Polymerase viral genes defective interfering particles of influenza virus defective viruses. Medical search. Frequent questions

Defective interfering particles (DIPs), also known as defective interfering viruses, are spontaneously generated virus mutants in which a critical portion of the particle's genome has been lost due to defective replication or non-homologous recombination. (wikipedia.org)
The mechanism of their formation is presumed to be as a result of template-switching during replication of the viral genome, although non-replicative mechanisms involving direct ligation of genomic RNA fragments have also been proposed. (wikipedia.org)
DI genomes typically retain the termini sequences needed for recognition by viral polymerases, and sequences for packaging of their genome into new particles, but little else. (wikipedia.org)
In another example, the size of several DI-DNA plant virus genomes varied from one tenth of the size of the original genome to one half. (wikipedia.org)
large deletions of genomic data allow rapid replication of the defective genome. (wikipedia.org)
In SARS-CoV-2, synthetic DIPs made by removing 90% of the genome replicate three times faster than the virus. (wikipedia.org)
We use a combination of cell-based and in vitro assays to show that the interface of the FluPol A dimer is required for vRNA synthesis during replication of the viral genome. (nature.com)
Our study provides high-resolution structures of medically relevant FluPol A , as well as insights into the replication mechanisms of the viral RNA genome. (nature.com)
The CHIKV single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome contains two open reading frames, coding for the non-structural (nsP) and structural proteins of the virus. (bvsalud.org)
FVP-RTP is able to bind to viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and integrate into the viral RNA chain, causing a significant mutagenic effect through GA and СU transitions in the viral RNA genome. (crie.ru)
It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). (frontiersin.org)
In order to solve this problem, we constructed an HIV-1 variant with a 300 bp long hairpin structure in the 3' part of the genome corresponding to the Nef gene (HIV-lhNef). (biomedcentral.com)
Further, the 'viral genome' was derived in silico, which means no actual virus was physically lysed & analyzed, let alone proven to exist. (linode.com)
RNA wasn't physically extracted by whole lysed virions, but instead, as the authors state: 'We extracted RNA for whole genome sequencing of the viral isolate. (linode.com)
All sequencing was performed by a process called 'alignment' - where complex computational algorithms are used to reconstruct a large sequence in silico that closely resembles a pre-selected genome from a soup of millions of short gene fragments of unknown origin. (linode.com)
They always use a 'culture', use a specific cell line, apply the same chemical assault to the culture in order to induce a CPE, take an EM photo of the culture soup with no isolation of particles, and then apply a non-purified sample of this soup to a computer-based program that reconstructs a fictitious genome. (linode.com)
Virologists are trained and told to follow a specific procedure in 'isolating' & 'sequencing' viruses because both the virus & the viral genome don't exist in nature. (linode.com)
The viral genome is always generated in silico through the computational reconstruction of a larger gene out of millions of short gene fragments of unknown origins. (linode.com)
In participating UK research institutions, investigators can publish open access in Genome Research, Genes & Development, RNA, and Learning & Memory without article publication charges and all staff can read the entire renowned Cold Spring Harbor journal collection. (cshlpress.com)

