• Approximately 80% of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) tumors have been found to be infected with MCV. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most MCV viruses found in MCC tumors, however, have at least two mutations that render the virus nontransmissible: 1) The virus is integrated into the host genome and 2) The viral T antigen has truncation mutations that leave the T antigen unable to initiate DNA replication needed to propagate the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evidence that MCV is the cause for most MCC tumors comes from studies in which T antigen oncoproteins from the virus are inhibited. (wikipedia.org)
  • Knockdown of these viral proteins causes cells from MCV-positive MCC tumors to die whereas there is no effect on cells from tumors that are uninfected with the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • MCV T antigen has similar features to the T antigens of other polyomaviruses, which are known oncoproteins, and is expressed in human tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The LT antigen possesses a helicase motif needed for virus replication that is deleted in MCC tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • As with all tumors, whether benign or malignant, identification of the cell or cell layer of origin is of the utmost importance. (medscape.com)
  • In general, tumors occur when cells divide and grow excessively in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As a result, the virus causes skin cells to make a protein that turns off the genes that normally suppress the growth of tumors . (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Tumors from Merkel cell carcinoma typically appear on sun-exposed areas of skin. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • DETECTing Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Merkel Tumors. (ncbs.res.in)
  • We've found that it may be possible to kill cancerous tumors by targeting the pathways these viruses use. (upmc.com)
  • As with all tumors, whether benign or malignant, the paradigm of comprehension depends on identifying the cell or cell layer of origin. (medscape.com)
  • Skin malignancies, Merkel cell carcinoma and rare appendageal tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection I. MCV T antigen expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, lymphoid tissues and lymphoid tumors. (yale.edu)
  • Animals also suffer from this rare form of cancer, so today I'll discuss Merkel cell tumors in animals, in honor of Jimmy Buffett. (thewildanddomestic.com)
  • Like in humans, Merkel cell tumors are rare in cats. (thewildanddomestic.com)
  • Although the reports of feline Merkel cell tumors are few, the cats sadly have a similar outcome to that of Mr. Buffett. (thewildanddomestic.com)
  • More interesting from a scientific perspective is the recent report of a feline papilloma virus in feline Merkel cell tumors . (thewildanddomestic.com)
  • Dogs are the lucky ones when it comes to Merkel cell tumors. (thewildanddomestic.com)
  • Canine Merkel cell tumors also have a more benign behavior than in cats or people. (thewildanddomestic.com)
  • The association of MCC with the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) may explain the explicit immunogenicity of MCC. (bmj.com)
  • However, to date only a single MCPyV-derived CD8 T-cell epitope have been described, thus impeding specific monitoring of T-cell responses to MCC. (bmj.com)
  • To overcome this limitation, we scanned the MCPyV oncoproteins large T and small T antigen and the virus-capsid protein VP1 for potential T-cell epitopes, and tested for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I affinity. (bmj.com)
  • In peripheral blood from 38 MCC patients and 30 healthy donors we identified 53 MCPyV-directed CD8+ T-cell responses against 35 different peptide sequences. (bmj.com)
  • These T-cell epitopes represent ideal targets for antigen specific immune therapy of MCC, and enables tracking and characterisation of MCPyV specific immune responses. (bmj.com)
  • Given our laboratory's experience in studying polyomavirus mediated transformation, we initiated studies of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) LT and ST. We determined that MCPyV ST specifically recruits MYCL to the EP400 complex and transactivates a large number of downstream target genes. (dana-farber.org)
  • Further investigation led to identification and sequence analysis of the 5387-base-pair genome of a previously unknown polyomavirus that we call Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV or MCPyV). (qxmd.com)
  • Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV or MCPyV) was first described in January 2008 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we investigated whether the recently discovered WU and KI polyomaviruses (WUPyV and KIPyV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) could, like BKV and JCV, persist, mutate, and reactivate in immunodeficient subjects. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In 2008, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was discovered as the causative agent of MCC. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Although MCPyV is in many ways similar to classical oncogenic polyomaviruses, such as SV40, subtle differences are beginning to emerge. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • These unique features highlight the singular position MCPyV has as the only human oncogenic polyomavirus, and open up new avenues for therapies against MCC. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Our data from micro-dissected LC in both dermatopathic lymphadenopathy [12] and LCS [13] suggest that monocytes, precursor Langerhans cells, or Langerhans cells are one of the reservoir cells for MCPyV. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Version 1.2018, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. (cdc.gov)
