• Although pausing has been connected to extremely rapid and synchronous activation of genes, pausing is also highly associated with constitutively expressed genes that encode signalling and transcription factors. (nature.com)
  • The nomenclature of different promoter-associated RNA polymerase II (Pol II) species is explicitly defined in an effort to provide consistency in future literature. (nature.com)
  • Recent years have witnessed a sea change in our understanding of transcription regulation: whereas traditional models focused solely on the events that brought RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to a gene promoter to initiate RNA synthesis, emerging evidence points to the pausing of Pol II during early elongation as a widespread regulatory mechanism in higher eukaryotes. (nature.com)
  • Specifically, an RNA polymerase promoter is appended to the surface-bound oligonucleotides. (warf.org)
  • 87(5): 1663-1667] Specifically, the investigators started by priming whole cerebellar RNA with a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Transcription is initiated by the binding of RNAP (RNA polymerase) to the promoter. (kenyon.edu)
  • 2) sequence segment located between the promoter and the first structural gene that causes partial termination of transcription. (insdc.org)
  • At the core promoter, the regulatory region containing the transcription start site (TSS), all inputs regulating transcription are integrated. (biorxiv.org)
  • These proteins assemble at the core promoter of a gene, which is commonly defined as the minimal region necessary to trigger transcription ( 2 - 4 ). (biorxiv.org)
  • It was previously shown that transcription of a gene in eukaryotic cells is not always initiated from the same nucleotide, but that it can be initiated from a range of positions in the core promoter region, with an individual, sequence-influenced pattern for each gene ( 3 - 6 ). (biorxiv.org)
  • Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase I requires the formation of a complex composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and three TBP-associated factors (TAFs) specific for RNA polymerase I. This complex, known as SL1, binds to the core promoter of ribosomal RNA genes to position the polymerase properly and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. (avivasysbio.com)
  • The bacterial activator protein NorR binds to enhancer-like elements, upstream of the promoter site, and activates 54-dependent transcription of genes that encode nitric oxide detoxifying enzymes (NorVW), in response to NO stress. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Unique to the norVW promoter in Escherichia coli is the presence of three enhancer sites associated with a binding site for 54-RNA polymerase. (strath.ac.uk)
  • In bacteria and archaea , structural proteins with related functions are usually encoded together within the genome in a block called an operon and are transcribed together under the control of a single promoter , resulting in the formation of a polycistronic transcript ( Figure 12.30 ). (pressbooks.pub)
  • For example, in E. coli , all of the structural genes that encode enzymes needed to use lactose as an energy source lie next to each other in the lactose (or lac ) operon under the control of a single promoter, the lac promoter. (pressbooks.pub)
  • This protein was found to also interact with DNA polymerase alpha/primase and mediate the phosphorylation of the large p180 subunit, which suggests a regulatory role in DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle. (cancerindex.org)
  • A single-chain analogue of fTSH termed yoked fTSH (yfTSH) was developed by fusing the nucleotides encoding the C-terminus of the beta-subunit fused to the N-terminus of the alpha-subunit with DNA encoding the C-terminal peptide (CTP) of human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit as a linker peptide. (avmi.net)
  • Co-transcriptional pre-mRNA processing relies on reversible phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of Rpb1, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). (cipsm.de)
  • This study provides evidence that a switch-protein kinase regulatory network controls availability of σ 66 , the main sigma subunit for transcription in Chlamydia . (plos.org)
  • They typically carry genes for five proteins: large protein (L), glycoprotein (G), nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), and matrix protein (M). The sequence of these protein genes from the 3 'end to the 5' end in the genome is N-P-M-G-L. Every rhabdoviruses encode these five proteins in their genomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to these proteins, many rhabdoviruses encode one or more proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first four genes encode major structural proteins that participate in the structure of the virion envelope. (wikipedia.org)
  • A plethora of nuclear-encoded proteins are involved in replication, repair and transcription of mtDNA, as well as its copy number regulation. (helsinki.fi)
  • Zhu has previously been able to create and copy mirror DNA using mirror versions of enzymes called polymerases, which contain D -amino acids rather than the L -amino acids typically found in normal proteins. (acs.org)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • DDX5 is required for cell proliferation by controlling the transcription of genes expressing DNA replication proteins in cancer cells in which the DDX5 locus is amplified, and this has uncovered a dependence on DDX5 for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that occurs mostly in response to cellular stress and is catalysed by members of the diverse poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) polymerase (PARP/ARTD) family. (cipsm.de)
  • Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
  • Both genes are highly conserved, and their proteins are thought to have 2 functions: (1) formation of a bridge or scaffold between the DNA-binding transcription factors and the RNA polymerase II complex and (2) serving as histone acetyltransferases that open the chromatin structure, a process essential for gene expression. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to the functions about virus assembly, morphogenesis and budding off enveloped from the host plasma membrane, additional functions such as the regulation of RNA synthesis, affecting the balance of replication and transcription products was found, making reverse genetics experiments with rabies virus, a member of the family Rhabdoviridae. (wikipedia.org)