Substitution of Val 113 in Sendai virus (SeV) M protein generates non-functional polypeptides, characterized by their exclusion from virus particles and by their ability to interfere with virus particle production. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Analysis of the Sendai virus M gene and protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Sendai virus M protein is found in two distinct isoforms defined by monoclonal antibodies. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Aggregation of VSV M protein is reversible and mediated by nucleation sites: implications for viral assembly. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The vaccinia virus A56 protein was one of the earliest-described poxvirus proteins with an identifiable activity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In addition, since the gene encoding the A56 protein is non-essential, it can be used as an insertion point for foreign genes and has been deleted in some viruses that are in clinical development as oncolytic agents. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF1 protein (pORF1) contains methyltransferase (MetT), papain-like cysteine protease (PCP), RNA helicase (Hel) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The protein encompassing the predicted MetT-PCP domains of HEV ORF1 was tested for deubiquitinating activity using fluorogenic substrates - ubiquitin-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC), IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15)-AMC, Nedd8-AMC and SUMO-AMC. (microbiologyresearch.org)
We observed a heightened occurrence of internally deleted genomes with distinct junctions in viral clones exhibiting enhanced interferon-inducing phenotypes, accompanied by additional truncation in the nonstructural 1 protein linker region (NS1Δ76-86). (bvsalud.org)
Initiation requires a gene product A which is a globular protein. (biologydiscussion.com)
L-RNA (8,917 nucleotides) contained a single open reading frame (ORF) in the viral complementary (vc) strand and encoded a 330-kDa protein. (esciencepress.net)
The L-protein had high identity in the "core-polymerase domain" with the corresponding regions of other tospoviruses. (esciencepress.net)
and another in the viral complementary sense, encoding the viral nucleocapsid protein of 28.8-kDa Mr. Amino acid sequences of TSWV-KP of S-RNA NSs and N exhibited 35.9-87.9% and 19.9-98.4% identity, respectively. (esciencepress.net)
Besides their function in the virus replication cycle, the viral glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, minor matrix protein and polymerase cofactor are viral determinants of pathogenicity, with evasion of the host innate and adaptive immune responses as the main mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
with Pubmed ID, gene symbol/accession number and viral interacting protein. (polygenicpathways.co.uk)

Bender C, Hall H, Huang J, Klimov A, Subbarao K. Characterization of the surface proteins of influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in 1997-1998. (unt.edu)
RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
The present article is based on the large amount of sequence data accumulated in these years and focuses on the viral nucleic acids and proteins and their function. (pdfroom.com)
protective cytotoxic t-cell responses induced by venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons expressing ebola virus proteins. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Ambirix vaccine contains inactivated (killed) hepatitis A virus and 'surface antigen' (proteins from the surface) parts of the hepatitis B virus as active substances. (precisionvaccinations.com)

In this study, we aimed to investigate the diversity and complexity of the internally deleted IAV genomes within a panel of plaque-purified avian influenza viruses selected for their enhanced interferon-inducing phenotypes. (bvsalud.org)

Defective particles and defective genomes have also been demonstrated to stimulate the host innate immune responses and their presence during a viral infection correlates with the strength of the antiviral response. (wikipedia.org)
In one example, scientists have used DIPs to create "protecting viruses", which attenuated the pathogenicity of an influenza A infection in mice, through inducing an interferon response, to a point that it was no longer lethal. (wikipedia.org)
Several clinical observations point to an intricate crosstalk between iron (Fe) metabolism and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. (unt.edu)
Measles virus infection in rhesus macaques: altered immune responses and comparison of the virulence of six different strains. (unt.edu)
That is why there is no cure for the common cold a viral infection. (bio-asli.com)
The body recognizes a vaccine as a viral infection and mounts a feverish attack by producing its own antiviral compounds, called antibodies. (bio-asli.com)
Particularly the HIV virus attacks the cells of the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infection by any number of opportunistic organism. (bio-asli.com)
In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
infection with ebola virus causes a severe disease accompanied by high mortality rates, and there are no licensed vaccines or therapies available for human use. (liverpool.ac.uk)
filovirus vaccine research efforts still need to determine the roles of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in protection from ebola virus infection. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Many viruses, including Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV), have evolved sophisticated countermeasures to extend the life of an infected host cell to support establishment of infection and virus proliferation. (mdpi.com)
We also show that in addition to Bid and Puma, KsBcl-2 is able to engage with a broad range of other host cell death inducers, thus making it a potent enabler of viral infection and proliferation. (mdpi.com)

and the vcRNA ORF, for the viral glycoprotein (G1/G2) 128.0-kDa precursor. (esciencepress.net)
ZMapp), anti-sense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO AVI-6002), lipid nanoparticle small interfering RNA (LNP-siRNA: TKM-Ebola), and an EBOV glycoprotein-based vaccine using live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV-EBOGP) or a chimpanzee adenovirus (rChAd-EBOGP)-based vector. (biomedcentral.com)

