Depending on the organism, a RNA polymerase can be a protein complex (multi-subunit RNAP) or only consist of one subunit (single-subunit RNAP, ssRNAP), each representing an independent lineage. (wikipedia.org)
RNA polymerase "core" from E. coli consists of five subunits: two alpha (α) subunits of 36 kDa, a beta (β) subunit of 150 kDa, a beta prime subunit (β′) of 155 kDa, and a small omega (ω) subunit. (wikipedia.org)
The product Assay kit for Guinea pig Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 14(MED14) (ELISA) is intended to be used for research purposes only. (rnagrade.com)
The product Assay kit for Guinea pig Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 14(MED14) (ELISA) should be kept between two and eight degrees Celsius to ensure the retention of the stability and reactivity of the reagents included in the kit. (rnagrade.com)
MRNA3
Products of RNAP include: Messenger RNA (mRNA)-template for the synthesis of proteins by ribosomes. (wikipedia.org)
For two well-defined Pol II-transcribed genes, CYC1 and PMA1, we demonstrate that both Rat1p exonuclease and Sen1p helicase are required for efficient termination by promoting degradation of the nascent transcript associated with Pol II, following mRNA 3' end processing. (ox.ac.uk)
cDNAs of Guinea pigs are also very popular.The activation of transcription factor subunits is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerases. (rnagrade.com)
Ribosomal2
Existing models suggest that RNA polymerases I and III (Pol I and Pol III) are the only enzymes that directly mediate the expression of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) components of ribosomes. (nature.com)
The most prominent examples of RNAgenes are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), both of which are involved in the process of translation. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleotides2
Using the enzyme helicase, RNAP locally opens the double-stranded DNA so that one strand of the exposed nucleotides can be used as a template for the synthesis of RNA, a process called transcription. (wikipedia.org)
RNAP not only initiates RNA transcription, it also guides the nucleotides into position, facilitates attachment and elongation, has intrinsic proofreading and replacement capabilities, and termination recognition capability. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotes2
Eukaryotes have multiple types of nuclear RNAP, each responsible for synthesis of a distinct subset of RNA: RNA polymerase I synthesizes a pre-rRNA 45S (35S in yeast), which matures and will form the major RNA sections of the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
Transcription in eukaryotes is carried out by three main RNA polymerases: Pol I, II, and III. (mdpi.com)
Enzyme3
Pol II, assisted by the neurodegeneration-associated enzyme senataxin, generates a shield comprising triplex nucleic acid structures known as R-loops at intergenic spacers flanking nucleolar rRNA genes. (nature.com)
In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template. (wikipedia.org)
The PEP enzyme recognizes the -10 and -35 cis -elements, similar to those found in bacterial promoters whereas the NEP enzyme recognizes the YRTA-motif, which can also be found upstream of several genes with PEP promoters indicating that these genes can be transcribed by both polymerases ( Pfannschmidt and Liere, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
Ribosome3
We reveal a nucleolar Pol-II-dependent mechanism that drives ribosome biogenesis, identify disease-associated disruption of nucleoli by noncoding RNAs, and establish locus-targeted R-loop modulation. (nature.com)
Traditionally, the nucleolar Pol I and nucleoplasmic Pol III are viewed as the sole mammalian RNA polymerases that directly mediate housekeeping ribosome biogenesis. (nature.com)
It is unclear whether nucleolar Pol II exists in higher organisms or directly promotes ribosome biogenesis in any species. (nature.com)
Eukaryotic3
The multisubunit RNA polymerases (Pols) II and III synthesize mainly eukaryotic mRNAs and tRNAs, respectively. (cipsm.de)
The latter is found in phages as well as eukaryotic chloroplasts and mitochondria, and is related to modern DNA polymerases. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic and archaeal RNA polymerases have a similar core structure and work in a similar manner, although they have many extra subunits. (wikipedia.org)
TRNAs1
RNA polymerase III synthesizes tRNAs, rRNA 5S and other small RNAs found in the nucleus and cytosol. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleic acids1
Identified phosphosites were mapped on the Pol II structure which provided indications that they might play a role in regulating the conformation of the clamp region and, as a consequence, interaction of Pol II with nucleic acids. (cipsm.de)
Genes4
Here we show, however, that RNA polymerase II (Pol II) inside human nucleoli operates near genes encoding rRNAs to drive their expression. (nature.com)
RNAP will preferentially release its RNA transcript at specific DNA sequences encoded at the end of genes, which are known as terminators. (wikipedia.org)
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes"-a broad class of genes that encode RNA that is not translated into protein. (wikipedia.org)
The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
Molecule1
and, RNA silencing Catalytic RNA (ribozyme) Functions as an enzymatically active RNA molecule. (wikipedia.org)
Budding yeast2
Budding yeast RNA polymerases I and II employ parallel mechanisms of transcriptional termination. (ox.ac.uk)
Both RNA polymerase I and II (Pol I and Pol II) in budding yeast employ a functionally homologous "torpedo-like" mechanism to promote transcriptional termination. (ox.ac.uk)
MRNAs1
RNA polymerase II synthesizes precursors of mRNAs and most sRNA and microRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
RRNA1
The shield prevents Pol I from producing sense intergenic noncoding RNAs (sincRNAs) that can disrupt nucleolar organization and rRNA expression. (nature.com)
Transcription2
The 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Roger D. Kornberg for creating detailed molecular images of RNA polymerase during various stages of the transcription process. (wikipedia.org)
During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, anti-parallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. (rnagrade.com)
Nuclear2
Our findings revise theories of labour division between the major RNA polymerases, and identify nucleolar Pol II as a major factor in protein synthesis and nuclear organization, with potential implications for health and disease. (nature.com)
a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)
Proteins1
We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
Complementary1
It then produces an RNA chain, which is complementary to the template DNA strand. (wikipedia.org)
Species1
In most prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase species transcribes all types of RNA. (wikipedia.org)
The cumulative data obtained from using the various proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, Glu-C and Lys-C) and the two peptide fragmentation approaches allowed us to map nearly the complete sequences of all constituents of both Pol II and III. (cipsm.de)
Complex1
The core RNA polymerase complex forms a "crab claw" or "clamp-jaw" structure with an internal channel running along the full length. (wikipedia.org)
Form1
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) showed that pS2 and another active form of Pol II, phosphorylated on serine 5 (pS5), were enriched across rDNA, with the highest levels-at IGS28 and IGS38-being comparable to those at known Pol-II-transcribed loci (Fig. 1b and Extended Data Fig. 1a, d-f ). (nature.com)
Human2
To investigate whether Pol II exists within human nucleoli, we first used immunofluorescence coupled to super-resolution microscopy. (nature.com)
Evaluation of Apoptosis and Cell Routine by Circulation Cytometry SMMC-7721 cells had been uncovered Mouse Monoclonal to Human IgG to ionizing rays using a 60Co -irradiator at a dosage of 2 or 6 Gy. (informationalwebs.com)
Essential1
RNA polymerase is essential to life, and is found in all living organisms and many viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Active1
Within nucleoli, which were outlined by nucleophosmin (NPM), we observed foci corresponding to active Pol II phosphorylated on serine 2 (pS2) (Fig. 1a and Extended Data Fig. 1b, c ). (nature.com)
Higher1
Patient groups with specific comorbidities are suggested to be at higher risk of COVID-19, such as patients with cancer and solid organ transplant recipients (2,3). (who.int)