Plutonium nuclear reactors isotopes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Many of the designs for nuclear electric propulsion call for the same process of splitting atoms used in terrestrial nuclear-power plants. (space4peace.org)
Antineutrinos carry away about 5 percent of the energy released as the uranium and plutonium atoms that fuel the reactor split, or "fission. (lbl.gov)
A nuclear reactor is a machine where electricity and heat energy is generated by utilizing the power of atoms. (differencebetween.net)
These reactors use heavy atoms as fuel instead of fossil fuels. (differencebetween.net)
Plutonium-239 is used in nuclear weapons because it is among the few materials whose atoms can be split to create a nuclear explosion. (blogspot.com)
When Plutonium-239 atoms are split (or "fissioned") massive amounts of energy are instantly released. (blogspot.com)

Activation products - radionuclides that result from the absorption of neutrons by uranium, and other materials present in a nuclear reactor. (cdc.gov)
Alpha particle ( ionizing radiation ) - two neutrons and two protons bound as a single particle (a helium nucleus) that is emitted from the nucleus of certain radioactive isotopes in the process of disintegration. (cdc.gov)
A reactor achieves criticality (and is above-mentioned to be critical) when shore fission occurrence releases a adequate countless of neutrons to sustain an ongoing order of reactions. (sahmy.com)
Critical' is the commensurate abashed to draw a reactor lands in which the countless of neutrons being produced equals the countless being absorbed, which in nightly produces the identical countless of neutrons. (sahmy.com)
A reactor achieves criticality (and is above-mentioned to be critical) when shore fission releases a adequate countless of neutrons to sustain an ongoing order of nuclear reactions. (sahmy.com)
In 1935 they discovered slow neutrons, which have properties important to the operation of nuclear reactors. (britannica.com)
Reactor control and operation, neutron lifetime and delayed neutrons. (surrey.ac.uk)
Long-lived isotopes will be subjected to a stream of neutrons from the particle accelerator in what is known as a subcritical reactor, in which no self-sustaining chain reaction can take place, thus transforming them into short-lived isotopes. (dlr.de)
The strength of attractive nuclear forces (acting between neutrons) is much greater than repulsive electromagnetic forces (acting between protons). (rankred.com)
The isotope uranium-238, the amount of which is significant in the enriched uranium, absorbs superfluous neutrons, allowing control of the chain reaction. (bellona.org)
Nuclear fusion generates highly energetic neutrons that in turn cause fission in the surrounding third stage fissile material. (india-forum.com)
Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of neutron capture and beta decay, where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239. (everipedia.org)

Nuclear power reactors are fueled mostly with low-enriched and natural uranium, which undergoes a fission chain reaction releasing heat and creating radioactive fission products and plutonium and other transuranic elements. (thebulletin.org)
Both the natural-uranium and manufactured-plutonium methods of making a bomb were developed during the Manhattan Project. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Since its content in the natural uranium is insufficient for Russian reactors, a number of technological operations in the fuel cycle is aimed at rising the content of uranium-235 (this process is usually called enriching ). (bellona.org)
heavy water is not nuclear material, it merely acts as a moderator and coolant in nuclear reactors that use natural uranium rather than enriched uranium. (wideasleepinamerica.com)
This radioactive isotope accounts for 0.71 percent of natural uranium, the remaining is U-238.and with traces of U-234, neither of them fissile (capable of being split). (i-sis.org.uk)

The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the EPA's Office of Air and Radiation consider plutonium to be a human carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
Nuclear energy affects us long-term, damaging our DNA when exposed to radioactive isotopes or ionizing radiation - without us knowing it. (change.org)
Spent nuclear fuel is fuel that has been exposed to radiation in a nuclear reactor. (hanford.gov)
Beta particle ( ionizing radiation ) - a charged particle emitted from the nucleus of certain unstable atomic nuclei (radioactive isotopes), having the charge and mass of an electron. (cdc.gov)
The resulting blue shining mysterious as Cherenkov radiation has accidentally and abruptly flashed at smallest 60 early ant: full the dawn of the nuclear age, signaling an immediate nuclear direct and causing a whole of 21 agonizing deaths. (sahmy.com)
The intensely hot and highly radioactive spent nuclear fuel from power reactors is unloaded into a water-filled pool immediately adjacent to the reactor to allow its heat and radiation level to decrease. (thebulletin.org)
The two most technically advanced options to meet the spent fuel standard are to immobilize the plutonium in a ceramic or glass form with high level radioactive waste to form a radiation barrier to theft or to create nuclear reactor fuel with it and use it in a commercial reactor (MOX). (ieer.org)
The U.S. objective of plutonium disposition is satisfied when the isotopic composition of the weapons-grade plutonium have been altered by irradiation, the fuel attains a significant radiation barrier, and the fuel is stored for several decades before reprocessing. (ieer.org)
The damning analysis came as it emerged that workers at Japan's stricken nuclear plant are reportedly being offered huge sums to brave high radiation in an attempt to bring its overheated reactors under control. (blogspot.com)
Storing more than a few pounds of plutonium in close proximity to each other could cause a nuclear chain reaction that ends in large amounts of radiation to be released into the atmosphere. (blogspot.com)
However, when inside the human body plutonium is toxic and can damage living tissue, cause radiation sickness and cancer. (blogspot.com)
However, when plutonium particles are inhaled they can become lodged in lung tissue and continue to give off radiation internally for years. (blogspot.com)
The Chairman of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Gregory Jaczko, told a US House of Representatives subcommittee that: "There is no water in the spent fuel pool [at the Fukushia I plant] and we believe that radiation levels are extremely high, which could possibly impact the ability to take corrective measures. (economicpopulist.org)
physics) material in a nuclear reactor that absorbs radiation. (wordinn.com)
In the end (after three years' use), 100 kg of spent nuclear fuel from a VVER-1000 reactor will contain 740 g of long-lived plutonium isotopes (emitting alfa radiation), and some 4 kg of other long-lived trans-uranium radio nucleides. (bellona.org)
As it is getting more and more clear that the radiation leak started in March 12th the first day that reactor housing exploded how many days does it take for radioactive air molecule to circle the earth? (berkeley.edu)
Human radiation experiments studying plutonium were conducted without informed consent, and several criticality accidents, some lethal, occurred after the war. (everipedia.org)