Besides the virus inhibiting effect, the increased synthesis of mutant virions under the action of FPV possess a threat of the emergence of novel threatening viral strains with high pathogenicity for humans and animals and acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic compound. (crie.ru)
In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that Ebolavirus pathogenicity is multifactorial, including viral and host determinants. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPol A from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (nature.com)
CSL Seqirus Audenz (aH5N1c) adjuvanted cell-based vaccine protecting against avian influenza H5N1 bird flu pandemics. (precisionvaccinations.com)

these are inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). (crie.ru)
Avigan (favipiravir) (Reeqonus) is an antiviral agent that selectively and potently inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of RNA viruses. (precisionvaccinations.com)

Additional representatives of the family reviewed in this article are the human (HCV) and bovine (BCV) coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), haemagglutinating encephalitis virus (HEV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). (pdfroom.com)

The most effective weapons against viruses are vaccines, but tese are used to prevent disease, not treat it. (bio-asli.com)
Vaccines used dead or weakened viruses that are injected into the body. (bio-asli.com)
Viruses are continually mutating and new strains emerging, so vaccines for most of them aren t available. (bio-asli.com)
This may have implications for the development of virus strains to be used as live-attenuated virus vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)

However, in some viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the effect of competitive inhibition by interfering particles reduces viral-mediated innate immune responses and inflammation producing a therapeutic effect. (wikipedia.org)
DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)

Alfieri AA, Leite JPG, Alfieri AF, Jiang B, Glass RI, Gentsch JR. Detection of field isolates of human and animal group C rotavirus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide-probes. (unt.edu)

However, direct evidence for DIPs was only found in the 1960s by Hackett who noticed presence of 'stumpy' particles of vesicular stomatitis virus in electron micrographs and the formalization of DIPs terminology was in 1970 by Huang and Baltimore. (wikipedia.org)

human recombinant antibodies to ebola virus: preparation and characteristics]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
human recombinant antibodies against a purified ebola virus (ev) lysate were selected from a combinatorial library of scfv-antibodies using the phage display technique. (liverpool.ac.uk)
CanSinoBio Ad5-EBOV is an adenovirus type 5 recombinant vector-based Ebola virus disease vaccine that protects against Ebola virus disease. (precisionvaccinations.com)
Hands on experience in techniques involving recombinant DNA technology such as preparation of plasmid DNA, transformation of bacteria by plasmid DNA, characterization of plasmids, cloning of DNA fragments into vectors, vaccinia virus, hybridization and electrophoretic procedures. (sprayprotectgo.com)

Influenza A virus (IAV) populations harbor large subpopulations of defective-interfering particles characterized by internally deleted viral genomes. (bvsalud.org)
Our findings unveiled that the abundance and diversity of internally deleted viral genomes were contingent upon the viral subculture and plaque purification processes. (bvsalud.org)
Further research is imperative to unravel the underlying mechanisms driving the increased diversity of internal deletions within the genomes of viral clones exhibiting enhanced interferon-inducing capacities and to explore their potential for modulating cellular processes and immunity. (bvsalud.org)
we reviewed published reports on 254-nm uv inactivation and tabulated the sensitivities of a wide variety of viruses, including those with double-stranded dna, single-stranded dna, double-stranded rna, or single-stranded rna genomes. (liverpool.ac.uk)

1995. An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity associated virions of tomato spotted wilt virus, a plant and insect-infecting Bunyavirus. (esciencepress.net)
Further, no demonstration of physical isolation of viral particles or of viral RNA, nor of sequencing from lysed whole virions was shown. (linode.com)

