• We previously reported that mouse fetuses or neonates exposed to 2 Gy of X rays showed an unexpectedly low incidence of chromosome damage in lymphocytes, bone marrow, and spleen cells when the mice were subsequently examined at 20 weeks of age. (bioone.org)
  • However, in cases of accidental exposure to ionising radiation, the culturing of lymphocytes to obtain metaphase chromosomes and analysis of chromosomal aberrations is time-consuming and problematic after high radiation doses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mechanistically, the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex prematurely associates with DNA lesions within ruptured micronuclei during interphase, which poises pulverized chromosomes for clustering upon mitotic entry. (nature.com)
  • Painting of whole chromosomes using chromosome-specific probes in interphase nuclei by the FISH technique will eliminate the time required for cell culture and allow a fast dose estimate, provided that a meaningful dose-response can be obtained by scoring the number of chromosomal domains visible in interphase nuclei. (bvsalud.org)
  • We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Metaphase spreads stained with Giemsa or painted with chromosome-specific probes by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) have been in use since long for retrospective dose assessment (biological dosimetry). (bvsalud.org)
  • The first chapter lays down the framework on which the rest of the book is built, that life is like a river of genes flowing through geological time where organisms are mere temporary bodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus genes can be said to flow in a river through geological time. (wikipedia.org)
  • Even though genes are selfish, over the long run every gene needs to be compatible with all other genes in the gene pool of a population of organisms, to produce successful organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • A river of genes may fork, mostly due to the geographical separation between two populations of organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dawkins prefers to model ancestry in terms of genes flowing through a river of time. (wikipedia.org)
  • An ancestor gene flows down the river either as perfect replicas of itself or as slightly mutated descendant genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To understand the genetics of PWS, it helps to have a basic understanding cheaters chromosomes and genes. (theherdandherb.co.uk)
  • As each chromosome contains a single centromere, it remains unclear how acentric fragments derived from shattered chromosomes are inherited between daughter cells during mitosis 6 . (nature.com)
  • The maintenance of a single centromere per chromosome is critical for establishing bipolar microtubule attachments to the mitotic spindle and achieving high-fidelity genome segregation 17 . (nature.com)
  • In particular, a distinction between those inversions which cover both chromosome arms and thus include the centromere (pericentric inversions) and those which are restricted to a single chromosome arm (paracentric inversions) has often been made [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aneuploidy is defined as the loss and/or gain of chromosomes to produce a numerical deviation from multiples of the haploid chromosomal complement ( King and Stansfield, 1990 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Similarly, analysing chromosomal damage in G0/G1 cells or nondividing cells by premature chromosome condensation is laborious. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here we tracked micronucleated chromosomes with live-cell imaging and show that acentric fragments cluster in close spatial proximity throughout mitosis for asymmetric inheritance by a single daughter cell. (nature.com)
  • Here we show that pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei spatially cluster throughout mitosis and identify the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex as an essential regulator of this process. (nature.com)
  • Here, using double-label fluorescence in situ hybridization for the autosome chromosome 21 (chromosome 21 point probes combined with chromosome 21 "paint" probes), along with immunocytochemistry and cell sorting, we present evidence for chromosome gain and loss in the human brain. (jneurosci.org)
  • Chromosome 21 was chosen for examination because of the availability of trisomy 21 cells ( Bhattacharyya and Svendsen, 2003 ) that could serve as a positive control for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). (jneurosci.org)
  • Unexpectedly, the length of the chromosome harboring the rDNA sequence varied between the two isolates of the same genetic background but with opposite mating types Figure B in S1 File. (andrestewartauthor.com)
  • FISH "paint" probes against the whole q arm of chromosome 21 and a point probe against a region on the q arm of 21 (21q22.13-q22.2) were obtained from Vysis (Downer's Grove, IL). (jneurosci.org)
  • Irradiated whole blood was kept for 2 h at 37°C to allow DNA repair and thereafter processed for FISH with probes specific for Chromosomes-1 and 2. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mitotic clustering facilitates the reassembly of acentric fragments into rearranged chromosomes lacking the extensive DNA copy-number losses that are characteristic of canonical chromothripsis. (nature.com)
  • The stochastic inheritance of chromosome fragments by both newly formed daughter cells could in part contribute to the alternating DNA copy-number states that are characteristic of chromothripsis 2 . (nature.com)