Of the elements with atomic numbers 1 to 92, most can be found in nature, having stable isotopes (such as hydrogen) or very long-lived radioisotopes (such as uranium), or existing as common decay products of the decay of uranium and thorium (such as radon). (wikipedia.org)
The half-life is the time it takes for half of the plutonium to undergo radioactive decay and change forms. (cdc.gov)
Plutonium will undergo radioactive decay in the environment. (cdc.gov)
Neutron activation of plutonium isotopes starting with 239Pu can produce isotopes through at least 246Pu, and of these, 241Pu, 243Pu, 245Pu, and 246Pu beta decay to americium isotopes of the same mass. 241Am can be produced more directly through alpha bombardment of 238U to 241Pu (238U [,n] 241Pu), and its subsequent beta decay. (cdc.gov)
The amount of any product is a function of the starting mass of either 238U or 239Pu and the neutron fluence over the activation period balanced by the natural radioactive decay of the isotopes being formed. (cdc.gov)
The system, which is designed to allow the rover to run where the sunlight is too inadequate that solar panel is impractical, uses heat produced by the natural decay of plutonium-238 to generate 110 watts of electricity. (zdnet.com)
The plutonium 238 is a manufactured isotope that has a radioactive decay that is so fast it glows red hot. (zdnet.com)
Instead of building a nuclear reactor, an rtg uses devices called thermocouples to produce a modest wattage from heat released by the decay of radioactive isotopes. (space4peace.org)
The new results from Daya Bay-where scientists have measured more than 2 million antineutrinos produced by six reactors during almost four years of operation-have led scientists to reconsider how the composition of the fuel changes over time and how many neutrinos come from each of the decay chains. (lbl.gov)
But, in principle, there are techniques for reducing the volume of nuclear waste and transforming radioactive substances with especially long half-lives into isotopes that decay more quickly. (dlr.de)
Tellurium (atomic number 52) is the lightest element whose isotopes ( 104 Te to 109 Te) are known to undergo alpha decay. (rankred.com)
The most popular example of this sort of nuclear transmutation is uranium decay. (rankred.com)
Two fundamental interactions play a major role in alpha decay: nuclear force (short-range) and electromagnetic force (long-range). (rankred.com)
The radioactivity level of an isotope is determined by its half-life, or the amount of time it takes for half of the original quantity of the isotope to decay. (blogspot.com)