  • P protein plays important and multiple roles during transcription and replication of the RNA genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The large RNA segment encodes a large protein that has RNA polymerase activity for transcription and replication of genomic RNA segments. (cdc.gov)
  • This information can be copied to another DNA molecule by replication, or into RNA by transcription. (acs.org)
  • If perfect replication is not achieved, the DNA polymerase will erase the sequence and construct a new one. (geneservice.co.uk)
  • We identify an important role for DDX5 in G 1 -S-phase progression where it directly regulates DNA replication factor expression by promoting the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to E2F-regulated gene promoters. (aacrjournals.org)
  • citation needed] The rhabdovirus transcriptase proceeds in a 3' to 5' direction on the genome and the transcription terminates randomly at the end of protein sequences. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the N protein sequence is located at the beginning of the genome (3' end) after the leader RNA sequence, mRNAs for N protein can always be produced and accumulate in high amounts with every termination of transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • The coordinated transcription of the genome is the fundamental mechanism in molecular biology. (mdpi.com)
  • How many mobile elements, simple sequence repeats, or protein kinases are encoded in the genome? (cshlpress.com)
  • How Many Protein Kinases Are Encoded in the Genome? (cshlpress.com)
  • Retroviruses use reverse transcription to create a double-stranded DNA copy (a provirus) of their RNA genome, which is inserted into the genome of their host cell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Competition for PRPF8 availability alters the transcription-coupled splicing of RNAs in which weak 5′ splice sites predominate, enabling diversification of human gene expression during biological processes like mitosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • POLR3C is a specific core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs. (thermofisher.com)
  • The non-self RNA polymerase III transcripts, such as Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs (EBERs) induce type I interferon and NF- Kappa-B through the RIG-I pathway. (thermofisher.com)
  • Nucleic-acid-binding motif in transcriptional elongation factor TFIIS and RNA polymerases. (embl.de)
  • In Cockayne syndrome II, the defective CS group B protein, an SNF2-family DNA-dependent ATPase, is implicated in transcription elongation, transcription coupled repair, and DNA base excision repair. (medscape.com)
  • a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)
  • A total of 82 unigenes encoding eight enzymes in furanocoumarin biosynthetic pathway were first obtained. (ias.ac.in)
  • Seven genes that encoded key enzymes in the downstream furanocoumarin biosynthetic pathway and expressed more in roots than leaves were screened. (ias.ac.in)
  • Genomic DNA contains both structural gene s, which encode products that serve as cellular structures or enzymes, and regulatory gene s, which encode products that regulate gene expression. (pressbooks.pub)
  • In this way, regulation of the transcription of all of the structural genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze the many steps in a single biochemical pathway can be controlled simultaneously, because they will either all be needed at the same time, or none will be needed. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Steven Hahn (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle): "TFIID is one of the essential components in the machinery necessary to initiate transcription by RNA polymerase II. (the-scientist.com)
  • region on a DNA molecule involved in RNA polymerase binding to initiate transcription. (insdc.org)
  • We report RNA-catalysed RNA synthesis on structured templates when using trinucleotide triphosphates (triplets) as substrates, catalysed by a general and accurate triplet polymerase ribozyme that emerged from in vitro evolution as a mutualistic RNA heterodimer. (elifesciences.org)
  • After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Reverse transcription is the synthesis of a complementary DNA sequence from an RNA template using reverse transcriptase, which is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. (medscape.com)
  • Cloning of the gene opened up a whole series of biochemical and molecular genetic approaches for studying the mechanism of transcription. (the-scientist.com)
  • Prior to division, the cell must first be perfectly duplicated based on the encoded genetic information contained within the DNA. (geneservice.co.uk)
  • One of the fundamental processes that determine cellular fate is regulation of gene transcription. (biorxiv.org)
  • In eukaryotes the initiation of transcription of protein encoding genes by polymerase II (Pol II) is modulated by general and specific transcription factors. (embl.de)
  • We also show that the shape index, a characteristic feature of each TSS describing the spatial distribution of transcription initiation events, has a surprisingly strong negative correlation with the measured expression levels. (biorxiv.org)
  • This important finding reshaped the view on transcription initiation showing that there is a higher complexity to this process than previously anticipated. (biorxiv.org)
  • POLR3C may be involved either in the recruitment and stabilization of the subcomplex within RNA polymerase III, or in stimulating catalytic functions of other subunits during initiation. (thermofisher.com)
  • Genomic analysis identified 250 protein-coding genes located near (≤ 10 kb) 194 of the loci encoding testis-specific lincRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Initially, DNA is taken from the clinical specimen, as well as certain sequence-specific oligonucleotide primers, thermostable DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and buffer. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, nucleotides complementary to the target DNA are added extending each primer by the thermostable DNA polymerase. (medscape.com)
  • P protein acts as a non-catalytic cofactor of large protein polymerase. (wikipedia.org)
  • A gratifying finding was reported that the group extrapolated a putative sequence of miRNA-like fragment encoded by EVDV using the principle of miRNA production in eukaryotes. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • P protein interferes with the host's innate immune system through inhibition of the activities of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), thus eliminating the cellular type 1 interferon pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • We found that Arc- expressing neurons have enhanced intrinsic excitability and are preferentially recruited into newly encoded memory traces. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, these results establish a model of fear memory formation in which intrinsic excitability determines neuronal selection, whereas learning-related encoding is governed by synaptic plasticity. (nature.com)
