Middle cerebellCenters in the pontine tegmentumMidbrainNucleiRostral dorsolateral pontineNucleusDorsal ponsPonsMedialLesionsAlpha 1-adrenergMedulla oblongataCochlear nerveDemyelinationLocus CoeruleusLesionInferiorTractsGaze palsyRespiratoryCholinergicCerebralSpinalAfferentsNerveExaminationsClinicalLeftCatsBloodPatientCentral
Middle cerebell2
- however, basilar pons is distinguished from ventral medulla oblongata in that it contains additional transverse pontine fibres that continue laterally to become the middle cerebellar peduncle. (wikipedia.org)
- The difference between the basilar and ventral medulla is that basilar contains more transverse pontine fibers that form the middle cerebellar peduncle. (human-memory.net)
Centers in the pontine tegmentum2
- Step generation in primates is dependent on locomotor centers in the pontine tegmentum, midbrain, and subthalamic region. (mhmedical.com)
- The latter controls the respiratory centers in the pontine tegmentum through its sensory nucleus, and will therefore favor a restoration of nasal breathing. (froggymouth.com)
Midbrain4
- Nearby important structures include the cranial nerve nuclei of the oculomotor (3rd) and trochlear (4th) nerve nuclei, which are located in the midbrain, the pontine nuclei, which are located within the basilar pons, and the raphe nucleus and the locus ceruleus, nuclei of cranial nerves 9-12, and the dorsal respiratory group, which are located further caudally in the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
- On the other hand, the superior pontine sulcus detaches the Valori's bridge from the midbrain. (human-memory.net)
- The MLF is a pair of highly specialized nerve fibers that are highly myelinated and run in a craniocaudal direction just ventral to the cerebral aqueduct and the fourth ventricle in the tegmentum of the midbrain and the dorsal pons. (healthncare.info)
- These nerve fibers are located in the tegmentum of the midbrain and the dorsal pons. (healthncare.info)
Nuclei12
- The pontine tegmentum contains nuclei of the cranial nerves (trigeminal (5th), abducens (6th), facial (7th), and vestibulocochlear (8th) cranial nerve nuclei) and their associated fibre tracts, the tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, the mesopontine cholinergic system comprising the pedunculopontine nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and in the respiratory center the pontine respiratory group - the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre. (wikipedia.org)
- Thanks to the number of different nuclei located within the pontine tegmentum, it is a region associated with a range of functions including sensory and motor functions (due to the cranial nuclei and fiber tracts), control of stages of sleep and levels of arousal and vigilance (due to the ascending cholinergic systems), and some aspects of respiratory control. (wikipedia.org)
- The pontine tegmentum contains nuclei of several cranial nerves and consequently has a role in several groups of sensory and motor processes. (wikipedia.org)
- The pontine tegmentum contains two predominately cholinergic nuclei, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, which project widely throughout the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- In at least 10% of patients with central pontine myelinolysis, demyelination also occurs in extrapontine regions, including the mid brain, thalamus, basal nuclei, and cerebellum. (medscape.com)
- Moreover, the general somatic afferent column (GSA) of the trigeminal nerve and the pontine nuclei are formed from spinal nerve nuclei and the trigeminal nerve nuclei (1). (human-memory.net)
- The basilar pons and the pontine tegmentum contain nuclei and tracts. (dipg.org)
- The pontine tegmentum is made up of cranial nerves which serve the head and neck, associated nuclei, the reticular formation (neural network involved in functions including cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and awakening), and tracts (both ascending and descending). (dipg.org)
- Ten transverse fibre bundles connecting the pontine nuclei to the cerebellum are also identified. (edu.au)
- WHITE MATTER consisting of a large bundle of paired fibers originating in the pontine nuclei in the pre pontis and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis projecting to the contralateral cerebral cortex. (nih.gov)
- Neither ventricular dilatation, discoloration of the cerebellar dentate nuclei, nor atrophy of the mesencephalic tegmentum or superior cerebellar peduncles was found. (plasignaling.com)
- The cerebro-pontine fibres possess this leading character: in their course downwards they are all arrested in the ventral part of the pons, and end amidst the cells of the nuclei pontis. (co.ma)
Rostral dorsolateral pontine3
- Mapping the injuries revealed that a small 'coma-specific' area of the brainstem-the rostral dorsolateral pontine tegmentum-was significantly associated with coma. (technologynetworks.com)