Plutonium is also released to the environment from research facilities, waste disposal, nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities, nuclear weapons production facilities, and accidents at facilities where plutonium is used. (cdc.gov)
Reactor Fuel from Kazakhstan, Africa, Australia and Canada by Ships, Trains and Trucks through our states without being told of this radioactive materials passing by our neighborhoods. (change.org)
The parent of 241Am is 241Pu, which constitutes about 12% of the 1% content of a typical spent fuel rod from a nuclear reactor, and has a half-life of 14.4 years. (cdc.gov)
It was used from 1956 to 1988 to process spent nuclear reactor fuel, and recovered plutonium, uranium and other radioactive isotopes. (hanford.gov)
The submarine's reactor, loaded with nuclear fuel, is a source of other radioactive isotopes like cesium 137 and strontium 90. (bellona.org)
Depleted uranium may also be produced in the reprocessing of spent nuclear reactor fuel. (who.int)
Uranium and plutonium in fuel rods are used again, however other radioactive waste from the fuel rods are emptied into secure conditions until it all decays . (getrevising.co.uk)
The spread of such plants is only likely to increase spent reactor fuel recycling and uranium enrichment-activities critical to making nuclear weapons. (americanbar.org)
China, Iran, Turkey, Japan, South Korea, and Saudi Arabia have each expressed interest in building civilian uranium enrichment or spent fuel reprocessing plants or fast reactors. (americanbar.org)
China views Japan's and South Korea's fast reactor and spent fuel recycling programs as nuclear weapons options, and Japan and South Korea view each other's and China's programs in a similar fashion. (americanbar.org)
DOE recently announced plans to establish a High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium (HALEU) Availability program to directly address a pressing fuel need by the U.S. nuclear industry. (energy.gov)
HALEU fuel is required by a majority of the advanced reactors under development in the United States and is not currently available at commercial scale from domestic suppliers. (energy.gov)
Dry casks of spent nuclear fuel on a storage pad. (energy.gov)
DOE is seeking feedback on using a consent-based siting process to identify sites to store the nation's spent nuclear fuel. (energy.gov)
Framatome's first complete accident tolerant fuel assembly was recently installed at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Maryland. (energy.gov)
The fuel assembly is the industry's first of its kind to be inserted into a commercial reactor and was developed through DOE's Accident Tolerant Fuel Program. (energy.gov)
The new fuel prototype is expected to reduce corrosion and hydrogen production under high-temperature conditions and will operate in the reactor for the next four to six years as the team monitors its performance with routine inspections. (energy.gov)
3D-printed channel fasteners for Framatome's boiling water reactor fuel assembly. (energy.gov)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) installed four 3D-printed fuel assembly brackets this year at its Browns Ferry nuclear power plant in Alabama. (energy.gov)
Criticality is an significant nuclear safety peril in plants since fissile spiritual is processed (this includes fuel manufacture), handled or stored (but is also an significant importance during defuel/refuel operations on nuclear reactor plant). (sahmy.com)
The irregular operating state of a reactor, in which nuclear fuel sustains a fission bind reaction. (sahmy.com)
The International Panel on Fissile Materials ( IPFM ) is in the process of finalizing an analysis of the policy and technical challenges faced internationally over the past five decades by efforts at long-term storage and disposal of spent fuel from nuclear power reactors. (thebulletin.org)
The case studies include four countries that reprocess nuclear spent fuel (France, Japan, Russia, and the United Kingdom), five countries that are planning on direct disposal of spent fuel (Canada, Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the United States) and one country (South Korea) whose disposal plans are a subject of discussions with the United States as part of the renewal of a bilateral nuclear cooperation agreement. (thebulletin.org)
Eventually, the concentration of chain-reacting isotopes drops to the point where the fuel is considered "spent" and has to be replaced with fresh fuel. (thebulletin.org)
In a few countries, spent fuel is sent to a reprocessing plant, where the fuel is dissolved and the plutonium and uranium recovered for potential use in reactor fuel. (thebulletin.org)
These processes also produce high-level wastes that contain the fission products and other radioisotopes from the spent fuel - as well as other streams of radioactive waste, including plutonium waste from the manufacture of plutonium-containing fuel. (thebulletin.org)
It is widely accepted that spent nuclear fuel and high-level reprocessing and plutonium wastes require well-designed storage for periods ranging from tens of thousands to a million years, to minimize releases of the contained radioactivity into the environment. (thebulletin.org)
There is general agreement that placing spent nuclear fuel in repositories hundreds of meters below the surface would be safer than indefinite storage of spent fuel on the surface. (thebulletin.org)
by the end of 2010, the total US stockpile of spent power-reactor fuel was 64,500 tons, including 15,350 tons in dry casks, according to the US Department of Energy's Office of Disposal Operations. (thebulletin.org)
The term "heavy metal" indicates that the fuel mass is being measured by its original uranium or uranium-plus-plutonium content, i.e. not including the weight of structural materials or the oxygen in the uranium and plutonium oxides. (thebulletin.org)
Countries initially justified civilian reprocessing by the need for separated plutonium to provide startup fuel for plutonium breeder reactors, but breeder reactors have not materialized. (thebulletin.org)
But the latest results from the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment, located at a nuclear power complex in China, suggest a simpler explanation-a miscalculation in the predicted rate of antineutrino production for one particular component of nuclear reactor fuel. (lbl.gov)
The composition of the fuel changes as the reactor operates, with the decays of different forms of uranium and plutonium (called "isotopes") producing different numbers of antineutrinos with different energy ranges over time, even as the reactor steadily produces electrical power. (lbl.gov)
The scientists found that antineutrinos produced by nuclear reactions that result from the fission of uranium-235, a fissile isotope of uranium common in nuclear fuel, were inconsistent with predictions. (lbl.gov)
Meanwhile, the number of antineutrinos from plutonium-239, the second most common fuel ingredient, was found to agree with predictions, although this measurement is less precise than that for uraninum-235. (lbl.gov)
The work could help scientists at Daya Bay and similar experiments understand the fluctuating rates and energies of those antineutrinos produced by specific ingredients in the nuclear fission process throughout the nuclear fuel cycle. (lbl.gov)
An improved understanding of the fuel evolution inside a nuclear reactor may also be helpful for other nuclear science applications. (lbl.gov)
It's based on the recycling and reuse of spent nuclear fuel, known as fuel reprocessing in the industry's jargon. (ieee.org)
As it happens, there's an ideal test case with which to evaluate that enticing proposition: France, which never backed away from nuclear energy and which has long relied on reprocessing as the linchpin of its power reactor fuel system. (ieee.org)
La Hague receives all the spent fuel rods from France's 59 reactors. (ieee.org)
The United States officially banned reprocessing of spent fuel for power reactors in 1977, during the administration of President Jimmy Carter, who feared that proliferation of reprocessing technology would make it too easy for wayward nations or even terrorist groups to obtain the raw material for bombs. (ieee.org)
Uranium, plutonium, americium and curium - all highly hazardous isotopes contained in spent nuclear fuel rods - can be transformed into substances with shorter half-lives in particle accelerators. (dlr.de)
While some of the plutonium will be fissioned in the reactor, plutonium is also created through neutron irradiation of the uranium which forms the bulk of the reactor fuel (this occurs in reactors fueled with low-enriched uranium as well). (ieer.org)
In fact, in some cases the plutonium left in the spent fuel is greater than the amount put into the reactor. (ieer.org)
[1] The commonly-used yardstick to measure the resistance to theft and diversion of the final form of plutonium after disposition is the so-called "spent fuel standard. (ieer.org)
This criterion was identified by the National Academy of Sciences in their 1994 report, and means that the plutonium should be as inaccessible to theft, diversion, and re-extraction as plutonium in stored commercial low-enriched spent fuel. (ieer.org)