  • It is suspected to cause the majority of cases of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare but aggressive form of skin cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the context of a UW-Fred Hutchinson P01 grant from the National Cancer Institute, the Project headed by the Koelle lab will investigate T cell recognition of Merkel cell polyoma virus, a newly-discovered virus that causes 80% of cases of Merkel cell carcinoma, an often-deadly skin cancer. (washington.edu)
  • We studied MCC samples by digital transcriptome subtraction and detected a fusion transcript between a previously undescribed virus T antigen and a human receptor tyrosine phosphatase. (qxmd.com)
  • The prototype sequence of MCV has a 5387 base pair double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome and encodes characteristic polyomavirus genes from opposite strands including a large T antigen, a small T antigen (LT and sT, respectively, from early strand) and viral capsid proteins VP1 and VP2/3 genes (from late strand) Our Viruses - MCV. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike for other polyomaviruses, MCV sT antigen transforms cells in vitro by activating cap-dependent translation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order to distinguish between KA and SCC, further histologic studies can be used, including proliferating-cell nuclear antigen immunostaining. (medscape.com)
  • [ 7 ] In KAs, cells that stain positive with proliferating-cell nuclear antigen immunostaining are distributed only in the outer edges of the tumor, corresponding to the proliferating squamous epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, cells within an SCC that stain positive with proliferating-cell nuclear antigen immunostaining are more diffusely distributed. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, the local immunological milieu in tissue compartments forms the nature and magnitude of the host responses, i.e., frequencies of regulatory T cells (Tregs) vs. T-helper 17 (Th17) cells, amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines vs. anti-inflammatory cytokines, extent of neutrophilia and antigen-presenting-cell (APC) activation, among others. (frontiersin.org)
  • Clear cell acanthoma usually stains positively for epithelial membrane antigen and negatively for carcinoembryonic antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Langerhans cells (LC) are members of the dendritic cells family, residing in the basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis and in the epithelia of the respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • German physician Friedrich Merkel first described these cells in the late 1800s. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • According to the Canadian Cancer Society , Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare type of non-melanoma skin cancer. (yahoo.com)
  • But while Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is much rarer than melanoma, it is more dangerous case by case. (skincancer.org)
  • When you first find a melanoma or MCC tumor, the initial concern is whether tumor cells may have metastasized from the lesion (the primary tumor) to the nearest lymph nodes. (skincancer.org)
  • A: The classic ABCDE signs of melanoma don't work for Merkel cell carcinoma. (skincancer.org)
  • Based on the type of cell in which they originate, skin cancers are divided into two major groups: melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. (limamemorial.org)
  • TCR sequences from reactivated WUPyV and KIPyV variants showed a number of point mutations and insertions that were absent in viruses recovered from respiratory tract specimens obtained from nonimmunosuppressed subjects. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In six of eight MCV-positive MCCs, viral DNA was integrated within the tumor genome in a clonal pattern, suggesting that MCV infection and integration preceded clonal expansion of the tumor cells. (qxmd.com)
  • In addition to its role in regulating MCV LT expression and DNA replication, MCV-miR-M1 has been shown to directly target and downregulate the expression of host cell immune related transcript SP100 and its role in the establishment of long-term persistent infection has been demonstrated in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Infection with the human polyomaviruses BK (BKV) and JC (JCV) is almost ubiquitous, asymptomatic, and lifelong. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A viral infection is a proliferation of a harmful virus inside your body. (medicinenet.com)
  • With an active viral infection, a virus makes copies of itself and bursts the host cell (killing it) to set the newly-formed virus particles free. (medicinenet.com)
  • Certain viruses -- like the ones that cause chickenpox and cold sores -- may be inactive or "latent" after the initial infection. (medicinenet.com)
  • Rickinson, A.B. and Moss, D.J. (1997) Human Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses to Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. (scirp.org)