- The researchers quickly zeroed in on one region of the brain - the Rostral Dorsolateral Pontine Tegmentum and as it turned out 10 of the 12 comatose patients had suffered damage to this area, while only one of the conscious patients had. (311institute.com)
- And the team discovered a pair of regions in the frontal cortex that connect directly to the rostral dorsolateral pontine Tegmentum - one in the left, ventral, anterior Insula and the other in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC). (311institute.com)
Nucleus7
- Pain and temperature information is also not represented within the principle nucleus, but rather in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, which is caudal to the pontine tegmentum in the medulla. (wikipedia.org)
- The facial motor nucleus and the superior salivary nucleus of the facial nerve are located within the pontine tegmentum. (wikipedia.org)
- The facial solitary nucleus, which carries taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, is located caudal to the pontine tegmentum in the medulla. (wikipedia.org)
- Nucleus incertus (NI) neurons in the pontine tegmentum give rise to ascending forebrain projections and express the neuropeptide relaxin-3 (RLN3) which acts via the relaxin-family peptide 3 receptor (RXFP3). (listlabs.com)
- An injury to the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) in the dorsal pontine tegmentum, along with the ipsilateral abducens nucleus (AN) or posterior cingulate reticulum (PPRF), causes unilateral nystagmus (INO) and bilateral lateral gaze palsy (ILP). (healthncare.info)
- These 4R selective (4R+/3R-) areas dictate prototypic distribution of PSP, not usually found in AD, such as pontine nucleus, red nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, dentate nucleus, globus pallidus and putamen, each contained both glial and neuronal lesions. (biomedcentral.com)
- In the superior part of the mesencephalon the appearance of the red nucleus in the tegmentum causes the medial lemniscus to take up a more lateral and dorsal position, so that it now comes to lie subjacent to the corpus geniculatum mediale (Fig. 521, p. 587). (co.ma)
Dorsal pons2
- The pontine tegmentum, or dorsal pons, is located within the brainstem, and is one of two parts of the pons, the other being the ventral pons or basilar part of the pons. (wikipedia.org)
- According to scientists, the varoli's bridge is divided into two main parts, the basilar part also known as the ventral pons and the pontine tegmentum commonly called the dorsal pons. (human-memory.net)
Pons6
- The pontine tegmentum is all the material dorsal from the basilar pons to the fourth ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
- Pontine arteries are connected to basilar artery and they supply oxygen-rich blood to most parts of the pons. (human-memory.net)
- The pons consists of a) the basilar pons in the front (ventral portion), and b) the pontine tegmentum in the back (dorsal portion). (dipg.org)
- A hitherto unknown pathway at the midline of the pons has been discovered and named herein as the Stria Pontis which connects the neocortex to the pontine tegmentum. (edu.au)
- horseshoe moustache" sign seen in MRI in hypermanganesemia Characteristic brain MRI finding is involvement of pontine tegmentum on T1 axial images (due to affliction of central tegmental tract [CTT]) with sparing of ventral pons. (medicalwikipedia.org)
- The pyramidal tract differs from the cerebro-pontine strands in being carried downwards through the ventral part of the pons and on the ventral aspect of the medulla oblongata into the spinal medulla, which it enters in the form of the fasciculi cerebrospinales lateralis and anterior. (co.ma)
Medial3
- Ischemia may lead to this because paramedian tegmental pontine arteries may branch in their terminal portions to supply both sides of the medial pontine tegmentum (1). (neuroophthalmology.ca)
- Complete horizontal gaze paresis due to medial pontine haemorrhage. (uk.com)
- fibres coming from the temporal area of the cerebral cortex (temporo-pontine strand) form the lateral fifth of the basis pedunculi, whilst those coming from the frontal area (fronto-pontine strand) hold a similar position in the medial part of the basis pedunculi. (co.ma)
Lesions3
- In animal studies, lesions of the pontine tegmentum greatly reduce or even eliminate REM sleep. (wikipedia.org)
- MRI showed a hypodense lesion in the dorsal pontine tegmentum, along with extensive, likely ischemic white matter lesions and a small stroke in the right internal capsule, likely corresponding to a new episode of left arm weakness since he presented. (neuroophthalmology.ca)
- The development of horizontal gaze palsy has been attributed to lesions in the pontine tegmentum, and in this case, has occurred in conjunction with other features as part of Foville's syndrome. (uk.com)
Alpha 1-adrenerg1
- Modulation of vestibulospinal reflexes through microinjection of an alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist in the dorsal pontine tegmentum of decerebrate cats. (architalbiol.org)
Medulla oblongata1
- In stage two, Lewy pathology develops in other parts of the brain, the medulla oblongata and the pontine tegmentum. (theparkinsonsplan.com)