However, the "spent fuel standard" inherently assumes that the plutonium will remain in spent fuel (or whatever form it has been placed into)-that is, that it be slated for geologic disposal. (ieer.org)
Taking into account the desire of Russia to reprocess its spent fuel and the risk of creating a plutonium economy in both countries, it is clear that immobilization is a better option for meeting the standard. (ieer.org)
The U.S. appears to ready to allow Minatom to reprocess spent MOX fuel from the plutonium disposition program. (ieer.org)
Russia will ultimately recycle any plutonium left in the [MOX] fuel. (ieer.org)
The Department of Energy analyzes 23 different alternatives in its Surplus Plutonium Disposition Draft Environmental Impact Statement to meet the spent fuel standard. (ieer.org)
Placing the plutonium in a ceramic mixture and then encasing it in glass makes it difficult to extract (in fact, there is less experience with extracting plutonium from a glass or ceramic matrix than from spent fuel). (ieer.org)
The hybrid approach would use the immobilization process for a portion of the plutonium surplus and would manufacture the rest into nuclear power reactor fuel for use in a commercial nuclear reactor. (ieer.org)
Ordinary reactor fuel used in U.S. light water reactors contains uranium oxide slightly enriched in the isotope Uranium-235 (usually about 3-5% with the rest of the Uranium oxide being mainly U-238). (ieer.org)
Nuclear power plants can generate bountiful, carbon-free electricity, but their solid fuel is problematic, and aging reactors are being shut down. (businessinsider.com)
Called a molten-salt reactor , the technology was conceived during the Cold War and forgoes solid nuclear fuel for a liquid one, which it can "burn" with far greater efficiency than any power technology in existence. (businessinsider.com)
Still others applied their newly-acquired mastery of nuclear fission to developing controlled nuclear reactors for generating electricity from small quantities of nuclear fuel. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Much of the drop is attributable to a decline in construction funding for the Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility, a troubled plutonium disposal project that the Trump administration is seeking to terminate. (aip.org)
Safety officials say the amount of plutonium found does not pose a risk to humans, but critics say the finding supports suspicions that dangerously radioactive water is leaking from damaged nuclear fuel rods. (blogspot.com)
Unlike uranium, thorium itself cannot be used as reactor fuel, but must be put through a nuclear reactor to first produce a fissile isotope of uranium, uranium-233. (indiatogether.org)
This property is even more problematic when uranium-233 is used as nuclear fuel, because it makes fuel fabrication hazardous to the health of workers and expensive. (indiatogether.org)
The issue of fuel rod storage combined with the initial regulatory approach to the dangers of nuclear power plants can help answer the question. (economicpopulist.org)
The spent fuel pool consists of spent nuclear fuel rods that are stored in the Fukushima reactors (and other GE reactors with a similar design) after they have outlived their usefulness. (economicpopulist.org)
The spent fuel rods, pilled up in the fuel pool, are above the reactor vessel and active fuel rods. (economicpopulist.org)
If there is a meltdown or an explosion of sufficient quantity, toxic elements from both the reactor and the fuel pools may breach the containment structure and enter the atmosphere. (economicpopulist.org)
(noun) radioactive waste that left in a nuclear reactor after the nuclear fuel has been consumed. (wordinn.com)
The major contribution to radioactivity in nuclear waste accumulated in the world comes from the spent nuclear fuel. (bellona.org)
Some 9,000 tons of spent nuclear fuel is annually removed from the nuclear power plants in the world. (bellona.org)
By the year 2000, world stocks of spent nuclear fuel will amount to approx. (bellona.org)
This month's Current Status focuses on how spent fuel from nuclear power plants is handled in Russia. (bellona.org)
The nuclear reactor installations in Eastern Europe and former USSR operate on fuel produced from ceramic dioxide of uranium. (bellona.org)
The generation of spent nuclear fuel in the nuclear power plants is the following. (bellona.org)
Uranium pellets are encapsulated into fuel pins, which are collected in fuel assemblies, which are used in the reactor core of a nuclear power plant for 3-5 years. (bellona.org)
The fuel assemblies removed from the reactor after 3 years of utilisation contain 26,000 Curie of activity for each kg. (bellona.org)
Taking into account the fact that the amount of fuel inside a VVER-1000 reactor is some 90 tons, the total activity will be approx. (bellona.org)
The removed fuel assemblies are stored in cool water ponds located on-site of the nuclear power plants, for some three years. (bellona.org)
Currently, as reported by the Russian State Nuclear Inspection (Gosatomnadzor), the general spent fuel storage situation at Russian nuclear power plants (NPPs) is quite unfavourable: Most of the on site storage facilities are filled to capacity, because shipments of fuel from RBMK-1000 reactors have been halted, and shipments from VVER-1000 and BN-1000 reactors are delayed by default. (bellona.org)
The cooling water ponds for the four VVER-440 reactors at Kola power plant are filled to their capacity, containing some 2500 fuel asseblies. (bellona.org)
At both of these NPPs, the emergency water ponds are filled with regular fuel, thus disallowing removal of a reactor core in case of an accident. (bellona.org)
The Arak facility matters because Iran has used it to develop plutonium, another nuclear fuel that can be used for energy or for a weapons program. (wideasleepinamerica.com)
The IR-40 reactor at Arak - like all reactors - produces energy, not nuclear fuel. (wideasleepinamerica.com)
It runs on nuclear fuel. (wideasleepinamerica.com)
And once that fuel is used, it becomes irradiated and must be extracted from the reactor and replaced with new fuel. (wideasleepinamerica.com)
All reactors that use uranium (natural or enriched) as fuel produce plutonium as a waste product. (wideasleepinamerica.com)
FYI, due to long term close proximity to warheads in cramped submarine quarters, US and other countries were forced to reduce Plutonium in fissile material to bare minimm and use Higly enriched Uranium insted for the secondary and tertiary fuel for their warheads (which are all Thermo Nukes, that gives lowest possible warhead weight and for teh limited rocket energy longest reach/range). (india-forum.com)
A report published in 2008 [2, 3] shows that in order to replace fossil-fuel energy use and meet the future energy demands, nuclear energy must increase by 10.5 percent each year from 2010 to 2050. (i-sis.org.uk)
The lifecycle assessment (LCA) Pearce carried out shows that nuclear energy costs between 16 to 55 g CO 2 e/kWh, based on current practice in the United States with regard to mining and enrichment of uranium ore, and does not include reprocessing or decommissioning, but includes spent-fuel disposal and the deconversion of depleted uranium (back to U 3 O 8 ). (i-sis.org.uk)
Pearce suggests efforts to be made to improve efficiency of nuclear power, using only the highest concentration ores and switch to fuel enrichment based on gas centrifuge technology instead of gaseous diffusion, use of combined heat and power generation for nuclear plants and down-blend nuclear weapons stockpiles containing highly enriched uranium to produce nuclear power plant fuel (though that too, is a limited stock). (i-sis.org.uk)
Hence, as pointed out by Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen, Senior Scientist of Ceedata Consultancy in Chaam, The Netherlands, nuclear energy cannot reduce the world's greenhouse emissions (or fossil fuel use) by more than 2.1 percent. (i-sis.org.uk)
12.3 The plutonium of interest in the present context is "separated" plutonium, because this essentially man-made element, produced by irradiating uranium fuel in reactors, is not available for use in nuclear weapons until separated from spent fuel by reprocessing. (icnnd.org)
Spent fuel from the normal operation of power reactors contains only "reactor grade" plutonium, which typically contains 25 per cent or more Pu-240, and a correspondingly lower proportion - 60-70 per cent - of Pu-239. (icnnd.org)
The presence of plutonium-240 limits a plutonium sample's usability for weapons or its quality as reactor fuel, and the percentage of plutonium-240 determines its grade (weapons-grade, fuel-grade, or reactor-grade). (everipedia.org)
China has committed itself to establishing an entirely new nuclear energy programme using thorium as a fuel, within 20 years. (theregister.com)
The LFTR (Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor) is a 4G reactor that uses liquid salt as both fuel and coolant. (theregister.com)
The thorium fuel cycles produce almost no plutonium, and fewer higher-isotope nasties, the long-lived minor actinides. (theregister.com)
Thorium reactors are also safer, with the fuel contained in a low-pressure reactor vessel, which means smaller (sub-500MWe) reactors may be worth building. (theregister.com)