  • However, most fragments derived from pulverized chromosomes are acentric and cannot directly bind to spindle microtubules 14 . (nature.com)
  • Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These studies implicate a potential mechanism suppressing the loss of genetic material after chromosome pulverization, although how distinct patterns of rearrangements arise in cancer and germline disorders remains unclear. (nature.com)
  • Term used to characterize genetic variation of a species population. (ojp.gov)
  • Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The highly skewed distribution of recombination events towards the chromosome ends in zebra finches and other estrildid species may function to minimize crossovers in the inverted regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Biologically speaking, races only exist when populations live in isolation from one another long enough to develop genetically unique expressions, while retaining the ability to procreate with members of the other races of the same species. (thatinscrutablething.com)
  • Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the 1980s reviewed evidence indicated that, through the preceding decades of the last century, population performance on intelligence tests had been rising substantially, typically about 3-5 IQ points per decade, in developed countries. (blogspot.com)
  • challenging enzymes of Work of the Wishart Typically for the chromosome μ of the h0it+1 settings. (scoutconnection.com)
  • Chromosome 21 aneuploid cells constitute ∼4% of the estimated one trillion cells in the human brain and include non-neuronal cells and postmitotic neurons identified by the neuronspecific nuclear protein marker. (jneurosci.org)
  • Inversions are intrachromosomal structural mutations which result in the reversal of gene order (and no change in the genic content of a chromosome) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The characteristics of a single copy of a specific gene, or of a single copy of a specific location on a chromosome. (ojp.gov)
  • A gene present on the X and Y sex chromosomes that is used in DNA identification testing to determine the gender of the donor of the DNA in a biological sample. (ojp.gov)
  • The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, distinct patterns of chromothripsis can be explained by the spatial clustering of pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei. (nature.com)
  • Since no evidence of clonality was observed in the irradiated mother, we concluded that in both fetuses and neonates, there exists a small fraction of stem cells that are distinct from the bulk of the stem cell compartment in terms of their ability to acquire and transmit radiation-induced chromosome damage through clonal expansion. (bioone.org)
  • The mechanism that has carried the derived inversion haplotypes to such high allele frequencies remains elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
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  • A single paper showed the validity and acceptable reliability in the Persian translated PDQ 39 Regorafenib molecular weight questionnaire in an Iranian PD population which has a Cronbachs alpha coefficient as substantial as 0. (thrombininhibitors.com)
  • Toward determining the presence of constitutional aneuploidy in the human brain, we report here an analysis of the frequency of chromosome 21 gain and loss among neurons and non-neuronal cells isolated from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of normal individuals ranging from 2 to 86 years of age. (jneurosci.org)
  • Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent advances in the application of chromosome conformation capture-based sequencing analysis (3 C technologies) have revealed valuable aspects of the spatiotemporal interplay of viral genomes with host chromosomes. (bvsalud.org)
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  • There's less personal writing in the traditional sense even though this is still a personal blog, I suppose, but long term readers will know that this sort of thing ebbs and flows. (blogspot.com)
  • Sequencing of daughter cell pairs derived from micronucleated mother cells demonstrated that complex rearrangements are indeed a common outcome of micronucleus formation. (nature.com)
  • Steep-pass Denil fishway part of the fishladder can be seen here, water is flowing too rapidly here for any fish to be able to go upstream. (biofrontierlab.com)
  • To overcome this problem, multi-color FISH (mFISH) was employed, which assigns all 21 individual chromosome types of the mouse a unique color. (bioone.org)
  • Using additional data from 5229 birds and 9764 eggs from wild and three captive zebra finch populations, we show that only the largest inversions increase embryo mortality in heterokaryotypic males, with surprisingly small effect sizes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite thousands of years of folklore and pseudoscience to the contrary, this has never been the case for human populations. (thatinscrutablething.com)
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  • The malaria literature shows strong population genetics evidence for fewer than ten independent origins of resistance. (blogspot.com)
  • The Flynn effect refers to the increase in IQ in recent history in several populations around the world. (blogspot.com)
  • Apollo 11 gave a magical edge to that eventful summer of 1969, as titanic cultural forces clashed and flowed past each other in America and across the World. (donaldedavis.com)
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  • Cell sorting and immunocytochemistry. (jneurosci.org)
  • These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)
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