  • Chronic infections, particularly those which are primarily characterized by an asymptomatic intracellular life cycle, e.g., latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI), hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, present a unique premise to decipher the fine balance between protective host immune responses, immunopathology and full-fledged clinical disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although overt inflammatory responses play a major role in malignant transformation of host cells following an infection, it is a disbalanced immune responses, which contribute to drive malignant transformation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Sakata N, Toguchi N, Kimura M, Nakayama M, Kawa K, Takemura T. Development of Langerhans cell histiocytosis associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • Both large T and small T oncoproteins are probably needed to transform healthy cells into cancer cells, and they act by targeting tumor suppressor proteins, such as retinoblastoma protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • This review discusses the interaction between proteins of several human oncogenic viruses with the Wnt signaling pathway. (ac.ir)
  • MCV is the fifth polyomavirus that infects humans to be discovered. (wikipedia.org)
  • The group is named for murine polyomavirus, the earliest virus of the group to be discovered, and does not imply that MCV is transmitted to humans from rodents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viruses get a bad rap, but they also perform many important functions for humans, plants, animals, and the environment. (medicinenet.com)
  • Prevalence of 13 polyomaviruses in actinic keratosis and matched healthy skin samples of immunocompetent individuals. (who.int)
  • This update on the cutting-edge clinical and dermpathologic research will assist the dermatologist in approaching, diagnosing, and managing nonmelanoma skin carcinoma. (jcadonline.com)
  • Immunologic and genetic research into nonmelanoma skin carcinoma has paved the way for novel therapeutic options for patients who were previously without any viable treatment alternatives. (jcadonline.com)
  • 2022. Snail maintains the stem/progenitor state of skin epithelial cells and carcinomas through the autocrine effect of matricellular protein Mindin. . (ncbs.res.in)
  • 2019. Complete assembly of a dengue virus type 3 genome from a recent genotype III clade by metagenomic sequencing of serum. . (ncbs.res.in)
  • 2019. Isolation and molecular characterization of Dengue virus clinical isolates from pediatric patients in New Delhi. . (ncbs.res.in)
  • Further, clonal pattern of MCV insertions into MCC cell genomes indicates that the virus was present in the Merkel cell before it underwent cancerous transformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and other risk factors can cause these cells to become cancerous and grow uncontrollably. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Symptoms of the viral illness occur as a result of cell damage, tissue destruction, and the associated immune response. (medicinenet.com)
  • Research suggests a weakened immune system may not be able to suppress the virus. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Immunological recognition of commensal microbes, such as bacterial species resident in the gut or lung as well as dormant viral species, i.e., cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), in combination with a balanced immune regulation, is central to achieve immune-protection. (frontiersin.org)
  • Furthermore, translocation of immune cells from one anatomical compartment to another, i.e., the gut-lung axis via the lymphatics or blood has been identified as an important factor in perpetrating systemic inflammation, tissue destruction, as well as modulating host-protective immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
  • By blocking protein receptors that normally keep the immune system in check, these drugs stimulate T cells to fight the tumor. (skincancer.org)
  • 14. Chen MR. Epstein-barr virus, the immune system, and associated diseases. (ac.ir)
  • One of the key cellular components with functional roles in both innate and adaptive arms of the immune response are Langerhans cells (LCs) (2). (mayabouchenaki.com)
  • This is a tricky one because 92% of MCC patients are not immune compromised, but those with long-term T-cell dysfunction (organ transplant recipients, autoimmune disease patients receiving immune suppression, HIV patients, chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients) are at much higher risk of developing MCC, but they represent less than 10% of all cases. (medscape.com)
  • The Genomic Landscape of Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Clinicogenomic Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical and molecular characterization of virus-positive and virus-negative Merkel cell carcinoma. (dana-farber.org)
  • Typically, the clinical presentation of clear cell acanthoma is a solitary nodule in the lower extremities. (medscape.com)
  • A team led by Dr. Moore and Yuan Chang, M.D. discovered the Merkel cell polyomavirus in 2008, the seventh human cancer virus identified and the second discovered by Dr. Moore's group under the original NIH grant that expires March 31. (upmc.com)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive skin cancer with strong evidence for viral carcinogenesis. (bmj.com)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but aggressive human skin cancer that typically affects elderly and immunosuppressed individuals, a feature suggestive of an infectious origin. (qxmd.com)