There are exceptions, however, including several isotopes of curium and dubnium. (wikipedia.org)
Curium was first produced in 1944 at the University of California, Berkeley in the USA in a cyclotron by bombarding plutonium-239 ( 239 Pu) with α-particles. (webelements.com)
Some human-made isotopes emit alpha particles: for example, the radioisotopes of curium, americium, and plutonium. (rankred.com)

In particular, because of the relative ease of use of highly enriched uranium (HEU) in a terrorist-constructed crude nuclear weapon, or improvised nuclear device, DOE should ensure that HEU stockpiles are secured and consolidated expeditiously. (nti.org)
Safeguards are also required to ensure that neither plutonium nor highly enriched uranium is diverted to weapon use. (thebulletin.org)
At the end of the Cold War, the United States and Russia face an unprecedented and unexpected problem: surpluses of plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU), the two key materials used to make nuclear weapons. (ieer.org)

Each of these americium isotopes can also be neutron activated to isotopes up through at least 246Am. (cdc.gov)
It does not occur in nature and must be made in a nuclear reactor by neutron capture reactions from plutonium and americium isotopes. (webelements.com)

In this process, neutron activation of 238U can produce uranium isotopes up to at least 241U, and each of these beta decays to a neptunium isotope of the same mass. (cdc.gov)
Neutron activation of neptunium can produce isotopes starting with 239Np up through at least 244Np, and each of these isotopes beta decays to a plutonium isotope of the same mass. (cdc.gov)
An example is plutonium-239 produced following neutron absorption by uranium-238 and subsequent decays of uranium-239 to neptunium-239 and then to plutonium-239. (cdc.gov)
However, there are some exceptional cases, such as an isotope of beryllium ( 8 Be) that decays into two alpha particles. (rankred.com)
Uranium-238 (the most common isotope of uranium found in nature) decays to form thorium-234. (rankred.com)
a transuranic element produced in nuclear reactors by the neutron bombardment of U 238: decays rapidly to plutonium and then to U 235. (de-academic.com)

Plutonium-238 is used as a heat source in nuclear batteries to produce electricity in devices such as unmanned spacecraft and interplanetary probes. (cdc.gov)
Nuclear power currently makes up more than half of the nation's carbon-free electricity and the premature closure of existing nuclear power plants would set the U.S. back significantly in meeting our decarbonization goals. (energy.gov)
Ion thrusters are not a new idea but a nuclear reactor could produce far more electricity to power them than even a large solar array. (space4peace.org)
This means that the real price of a kilowatt-hour of nuclear-generated electricity - today's vaunted 'cheap option' - needs to be recalculated. (dlr.de)
This controlled energy is used in electricity generation and radioactive isotopes production. (differencebetween.net)
Neutron moderators and neutron poisons control these fast-moving electrons and slow them down while becoming absorbed in other nuclei, thus managing the output of electricity from a reactor. (differencebetween.net)
Last year, the nuclear contribution to electricity generated in the country was 2.8 per cent. (indiatogether.org)
As is well known, on account of safety reasons and scale of operation, nuclear plants are far away from users and transmission over long distances incur a loss of at least 6 percent of the electricity generated. (i-sis.org.uk)

This matter is usually the unstable nuclei of Plutonium-239 and Uranium-235. (differencebetween.net)
a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239). (wordinn.com)

The proposed treaty to verifiably ban the production of further quantities of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons is as important a building block for both non-proliferation and disarmament as the CTBT. (icnnd.org)
12.4 Non-nuclear-weapon states party to the NPT have already given a commitment, verified by IAEA comprehensive safeguards, not to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons. (icnnd.org)
The essential purpose of the proposed Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT) is to apply a similar commitment - including appropriate verification - to the nuclear-weapon states and the non-NPT parties, in a new non-discriminatory treaty of universal application. (icnnd.org)

If any of the 6 nuclear reactors in Ukraine's nuclear plant are hit, radioactive isotopes: cesium-137, iodine-131, strontium-90, and plutonium-239 will be released into our air and water. (change.org)
Among those physical agents considered suitable for evaluation by the Monographs, and assigned high priority at that time, were electric and magnetic fields, the radioactive isotope iodine-131, and radioactive wastes. (who.int)

In 1970, the Atomic Energy Commission explained that although "the programme [had] slipped badly," the country would be in a position to start setting up thorium reactors within about 15 years (AEC 1970). (indiatogether.org)
Six heavy-water thorium reactors are planned in India, which has the world's largest thorium deposits. (theregister.com)

Then there is Washington's enthusiasm to develop and export advanced, small, modular reactors. (americanbar.org)
A panel of experts discuss Small Modular Reactors or Small Mythical Reactors as Paul Gunter of Beyond Nuclear has labeled them. (ipsecinfo.org)
One of the reasons why small modular reactors are being promoted so much is because there has been such a huge investment in the reactor business, which is dying. (ipsecinfo.org)
Another motivation I believe, at least in Canada, is that the premiers -- that is the prime ministers of the provinces, three or four of them that have expressed enthusiasm for small modular reactors -- are actually not enthusiastic about reining in climate change, they are not enthusiastic about reducing greenhouse gas emissions now. (ipsecinfo.org)
The fact that the industry keeps calling them small modular reactors, and we keep using the industry's language, is a problem. (ipsecinfo.org)
Part of the distraction with small modular reactors is to dazzle the governments and the population into turning their eyes away from the nuclear waste and the nuclear weapons problems, both of which really do threaten the future, and hold out this false hope that if you just keep pouring money into the nuclear industry to produce more nuclear reactors, somehow all these problems will magically disappear. (ipsecinfo.org)
SMNRs can be considered modular in the sense that you can stack multiple units at one site, so that you can build up a large capacity in one spot by simply putting several small modular reactors together. (ipsecinfo.org)
For example, the NuScale plant in Idaho that is designed to build 12 identical small modular reactors to make a kind of a network of interacting nuclear reactors. (ipsecinfo.org)

