containing a positive-sense RNA genome. (wikipedia.org)
The RNA is surrounded by a double icosahedral protein capsid, the viral particles measures 60-80 nm in diameter and is not enveloped [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs) have shown great potential as highly effective antiviral drugs against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in preclinical studies and clinical trials. (bvsalud.org)
As an important structural protein in virion morphogenesis, the matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is demonstrated to be a nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking protein and plays essential roles in viral assembly and budding. (bvsalud.org)
Printed in Great Britain Key words: coronaviruses/genome expression/protein structure REVIEW ARTICLE Coronaviruses: Structure and Genome Expression By W. SPAAN, 1. (pdfroom.com)
The biological function of the differentially expressed circRNAs was determined by protein interaction network, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment. (biomedcentral.com)

The other important viruses of this group are JC virus (associated with neurological degeneration), BX virus (which suppresses immune system of humans), K virus of mice, etc. (biologydiscussion.com)

OBJECTIVE: The Objective of the present study was to screen the fecal samples for BCoV collected from diarrhea from six geographic region of Iran, with the aim to deepen the knowledge of BCoV prevalence and epidemiology in Iran. (ac.ir)

Moon SL, Blackinton JG, Anderson JR, Dozier MK, Dodd BJ, Keene JD, Wilusz CJ, Bradrick SS, Wilusz J. XRN1 stalling in the 5' UTR of Hepatitis C virus and Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus is associated with dysregulated host mRNA stability. (umich.edu)

This review highlights the structural and functional characteristics of BoHV-1, BoHV-5 and where appropriate, Human herpesvirus gD, as well as its role in viral entry and interactions with host cell receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Appropriately, Pseudouridimycin studies from the function of viral receptors in the invasion from the trojan are important towards the advancement of antiviral reagents and vaccines. (angiogenesis-blog.com)

Like all flaviviruses, ZIKV is a single-stranded RNA virus with a positive-polarity RNA genome of approximately 11 kb. (biomedcentral.com)

Our new mechanistic model postulates that, for RNA viruses like TCV, SIE manifests a viral function that denies progeny viruses the chance of re-replicating their genomes in the cells of their "parents," and it collaterally targets highly homologous superinfecting viruses that are indistinguishable from progeny viruses. (frontiersin.org)
We further propose that SIE may be evolutionarily selected to maintain an optimal error frequency in progeny genomes. (frontiersin.org)

FMDV is a highly variable and transmissible virus. (bionity.com)

symposium on gastroenteritis-inducing viruses in man and animal. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Reverse transcription is accomplished using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which the virus carries with it inside its shell. (msdmanuals.com)

While a unified mechanistic understanding of cross protection remains elusive, it is important to note that similar superinfection exclusion (SIE) effect can be induced by symptomatic - in place of mild - virus isolates as well, as long as the primary and superinfecting viruses are genetically closely related. (frontiersin.org)

A weakened immune system and stress also cause BRDC, which explains why it's also called "Shipping fever" because most animals catch this type of bovine pneumonia shortly after stressful transportation. (cowcaretaker.com)

Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. (lookformedical.com)

DNA viruses typically replicate in the host cell nucleus, and RNA viruses typically replicate in the cytoplasm. (msdmanuals.com)

the genome of RNA viruses ranges from 3.5 kilobases (some retroviruses) to 27 kilobases (some reoviruses), and the genome of DNA viruses ranges from 5 kilobases (some parvoviruses) to 280 kilobases (some poxviruses). (msdmanuals.com)

It is induced by an exogenous bovine (ruminant) retrovirus, bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). (anipedia.org)

The full total outcomes of the analysis had been adverse, as the mix of panitumumab with chemotherapy and bevacizumab led to a loss of PFS and in extreme toxicity, particularly diarrhoea, attacks and pulmonary embolism. (smartrailexpo-europe.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms99

Diseases29

Chemicals and Drugs35

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes60

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care6

Geographicals1

Replication16

Double-stranded8

Infection33

Single-stranded RNA genome2

Proteins13

Infections7

Rotavirus9

Flaviviridae7

RNAs2

Synthesis3

Coronavirus3

Pestiviruses5

Pathogenesis2

Strains7

Pathogens4

BVDV4

Pathogenic2

Mucosal1

Sequences3

Infectious6

Assay1

Influenza12

Herpesviruses2

Simian3

Virology2

Encephalitis3

Species5

Cattle6

Occurs3

Acute diarrhea2

Mutation2

Envelope4

Replicase2

Diseases5

Nucleocapsid1

Genomic2

Cellular4

Genus2

Sporadic1

Flavivirus1

Calves2

Variants3

Icosahedral2

Protein4

Humans1

Epidemiology1

Hepatitis1

Receptors2

Polarity1

Progeny2

Transmissible1

Gastroenteritis-inducin1

Reverse transcription1

Genetically1

Pneumonia1

Herpesvirus1

Cytoplasm1

Parvoviruses1

Ruminant1

Toxicity1