We showed previously that cytoplasmic release of mtDNA activates the cGAS STING TBK1 pathway resulting in interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression that promotes antiviral immunity4. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Here, we find that persistent mtDNA stress is not associated with basally activated NF-κB signalling or interferon gene expression typical of an acute antiviral response. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The use of siRNA and shRNA as antiviral therapeutic is limited because of the emergence of viral escape mutants. (biomedcentral.com)

Lastly, we noticed an enrichment of predicted G4 sequences in the promoter of TOP1-repressed cellular genes.nnCONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the formation of a TOP1/G4 complex on the HIV-1 LTR promoter and its repressive effect on the promoter activity. (cnrs.fr)

LXGG sequence is recognized by viral and cellular deubiquitinating enzymes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
This process is regulated by both viral and cellular factors, which are necessary for an efficient viral replication as well as for the setting up of viral latency, leading to a repressed transcription of the integrated provirus.nnRESULTS: In this study, we examined the role of two parameters in HIV-1 LTR promoter activity. (cnrs.fr)

DIPs can occur within nearly every class of both DNA and RNA viruses both in clinical and laboratory settings including poliovirus, SARS coronavirus, measles, alphaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus. (wikipedia.org)
Blydt-Hansen T, Subbarao K, Quennec P, McDonald J. Recovery of respiratory syncytial virus from stethoscopes by conventional culture and polymerase chain reaction. (unt.edu)

For SARS-CoV-2, the first synthetic DIPs were made in 2020 and the interference effect was used to generate therapeutic interfering particles (TIPs) that reduced pathogenesis and protected hamsters from serious disease. (wikipedia.org)
3) Permanent application of high therapeutic doses of FPV under the strict medical control to enhance the lethal mutagenic effect on an infectious virus in the recipient organism to prevent the multiplication of its mutant forms. (crie.ru)
Most of the therapeutic agents in this review are directed against non-mutable targets of the host, which is independent of viral mutation. (biomedcentral.com)
We propose a therapeutic regimen to supplement the current supportive therapy aiming to reduce viral load, the most important factor in the determination of mortality. (biomedcentral.com)

Purification of modified vaccinia virus Ankara from suspension cell culture. (probiogen.de)
Boosting Upstream, Downstream Processing: To Expedite Biomanufacturing, Deploy a New Genotype of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara. (probiogen.de)
Deletion of the A56R gene results in varying effects on vaccinia virus virulence. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The other important viruses of this group are JC virus (associated with neurological degeneration), BX virus (which suppresses immune system of humans), K virus of mice, etc. (biologydiscussion.com)
Ebolaviruses are known for their ability to cause devastating viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in humans and great apes, but the natural reservoir for EBOV has remained elusive for many years. (biomedcentral.com)
In 2007 to 2008 a large outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever with a case-fatality rate of approximately 25% occurred in humans in Uganda. (biomedcentral.com)
This review summarizes new de-velopments in our understanding of diverse virulence factors associated encoding genes used by different pathotypes of enteric pathogenic E. coli to cause intestinal and extraintestinal diseases in humans. (preprints.org)

During my stay I acquired certain skills in techniques dealing with molecular biology, such as, cDNA technology including Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) related to the research projects. (sprayprotectgo.com)

nearly thirty years after the first epidemics, ebola virus (ebov) remains hardly described, its transmission unclear and its reservoir elusive. (liverpool.ac.uk)
soon after the ebola fever outbreak and virus discovery in 1976 and in order to investigate the distribution of ebov in central africa, several countries including a range of ecological zones were investigated in the early 1980s, using extensive survey: central african republic (car), cameroon, chad, congo, gabon and equatorial guinea. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Like all viruses, the EBOV largely relies on host cell factors and physiological processes for its entry, replication, and egress. (biomedcentral.com)
Through viral load suppression, we may be able to prolong a patient's survival in order to provide a better chance for the patient to develop natural immune defense against the EBOV. (biomedcentral.com)
The EBOV is an enveloped filamentous RNA virus belonging to the family Filoviridae . (biomedcentral.com)