Ask President Joe Biden why they give it away for FREE now in all states that have nuclear power plants to residents living within 10 miles. (change.org)
See World Nuclear Association, "Small Nuclear Power Reactors," May 2022 . (americanbar.org)
It was all quite different from the mythology created by nuclear energy's opponents in the 1970s, which spawned texts with such titles as Poisoned Power and The Deadly Element . (neimagazine.com)
Renderings of TerraPower and X-energy advanced reactor power plants. (energy.gov)
X-energy is planning to site its four-unit Xe-100 reactor power plant at the Hanford site near Richland, Washington, while TerraPower will leverage the existing infrastructure and workforce at a retiring coal facility in Kemmerer, Wyoming, to build its Natrium reactor. (energy.gov)
This isn't the first space mission that has used nuclear power . (zdnet.com)
The nuclear power packs used to operate Curiosity and space missions before it aren't actually reactors. (zdnet.com)
And that, I think, gives us an opening to reach people at a very fundamental level where they don't have to feel that they need to be experts in energy policy, or nuclear power, or know a lot about radioactive waste. (ipsecinfo.org)
A Plutonium powered RTG can sustain far more science equipment than unreliable and inefficient photovoltaics ever can (and try running a probe on the non-Sunward side of Mercury using PV power! (universetoday.com)
Nuclear-powered satellites with abundant power would also be hard to destroy-their trajectories could be changed often enough to become unpredictable. (space4peace.org)
In September 2021 it solicited proposals for nuclear systems for satellite propulsion or, alternatively, to power onboard electronics. (space4peace.org)
These kinds of "nuclear batteries" have long been used to power probes sent into deep space, where solar power is especially feeble. (space4peace.org)
Plutonium-238, which is a by-product of weapons development, has been used by nasa to power both the Voyager probes, launched in the 1970s and still functioning, as well as the Curiosity rover currently trundling around Mars. (space4peace.org)
Antineutrinos produced by reactors at the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant complex in Shenzhen, China, are measured in a particle physics experiment that is conducted by an international collaboration involving Berkeley Lab researchers. (lbl.gov)
The anomaly refers to the fact that scientists tracking the production of antineutrinos-emitted as a byproduct of the nuclear reactions that generate electric power-have routinely detected fewer antineutrinos than they expected. (lbl.gov)
But to undergo a true resurgence-which many analysts argue is necessary to help reduce global greenhouse gas emissions-the nuclear power industry needs a coherent plan for dealing with its reactors' radioactive and toxic leftovers. (ieee.org)
With the decision to extend the service life of German nuclear power stations and the demonstrations against Castor waste transport, the issue of a definitive solution for storage of nuclear waste is a hot topic once again. (dlr.de)
Now that nuclear waste from the early days of civil nuclear power has been able to cool off for a few decades and current storage facilities are filling up, the search for a permanent storage solution is ever more urgent. (dlr.de)
And whether the cost of nuclear power will still be lower than that of solar and wind power, even simply mathematically, is still questionable. (dlr.de)
When reactors are running at a constant power level, they are said to be in a "critical condition. (differencebetween.net)
In a nuclear bomb there is a nuclear device having massive destructive power coming from uncontrolled fusion and fission reactions. (differencebetween.net)
Tokyo Electric Power Co. said in a statement that the plutonium was discovered Monday in five locations around the plant. (blogspot.com)
The radioactive core in one reactor at Fukushima's beleaguered nuclear power plant appeared to have melted through the bottom of its containment vessel, an expert warned yesterday, sparking fears that workers would not be able to save the reactor and that radioactive gases could soon be released into the atmosphere. (blogspot.com)
Approximately 110 tonnes of Plutonium-239 are generated each year in nuclear power plants across the globe. (blogspot.com)
The chief of the Nuclear Power Corporation (NPCIL) declared that a "foreign hand" was behind the protests. (indiatogether.org)
The grand hopes for nuclear power in India must be evaluated in light of the history of the numerous pronouncements of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) about the dominant role for atomic energy it envisioned - and failed to deliver. (indiatogether.org)
Is nuclear energy an acceptable source of power? (economicpopulist.org)
By 1966, 63% of new power generation came from nuclear plants. (economicpopulist.org)
Nuclear power plants outfitted with VVERs have a pond with free rack space for emergency transfer of the complete reactor core. (bellona.org)
The same situation prevailes at the fourth reactor installation (VVER-440) of Novovoronezh power plant. (bellona.org)
In these cases, we typically rely on an alternative energy source: nuclear power. (briankoberlein.com)
As the use of nuclear power and the construction of nuclear weapons has declined, the amount of available Pu-238 has dwindled. (briankoberlein.com)
This large growth rate creates a "cannibalistic effect", where nuclear energy must be used to supply the energy for future nuclear power plants. (i-sis.org.uk)
Joshua Pearce, a physicist at Clarion University of Pennsylvania, finds he cannot balance the books if nuclear power option is taken in preference to renewable energy sources. (i-sis.org.uk)
The only natural element that undergoes nuclear fission from which nuclear nuclear power can be harnessed for use in a reactor is uranium-235 (U-235). (i-sis.org.uk)
Of the 55 nuclear power plants in Japan 5 are seriously damaged with one in very serious trouble. (berkeley.edu)
Working in the US Navy nuclear power program tasught me the dangers of this castastrphe. (berkeley.edu)
Weapons grade plutonium is usually defined as containing a low proportion of the isotope Pu-240 as compared with the isotope Pu-239 (no more than 7 per cent of the former, and a correspondingly high percentage of the latter) which requires reactors to be designed and operated in a particular way which is inefficient for power production. (icnnd.org)
Disposal of plutonium waste from nuclear power plants and dismantled nuclear weapons built during the Cold War is a nuclear-proliferation and environmental concern. (everipedia.org)
Near-surface drifter observations were used to study the spreading pathways in and around the Cape Cod Bay from a source region located just offshore of the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station. (bvsalud.org)

Disclosed is a radioactive waste treatment process for transmuting long-lived radioisotopes into short-lived radioisotopes through applied nuclear physics. (rexresearch.com)
Nuclear reactions, specifically of the (gamma, n) type, also known as photodisintegration, are utilized to accomplish this transmutation from troublesome, long-lived radioactive waste isotope(s) of given atomic mass to shorter-lived or stable materials of lower atomic mass, by exposing the troublesome isotopes to a high energy photon flux for a sustained time. (rexresearch.com)

Solution: Radioactive or nonradioactive isotopes are manufactured by the nuclear transformation in an electrode and the combination of nuclear reactions such as neutron capture and natural nuclear disintegration of products made through the nuclear reactions. (rexresearch.com)
In this mechanism, nuclear chain reactions are produced, controlled, and contained releasing a tremendous amount of energy. (differencebetween.net)
In fusion bombs, nuclear fusion is the result of a huge amount of released energy while in the case of fission bombs the released energy is the result of fission reactions. (differencebetween.net)
The chain reactions process used in nuclear reactors and nuclear bombs both release a vast amount of energy. (differencebetween.net)

There he and his associates discovered the element astatine in 1940, and later, with another group, he discovered the isotope plutonium-239 (now commonly used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons). (britannica.com)

Nuclear fission is when a nucleus splits. (getrevising.co.uk)
Fast-moving electrons strike a radioactive nucleus such as Plutonium-239 or Uranium-235 causing the nucleus to split. (differencebetween.net)
Thus, the nuclear force holds an atomic nucleus together. (rankred.com)
However, when the total disruptive electromagnetic force overcomes the nuclear force, the atomic nucleus splits into two or more pieces. (rankred.com)
Studies show that a nucleus containing more than 209 nucleons is so big that the electromagnetic repulsion between its proton often defeats the attractive nuclear force holding it. (rankred.com)
The classical physics do not permit alpha particles to escape the strong nuclear force within the nucleus. (rankred.com)
One fissionable nucleus is the uranium-235 isotope. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The other fissionable nucleus is plutonium-239. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The U239 generated undergoes a few relatively-fast rearrangements and ends up as the long-lasting plutonium-239 nucleus. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Manhattan Project chemist Glenn Seaborg sits at the controls of the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment in 1968. (businessinsider.com)
China uses the more general term TMSR (Thorium Molten-Salt Reactor). (theregister.com)