Cochlear nerve1
- Some of the fibers from the cochlear nerve cross over in the pontine tegmentum, forming the trapezoid body, which is thought to help sound localisation. (wikipedia.org)
Demyelination2
- Central pontine myelinolysis is a concentrated, frequently symmetric, noninflammatory demyelination within the central basis pontis. (medscape.com)
- The term osmotic myelinolysis is more appropriate than central pontine myelinolysis for demyelination occurring in extrapontine regions after the correction of hyponatremia. (medscape.com)
Locus Coeruleus1
- Pontine reticular origin of cholinergic excitatory afferents to the locus coeruleus controlling the gain of vestibulospinal and cervicospinal reflexes in decerebrate cats. (architalbiol.org)
Lesion1
- This anomaly could be indicative of a frontal or deep hemispheric lesion in the hemisphere opposite to the gaze palsy, or a lesion in the pontine tegmentum on the ipsilateral side as the gaze. (strokesciences.com)
Inferior1
- The inferior pontine sulcus is the groove that separates the varoli's bridge and the medulla (2). (human-memory.net)
Tracts1
- While human cortico-pontine, -bulbar and -spinal tracts were traditionally considered to be dispersed, or a "melange", I show here a much more discrete and defined organisation of these descending fibre bundles. (edu.au)
Gaze palsy1
- The authors report a single case (80-year-old female) of bilateral horizontal conjugate gaze palsy due to a dorsal median pontine haemorrhage. (uk.com)
Respiratory1
- The dorsal respiratory group are connected to the pneumotaxic and apneustic centres of the pontine tegmentum. (wikipedia.org)
Cholinergic1
- Injection of a cholinergic agonist (e.g. carbachol), into the pontine tegmentum produces a state of REM sleep in cats. (wikipedia.org)
Cerebral1
- Regional cerebral blood flow in fibromyalgia: singlephoton-emission computed tomography evidence of reduction in the pontine tegmentum and thalami. (bvsalud.org)
Spinal1
- cerebro-pontine and pyramidal or cerebro-spinal. (co.ma)
Afferents1
- In keeping with this interpretation, cFOS manifestation was heightened in afferents aimed towards the VTA, including those from your pontine tegmentum, pursuing six consecutive times of personal\administration of cocaine (Geisler et?al. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
Nerve1
- The typical exam findings for central pontine myelinolysis were masked by peripheral nerve and muscle disease. (medscape.com)
Examinations1
- A study by Singh et al demonstrated that central pontine myelinolysis was present in 29% of postmortem examinations of liver transplant patients. (medscape.com)
Clinical2
- Adams et al described central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) as a unique clinical entity. (medscape.com)
- Understanding pontine anatomy and function can assist with interpreting MRI reports, as well as explain the variable clinical symptoms of children diagnosed with DIPG. (dipg.org)
Left2
- In the sections of the left pontine base, a punctate hemorrhage up to a diameter of 1 mm was noted. (plasignaling.com)
- Incidental venous angioma and mild ferruginations were observed in the left pontine base. (plasignaling.com)
Cats1
- Injections of a beta-adrenergic antagonist in pontine reticular structures modify the gain of vestibulospinal reflexes in decerebrate cats. (architalbiol.org)
Blood1
- PET studies seem to indicate that there is a correlation between blood flow in the pontine tegmentum and REM sleep Pontine waves, (PGO waves) or P-waves in rodents, are brain waves generated in the pontine tegmentum. (wikipedia.org)
Patient1
- The author provided consultation for a liver transplant patient who developed central pontine myelinolysis and critical illness neuromyopathy. (medscape.com)
Central10
- Physicians currently recognize that central pontine myelinolysis occurs inconsistently as a complication of severe and prolonged hyponatremia , particularly when corrected too rapidly. (medscape.com)
- Conditions predisposing patients to central pontine myelinolysis include alcoholism , liver disease, malnutrition, and hyponatremia . (medscape.com)
- Many patients who have hyponatremia that is corrected rapidly do not develop central pontine myelinolysis. (medscape.com)
- Central pontine myelinolysis reportedly occurs occasionally in patients who are treated for hypernatremia. (medscape.com)
- Central pontine myelinolysis may complicate liver transplantation surgery. (medscape.com)
- [ 9 ] Consider central pontine myelinolysis when confusion and/or weakness complicate the liver transplant patient's postoperative recovery. (medscape.com)
- Burn patients with a prolonged period of serum hyperosmolality are prone to developing central pontine myelinolysis. (medscape.com)
- Central pontine myelinolysis also has occurred concurrently with Wilson disease and neoplasia. (medscape.com)
- The exact incidence of central pontine myelinolysis is unknown. (medscape.com)
- [ 10 ] Central pontine myelinolysis occurs more frequently in females than in males. (medscape.com)