Continuous influenza virus production in cell culture shows a periodic accumulation of defective interfering particles. (probiogen.de)
Since its discovery in 1976, Ebolavirus has caused periodic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever associated with severe and often fatal disease. (biomedcentral.com)

Infectious transcripts and cDNA clones of RNA viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The high lauric content of virgin coconut oil is known to strengthen the human immune system against microbes and viruses, said former agriculture secretary Leonardo Montemayor. (bio-asli.com)
Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)

Impaired antiviral response of adenovirus-transformed cell lines supports virus replication. (probiogen.de)

Such dependence poses a serious challenge to drug developers in their attempts to create medications that are able to inhibit the target virus without having an adverse effect on biochemical processes of the host macroorganism. (crie.ru)
we demonstrate that human milk can inhibit the dc-sign-mediated transfer of hiv-1 to cd4+ t lymphocytes as well as viral transfer by both immature and mature dcs. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Antisense therapies, in which oligonucleotides inhibit viral replication, have shown promising results in non-human primates following post-exposure treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Although these escape variants lost the ability to trans-inhibit HIV-1, they effectively outgrew the wild-type virus in competition experiments in SupT1 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
An alternative method to inhibit HIV-1 is the use of gene constructs encoding HIV-1-specific long hairpin RNAs (lhRNAs, transcripts folding an extended hairpin structure) or long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs, two complementary transcripts that form an extended duplex). (biomedcentral.com)

DIPs have been shown to play a role in pathogenesis of certain viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Pathogenesis of rabies in dogs inoculated with an Ethiopian rabies virus strain. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The size of the genomic deletion event can vary greatly, with one such example in a DIP derived from rabies virus exhibiting a 6.1 kb deletion. (wikipedia.org)
DIP generation is regulated within viruses: the Coronavirus SL-III cis-acting replication element (shown in the image) is a higher-order genomic structure implicated in the mediation of DIP production in bovine coronavirus, with apparent homologs detected in other coronavirus groups. (wikipedia.org)

The Sendai virus nucleocapsid exists in at least four different helical states. (microbiologyresearch.org)

DNA polymerase and DNA ligase are required for the complementary chain. (biologydiscussion.com)

Our earlier study has demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated cholesterol plays a key role in virus infectivity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Genetic variability of hepatitis E virus within and between three epidemics in India. (unt.edu)
Most experimental data have been obtained from studies of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and infectious bronchitis virus of chickens (IBV). (pdfroom.com)

Molecular cloning and characterization of a Sendai virus internal deletion defective RNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Efficient and stable production of Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus in two-stage semi-continuous and in continuous stirred tank cultivation systems. (probiogen.de)
Propagation of viruses infecting waterfowl on continuous cell lines of Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) origin. (probiogen.de)

Papovaviruses are one of the four important dsDNA viruses (e.g. papovaviruses, adenoviruses, herpes viruses and pox viruses) which produce tumour in many animals. (biologydiscussion.com)

Because they is no cure for viral infections, they can become deadly, especially individuals with depressed immunity. (bio-asli.com)

nine unique antibodies were identified after sequencing the vh- and vl-genes encoding the selected antibodies. (liverpool.ac.uk)

2002. Genetic organization of Iris yellow spot virus M RNA: indications for functional homology between the Gc. (esciencepress.net)

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. (lookformedical.com)

2) The combined use of FPV with antiviral chemotherapeutic drugs of a different mechanism of action directed at various viral and/or host cell targets. (crie.ru)
They reveal the existence of a new mechanism of TOP1/G4-dependent transcriptional repression conserved between viral and human genes. (cnrs.fr)
This mechanism contrasts with the known property of TOP1 as global transcriptional activator and offers new perspectives for anti-cancer and anti-viral strategies. (cnrs.fr)