Embodiments of a method for processing radioacive materials, with a particular embodiment comprising processing uranium with hydrogen isotope plasmas, and a process for remediation of nuclear wastes by transmutation. (rexresearch.com)
Larger reactors would … build up larger amounts of radioactive wastes, which if dispersed in an accident, which if dispersed in an accident would amplify the consequences. (economicpopulist.org)

Fukushima nuclear disaster aloof of the 2011 T?hoku earthquake and tsunami The four damaged reactor buildings (from left: Units 4, 3, 2, and 1) on 16 March 2011. (sahmy.com)
Officials have detected plutonium in multiple locations around Japan's crippled Fukushima nuclear facility. (blogspot.com)
The nuclear disaster at Fukushima I is a complex event. (economicpopulist.org)
Take a look at the image above of the reactor design at Fukushima (and 23 nuclear reactors in the US) and ask this question. (economicpopulist.org)

The most stable isotope is 247 Cm which has a half-life of 16 million years. (webelements.com)
The atomic weight of the most stable isotope is 237.0482. (de-academic.com)
Np 237, the most stable isotope, has a half life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. (de-academic.com)

All the elements with higher atomic numbers have been first discovered in the laboratory, with neptunium and plutonium later also discovered in nature. (wikipedia.org)
Some heavier elements in this series, around atomic numbers 110-114, are thought to break the trend and demonstrate increased nuclear stability, comprising the theoretical island of stability. (wikipedia.org)
After WWII with the help of *Walt Disney, atomic was been rebranded to nuclear. (change.org)
One of his friends was a nuclear engineer named Munir Ahmad Khan, who had worked extensively in the United States but took a position as a technical associate with the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. (nybooks.com)
For an electrode for cold nuclear fusion, an element whose atomic number is close to that of a precious metal or a rare element is chosen as a substance which can cause nuclear transformation, or a material for the nuclear transformation of a precious metal and a rare element. (rexresearch.com)
The Manhattan Project was the project undertaken during World War II by the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada to develop the first nuclear weapon (atomic bomb). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
U.S. regulatory frameworks strengthen the capacity to deter and prevent the transfer of weapons-related materials, equipment and technology to destinations of concern, while ensuring that those transferred for peaceful purposes are not diverted for weapons use, through the application of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) nuclear safeguards. (anl.gov)
A radioactive metallic element of atomic number 93, produced in nuclear reactors from Plutonium or Uranium. (de-academic.com)
As it is, older generations, such as I, have already been contaminated by 'above ground atomic and nuclear testing' PLUS . (berkeley.edu)
Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol Pu and atomic number 94. (everipedia.org)
Plutonium is the element with the highest atomic number to occur in nature. (everipedia.org)
Producing plutonium in useful quantities for the first time was a major part of the Manhattan Project during World War II that developed the first atomic bombs. (everipedia.org)

Studies in animals have also shown that a larger amount of plutonium that enters the gut of newborn animals is absorbed into the body. (cdc.gov)
Any amount of plutonium poses a risk to humans. (blogspot.com)

On Thursday 12 July 1945 a US Army sedan drove Philip Morrison the 210 miles from Los Alamos to Alamagordo with the plutonium core of the world's first nuclear weapon on his lap. (neimagazine.com)

A 2010 IPFM report examined the efforts to commercialize fast breeder reactors in six countries and showed how cost and reliability problems defeated these efforts. (thebulletin.org)
This is not to be found in nature at all and is created in a "breeder" nuclear reactor. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The first Molten-Salt Breeder prototype was built at Oak Ridge in 1950, with an operational reactor running from 1965 to 1969. (theregister.com)

Apart from physics he is widely known for his courageous and outspoken struggle against Islamic extremism in Pakistan as well as his opposition to nuclear weapons. (nybooks.com)
He was appointed professor of nuclear physics at the University of Rome in 1974. (britannica.com)
Among his other accomplishments are several books on nuclear physics. (britannica.com)
Patrick Tsang, who conceptualized a new data-analysis technique that was key in this study while working as a postdoctoral fellow in Berkeley Lab's Physics Division, added, "The finding is surprising because it is the first time we are able to identify the disagreement with predictions for a particular fission isotope. (lbl.gov)
Nuclear reactors, their physics and operation are described. (surrey.ac.uk)
The essay question is aimed at assessing the knowledge of specific chosen topics and depth of understanding expected at this level on nuclear reactor and health physics. (surrey.ac.uk)
The administration proposed to nearly triple the ESCE budget to just under $120 million to address a "physics gap" in the understanding of plutonium behavior under extreme conditions. (aip.org)

they are created in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators. (wikipedia.org)
In a nuclear equation, the alpha particle is usually shown without considering a charge (however, it does contain a charge +2e). (rankred.com)
Answer: If you breathe A PLUTONIUM PARTICLE in, it will destroy you from the inside. (blogspot.com)

disaster, carries with it a VERY REAL AND SERIOUS health threat, to all populated areas around the northern pacific rim for now, and as with the Chernobyl incident, the contaminants from Japan's reactors WILL end up world wide. (berkeley.edu)

The Myrrha research reactor is a hybrid - both reactor and accelerator. (dlr.de)
Top image: The Myrrha research reactor, Credit: SCK.CEN. (dlr.de)
In its copious coverage of the Iranian nuclear program, Vox - and Mr. Fisher in particular - routinely refers to Iran's heavy water research reactor at Arak as a "plutonium plant," a description that is not only factually inaccurate but also deliberately alarmist. (wideasleepinamerica.com)
the other is a nuclear research reactor still under construction at the Arak complex. (wideasleepinamerica.com)
At Iran's Arak complex, two facilities are relevant in this discussion: one is the IR-40 heavy water research reactor , the other is a heavy water production plant (HWPP). (wideasleepinamerica.com)

In the course of this process, uranium-238 rapidly converts into plutonium-239 through neutron irradiation. (bellona.org)

This plant has three operational reactor installations (two VVER-440 and one VVER-1000). (bellona.org)