  • Recent computational modeling has proposed that the encoding of fear memories in the LA is constrained to a limited subset of neurons by the local microcircuitry through a combination of intrinsic excitability and synaptic plasticity. (nature.com)
  • In a new study, Chen-Yu Zhang's group at Nanjing University collaborate with Zeliang Chen's group at academy of Military Medical Sciences report that an Ebola virus-encoded microRNA-like fragment serves as a biomarker for early diagnosis. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • With the collaboration of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, they further identified the Ebola virus-encoded miRNA-like fragment in serum of EVD patients by qRT-PCR, Northern blotting and TA-cloning/sequencing. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • This strand has a circular chromosome (6.264 million base pairs long), that encodes 5,570 protein coding sequences. (kenyon.edu)
  • For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) -associated protein which is thought to negatively regulate CDK2 activity by sequestering monomeric CDK2, and targeting CDK2 for proteolysis. (cancerindex.org)
  • RNA copies are produced using T7 RNA polymerase and then self-assembled into full RNA transcripts by hybridization and ligation. (warf.org)
  • The PEP enzyme recognizes the -10 and -35 cis -elements, similar to those found in bacterial promoters whereas the NEP enzyme recognizes the YRTA-motif, which can also be found upstream of several genes with PEP promoters indicating that these genes can be transcribed by both polymerases ( Pfannschmidt and Liere, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and silencing of the S100A8 gene, which encodes the S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8), and apoptosis and phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) in tissue samples of endometrial carcinoma and HEC-1A endometrial adenocarcinoma cells in vitro . (medscimonit.com)
  • The expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene was evaluated with reverse transcription-PCR. (molvis.org)
  • In this study, we investigated the expression of two herpes virus-encoded miRNAs in prostate tissue. (harvard.edu)
  • Here, we used Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) to analyze the pattern of transcription start sites at four different environmental conditions (limited in ethanol, limited in nitrogen, limited in glucose and limited in glucose under anaerobic conditions) using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CEN.PK113-7D. (biorxiv.org)
  • Representative σ 66 -dependent gene transcription was repressed in the absence of rsbV1 or upon increased expression of RsbW, and increased upon elevated expression of RsbV1. (plos.org)
  • however, gene expression in eukaryotes is more complicated because of the temporal and spatial separation between the processes of transcription and translation. (pressbooks.pub)
  • NF-κB is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in the highly specific pattern of gene expression observed for immune, inflammatory and acute phase response genes, including interleukin 1, interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor and certain cell adhesion molecules. (justia.com)
  • As a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage, p53 blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)
  • This transcription mechanism thus provides mRNAs according to the need of the viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2 , 3 In particular, long-term N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent synaptic potentiation of glutamatergic inputs onto LA principal neurons remains the leading candidate mechanism for fear memory encoding. (nature.com)
  • Transcription in eukaryotes is carried out by three main RNA polymerases: Pol I, II, and III. (mdpi.com)
  • Reverse transcription is accomplished using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which the virus carries with it inside its shell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The medium segment encodes a precursor polyprotein, which gives rise to the viral surface glycoproteins (Gc and Gn) and to a nonstructural protein NS M . The small RNA encodes a structural nucleocapsid (N) protein, as well as a smaller nonstructural protein (NS S ) in overlapping reading frames ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, we clarify the functions of DNA polymerase gamma, the replicative mtDNA polymerase, and its functional companion Twinkle, the replicative helicase. (helsinki.fi)
  • DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. (thermofisher.com)
  • The genes encoding the mature common glycoprotein alpha (CGA) and hormone-specific beta subunits of feline thyroid stimulating hormone (fTSH) were cloned and sequenced. (avmi.net)
  • This report constitutes the first cloning and sequencing of the genes encoding the subunits of feline thyrotropin. (avmi.net)
  • The mechanisms that control modulation in transcription and associated phenotypic changes are poorly understood. (plos.org)
  • Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. (cancerindex.org)
  • S. Hahn, S. Buratowski, P.A. Sharp, L. Guarente, "Isolation of the gene encoding the yeast TATA binding protein TFIID: a gene identical to the SPT15 suppressor of Ty element insertions," Cell, 58, 1173-81, 22 September 1989. (the-scientist.com)
  • But the small mirror polymerases he built for these tasks suffer from poor activity, and make too many errors when copying DNA. (acs.org)
  • After the transcription processes, all of the mRNAs are capped at the 5' end and polyadenylated at the 3' end by L protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • This entry represents a zinc finger motif found in transcription factor IIs (TFIIS). (embl.de)
  • How Many Genes Are in the Major Transcription Factor Families? (cshlpress.com)
  • The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
  • These structures show Pfu DNA polymerase in its natural (left) and mirror-image (right) forms. (acs.org)
  • Ting F. Zhu , who led the work, says it is a step on the way to creating a mirror version of the so-called central dogma of molecular biology, which describes how organisms use the information encoded in DNA. (acs.org)