The synthesis of antigen (i.e. tumour antigen) occurs by viral DNA which results in increased DNA metabolism in the infected host cell. (biologydiscussion.com)

in the past decade the zaire strain of ebola virus (zebov) has emerged repeatedly into human populations in central africa and caused massive die-offs of gorillas and chimpanzees. (liverpool.ac.uk)

1992. Characterization of distinct isolate of tomato spotted wilt virus TSWV. (esciencepress.net)
Characterization of the receptor for the transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), encoded by the gene TNFRSF13B ( tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B), suggests that people with the C104, A181E, and ins204A variants may be at risk for IgAD that progresses to CVID. (medscape.com)

Intramembrane structural differentiation in Sendai virus maturation. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The actual researchers with actual credentials to actually study the SARS-C0V-2 virus properly know how to isolate the virus. (linode.com)
It was declared this constitutes evidence of a new viral pathogen '2019-nCoV', later to be renamed SARS-CoV-2. (linode.com)
Amubarvimab / Romlusevimab (BRII-196/BRII-198) is a SARS-CoV-2 virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody combination therapy. (precisionvaccinations.com)
COLD SPRING HARBOR, NEW YORK -- In an important, comprehensive, and timely review, an expert team from the University of California Berkeley details the methodologies used in nucleic acid-based tests for detecting the presence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. (cshlpress.com)

The only real protection against viral infections is our body s own natural defenses. (bio-asli.com)
2003. Ultrastructural differences in mixed infections of six Turnip mosaic virus and one Ribgrass mosic virus isolates in Crucifers. (esciencepress.net)
the status of current laboratory diagnostics for ebola and marburg virus infections is discussed in terms of the assays available and their interpretation. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Metazoans often trigger premature cell death in response to infections by larger DNA viruses as part of an immediate response to counter the viral threat. (mdpi.com)

We also provide evidence that virion-associated cholesterol contributes to the interaction between HCV particles and apolipoprotein E. The molecular basis for the effects of different sterols on HCV infectivity is discussed. (microbiologyresearch.org)

We also show that a nanobody (a single-domain antibody) that interferes with FluPol A dimerization inhibits the synthesis of vRNA and, consequently, inhibits virus replication in infected cells. (nature.com)
Fig. 4: Nb8205, which binds FluPol A at the dimer interface, inhibits cRNA to vRNA replication and virus growth. (nature.com)

A DIP can usually still penetrate host cells, but requires another fully functional virus particle (the 'helper' virus) to co-infect a cell with it, in order to provide the lost factors. (wikipedia.org)

ebola virus circulation in africa: a balance between clinical expression and epidemiological silence. (liverpool.ac.uk)

1) Synthesis of new FPV modifications lacking the ability to integrate into the synthesized viral RNA molecule. (crie.ru)
Computer predictions of its secondary structure have led to a model in which approximately 10~ of the N-terminal part of the molecule is exposed on the outer surface of the virus membrane (see references above and Rottier et al. (pdfroom.com)
Low shear stress up-regulates expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), while increased shear stress can lead to increased gene expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). (medscape.com)

These outbreaks emphasize the need for maintaining high levels of vaccine coverage and continued surveillance for circulating virus. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)

Processes orchestrated or driven by a plethora of genes, plant hormones, and inherent biological timing mechanisms facilitated by secondary molecules, which result in the systematic transformation of plants and plant parts, from one stage of maturity to another. (lookformedical.com)

Genetic manipulation of non- segmented negative-strand RNA viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)

This harmless commensal organism can acquire a mixture of comprehensive mobile genetic elements that contain genes encoding viru-lence factors, becoming an emerging human pathogen capable of causing a broad spectrum of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. (preprints.org)
So, this review highlights the various types of NPs used in the techniques that have worked in the new paradigm in viral vaccinology for infectious diseases. (researchgate.net)

Measles inclusion body encephalitis caused by the vaccine strain of measles virus. (unt.edu)

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