  • Based on its origin, the cancer cell type is called a neuroectodermal tumor. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is known to occur at increased frequency in people with immunodeficiency, including transplant recipients and people with AIDS, and this association suggests the possibility that a virus or other infectious agent might be involved in causing the cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • One such cancer is Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive skin malignancy. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma is a very rare type of skin cancer , affecting approximately 3,000 Americans every year. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Merkel cell cancer. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • UV rays from sun exposure or artificial light sources like tanning beds cause most types of skin cancer, including Merkel cell carcinoma. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Medical experts are still trying to determine how and why the virus causes skin cancer in some people. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive cancer that spreads quickly to other parts of your body. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • A SUV39H1-low chromatin state characterises and promotes migratory properties of cervical cancer cells. (ncbs.res.in)
  • 2017. Oestrogen Receptor-α binds the FOXP3 promoter and modulates regulatory T-cell function in human cervical cancer. . (ncbs.res.in)
  • Jimmy Buffett died of a rare form of skin cancer: What is Merkel cell carcinoma? (yahoo.com)
  • Jimmy Buffett died on Friday due to a rare form of skin cancer called Merkel cell carcinoma. (yahoo.com)
  • While many factors play a role in survival rates for the cancer, experts estimate that three out of four people who have Merkel cell carcinoma that hasn't spread are alive five years after their diagnosis . (yahoo.com)
  • Various kinds of organisms, including viruses, bacteria, trematodes and fungi are known carcinogens that cause cancer. (scirp.org)
  • Perz, J.F., Armstrong, G.L., Farrington, L.A., Hutin, Y.J. and Bell, B.P. (2006) The Contributions of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infections to Cirrhosis and Primary Liver Cancer Worldwide. (scirp.org)
  • The Skin Cancer Foundation spoke with Paul Nghiem, MD, PhD, about landmark progress in the detection, monitoring and treatment of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but dangerous skin cancer. (skincancer.org)
  • In this test, the physician verifies that no cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes by removing and microscopically examining the first few nearby nodes that receive lymph fluid drainage from the primary tumor. (skincancer.org)
  • Skin cancer is cancer that starts in the skin cells. (limamemorial.org)
  • The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has renewed a grant for more than $2 million for Patrick Moore, M.D., M.P.H. , director of the Molecular Virology Program at the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (UPCI), who will use the money to continue research into the newest human cancer virus causing most Merkel cell carcinomas. (upmc.com)
  • Drs. Moore, Chang and their colleagues at Pitt identified a protein that allows the usually harmless polyomavirus to transform healthy cells into Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare but deadly skin cancer. (upmc.com)
  • Viruses are an important model for cancer research," said Dr. Chang. (upmc.com)
  • Viruses and human cancer. (ac.ir)
  • Signaling pathways in cancer and embryonic stem cells. (ac.ir)
  • The cause of death was widely reported as a rare form of skin cancer called Merkel cell carcinoma . (thewildanddomestic.com)
  • In a study of nearly 700 Italian cats with cancer , not a single Merkel cell tumor was reported. (thewildanddomestic.com)
  • Epigenetic Alteration of the Cancer-Related Gene TGFBI in B Cells Infected with Epstein-Barr Virus and Exposed to Aflatoxin B1: Potential Role in Burkitt Lymphoma Development. (who.int)
  • Primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphomas mimicking KAs have been reported. (medscape.com)
  • While still in preliminary stages, agents, such as ingenol mebutate, vismodegib, and sirolumus, may become integral drugs in the armamentarium of managing cutaneous carcinoma. (jcadonline.com)
  • On the other hand, clear cell acanthoma is a rare, benign epithelial cutaneous tumor. (medscape.com)
  • 1.5 x 10(5) viral genome copies per 10(6) cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The genome of oncogenic viruses carries genes that have protein products that act as oncoproteins in cell proliferation and transformation. (ac.ir)
  • Reactivation and mutation of newly discovered WU, KI, and Merkel cell carcinoma polyomaviruses in immunosuppressed individuals. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In fact, clear cell acanthoma possesses a similar staining pattern to inflammatory dermatoses such as psoriasis vulgaris, lichen planus, and discoid lupus erythematosus and might be a localized form of inflammatory eruption rather than a neoplasm. (medscape.com)
  • The modulation of cell cycle control mechanisms, cellular regulatory and signaling pathways by oncogenic viruses, plays an important role in viral carcinogenesis. (ac.ir)
  • Strikingly, T-cell responses against oncoproteins were exclusively present in MCC patients, but not in healthy donors. (bmj.com)
  • Here, serum samples of four patients were tested for anti-GlyR autoantibodies and were used for the analysis of the functional impact on the electrophysiological properties of recombinant GlyRs, transiently expressed in HEK293 cells. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Fields et al reviewed 500 patients with Merkel cell carcinoma in a single-institution study. (medscape.com)
  • When you consider the AEIOU characteristics together, almost 90% of Merkel patients have three or more of those five features. (medscape.com)
  • Viruses are small particles of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) that are surrounded by a protein coat. (medicinenet.com)
  • They have no cells (only protein coatings surrounding genetic material). (medicinenet.com)
  • Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) and LMP2A Collaborate To Promote Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced B Cell Lymphomas in a Cord Blood-Humanized Mouse Model but Are Not Essential. (ac.ir)
  • 20. Morrison JA, Raab-Traub N. Roles of the ITAM and PY motifs of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A in the inhibition of epithelial cell differentiation and activation of {beta}-catenin signaling. (ac.ir)
  • Hepatitis B virus X protein is essential for the activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in hepatoma cells. (ac.ir)
  • A new technique designed to hunt for non-human transcripts has identified a novel SV40-like virus present in the majority of Merkel cell carcinomas. (parallelpublicworks.com)
  • Although it has been confused with the controversial SV40 virus in some blog postings, it is a distinct virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although rare compared with other skin cancers, the incidence of Merkel cell carcinoma in the United States tripled between 1986 and 2001, to around 1400 cases per year. (wikipedia.org)
  • Different skin cancers start in different cells of the skin. (limamemorial.org)
  • Anti-glycine receptor (GlyR) autoantibodies belong to the novel group of autoantibodies that target neuronal cell-surface antigens (NCS), which are accompanied with various neurologic and neuropsychiatric conditions. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • This indicates that MCV is necessary to maintain the virus-positive tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Young, L.S. and Rickinson, A.B. (2004) Epstein-Barr Virus: 40 Years on. (scirp.org)
  • Portis, T., Ikeda, M. and Longnecker, R. (2004) Epstein-Barr Virus LMP2A: Regulating Cellular Ubiquitination Processes for Maintenance of Viral Latency? (scirp.org)
  • Epstein-Barr virus and the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma: more questions than answers. (ac.ir)
  • 21. Everly DN, Jr., Kusano S, Raab-Traub N. Accumulation of cytoplasmic beta-catenin and nuclear glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells. (ac.ir)
  • Viruses infect a host by introducing their genetic material into the cells and hijacking the cell's internal machinery to make more virus particles. (medicinenet.com)
  • UV radiation can damage the genetic makeup, or DNA, of skin cells. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • An incubation period refers to the time between exposure to a virus (or other pathogen) and the emergence of symptoms. (medicinenet.com)
  • Mycotoxin Exposure and Renal Cell Carcinoma Risk: An Association Study in the EPIC European Cohort. (who.int)
  • Research reveals that viruses are implicated in many cancers as well. (medicinenet.com)
  • It is estimated that up to 20% of all types of human cancers worldwide are attributed to viruses. (ac.ir)
  • Here we examine what it will take to determine whether or not this virus contributes to carcinogenesis. (parallelpublicworks.com)
  • Different signaling pathways play a part in the carcinogenesis that occurs in a cell. (ac.ir)
  • This presence of melanin provides pigmentation to the benign tumor, and this occurrence has been termed pigmented clear cell acanthoma. (medscape.com)
  • For instance, being exposed to ultraviolet light - whether that's from natural sunlight or tanning beds - increases your risk for Merkel cell carcinoma. (yahoo.com)
  • This finding suggests that a virus may play a role in the occurrence of feline Merkel cell tumor, as it does in people. (thewildanddomestic.com)
  • Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. (qxmd.com)
  • In addition, recent studies suggest that this virus may latently infect the human sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] MCV is genetically most closely related to the African green monkey lymphotropic polyomavirus (formerly known as African green monkey lymphotropic papovavirus), which is consistent with MCV coevolving with human primates. (wikipedia.org)
  • When most people hear the word "virus," they think of disease-causing (pathogenic) viruses such as the common cold, influenza, chickenpox, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2 and others. (medicinenet.com)
  • Merkel cell polyomavirus: molecular insights into the most recently discovered human tumour virus. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Methyltransferase-independent function of enhancer of zeste homologue 2 maintains tumorigenicity induced by human oncogenic papillomavirus and polyomavirus. (ncbs.res.in)
  • Hoang, H., Akihiro, T. and Norifumi, K. (2014) Role of Hepatitis B Virus DNA Integration in Human Hepatocarcinogenesis. (scirp.org)
  • Survival of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 after rinsing injection syringes with different cleaning solutions. (yale.edu)
  • For example, some viruses protect the host against other infections. (medicinenet.com)
  • Viral infections are contagious for varying periods of time depending on the virus. (medicinenet.com)
  • [32] Subclinical ( asymptomatic ) infections with variola virus were noted but were not common. (alquds.edu)
  • METHODS: Autopsy samples of lymphoid tissue from 42 AIDS-immunosuppressed subjects and 55 control samples were screened by polymerase chain reaction for all 5 polyomaviruses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • An immunofluorescent staining of a Merkel cell carcinoma tumour tissue. (yahoo.com)