An autonomous chain reaction cannot arise in the subcritical reactor. (dlr.de)
Although the U.S. has abided by a moratorium on explosive nuclear tests since the early 1990s, experiments that implode plutonium without initiating a self-sustaining chain reaction are still permitted. (aip.org)
Of these, only Uranium-235 can maintain a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor. (bellona.org)
During this period of time, the uranium-235 burns out sustaining the chain reaction in the reactor. (bellona.org)
Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors . (everipedia.org)

Plutonium released during atmospheric testing of nuclear bombs, which ended in 1980, is the source of most of the plutonium in the environment worldwide. (cdc.gov)
What might Australia-a country that had a nuclear weapons program in the 1960s-do if South Korea or Japan acquired bombs of their own? (americanbar.org)
While much has been written about the nuclear bombs of India and Pakistan, there is nothing like the collection of essays entitled Confronting the Bomb , by seven Indian and Pakistani scientists with an introduction by John Polanyi, a Nobel Laureate in chemistry. (nybooks.com)
The U.S. military used reprocessing for several decades to separate plutonium from spent fuels, providing fissionable material for bombs. (ieee.org)
In nuclear reactors, the reaction is moderated and controlled for use for peaceful purposes, while in nuclear bombs the reaction is uncontrolled. (differencebetween.net)
In nuclear reactors and nuclear bombs, the rate of energy released varies a great extent although the process is identical. (differencebetween.net)
The Fat Man bombs used in the Trinity nuclear test in July 1945, and in the bombing of Nagasaki in August 1945, had plutonium cores. (everipedia.org)

Trace levels of plutonium can be found in the environment, from past nuclear bomb tests. (cdc.gov)
241Am and 243Am can be made from 239U or 239Pu by neutron activation involving an operating nuclear reactor or nuclear bomb detonation. (cdc.gov)
South Korea's public, meanwhile, overwhelmingly supports acquiring the bomb, and leaders in South Korea and Japan have called on the United States to redeploy nuclear weapons on their soil (something the Pentagon has so far resisted). (americanbar.org)
Edward Teller, who used plutonium to trigger a thermonuclear reaction for his H-bomb, died aged 94. (neimagazine.com)
Lost keys to sensitive buildings, guards asleep at their posts, and widely dispersed storage facilities that house potentially vulnerable, nuclear-bomb-grade material are a few of the problems underscored by the U.S. General Accounting Office, the Project on Government Oversight, and the news media. (nti.org)
All operating reactors are "critical" while there is no question of "criticality" in case of a nuclear bomb. (differencebetween.net)
the Nagasaki bomb was plutonium-239. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Because plutonium easily fissions, it cannot be stored in large quantities. (blogspot.com)
Until mid-1944, the one plutonium that had been isolated had been produced in cyclotrons in microgram quantities, whereas weapons required kilograms. (isp-procom.com)
He found that, in addition to the plutonium-239 isotope, it also contained significant quantities of plutonium-240. (isp-procom.com)

India, Pakistan, China, and the United Kingdom have increased their nuclear weapons stockpiles, while leaders in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, and Iran have all voiced an interest in militarizing their nuclear programs. (americanbar.org)
Washington has tightened restraints on exports to the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Taiwan, China, and Russia and relaxed conditions on nuclear transfers to Vietnam, India, and Saudi Arabia. (americanbar.org)
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the politician who organized Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, was born on January 5, 1928, in Larkana, then part of British India but now in Pakistan. (nybooks.com)
I know in India value of life is cheap, but life of crew that bear Indian nuclear deterrence better not be cheap). (india-forum.com)
A moratorium on the production of the relevant material is being observed by four of the five NPT nuclear-weapon states, but possibly not by China, apparently not by India and Pakistan outside the NPT (Israel's position is unclear), and certainly not by North Korea. (icnnd.org)

Background radioactivity - radioactive elements in the natural environment including those in the crust of the earth (like radioactive potassium, uranium, and thorium isotopes) and those produced by cosmic rays. (cdc.gov)
As the late John Fremlin, professor of radioactivity at Birmingham University, famously advised that public inquiry, plutonium can be sat upon safely by someone wearing only a stout pair of jeans. (neimagazine.com)
the Mountain Pass Mine in whose ores primordial plutonium was discovered was closed because, among other things, of a concern, albeit an extremely silly concern, about the radioactivity of lanthanide mine tailings. (atomicinsights.com)

Nuclear proliferation has hardly slowed in the last decade. (americanbar.org)
None of this has strengthened nuclear non-proliferation. (americanbar.org)
and Turkey's president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, have all publicly threatened to leave the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). (americanbar.org)
Regardless of the attitudes of the Manhattan Project scientists in the post-war period, their releasing of the nuclear genie opened the way for a nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union that led to a massive proliferation of nuclear armaments. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Thorium is much more abundant than uranium, and the reduced plutonium output eases proliferation concerns. (theregister.com)

The Immobilization approaches would encase the plutonium (after initial processing to render it into a suitable form - plutonium dioxide) in ceramic discs which would be placed in steel cans. (ieer.org)
Hoffman chose to look for plutonium in these ores since she expected that the geochemistry of plutonium dioxide would be very similar to the geochemistry of thorium dioxide and cerium dioxide minerals, both of which are significant constituents of most lanthanide ores. (atomicinsights.com)

How is the criticality of a nuclear controlled? (sahmy.com)
Recall that nuclear criticality occurs if the neutron marvellous hasten is uniform to or exceeds the neutron polish rate. (sahmy.com)

Another reactor also has coolant problems. (berkeley.edu)

Plutonium is a silvery-white radioactive metal. (cdc.gov)

These plants' backers allow that many of these new reactors could use or produce super weapons-grade plutonium and may need to be fueled with uranium containing five to seven times more of the weapons-useful isotope U235 than what most reactors now use. (americanbar.org)

The plutonium is toxic. (zdnet.com)
Nuclear is not only having to do with the nuclear waste, but it is, by the way, the only industry on earth that actually mass produces hundreds of new toxic elements. (ipsecinfo.org)

The water ponds typically have a storage capacity of from 3 to 8 reactor cores, depending on the number of reactor installations. (bellona.org)
The control room was blown to feed sea water to the cores reactor pool. (berkeley.edu)

The submarine, at the time the most advanced in the Soviet Navy, was carrying two plutonium warheads when it went down on April 7, 1989. (bellona.org)
And for Arihant that TN design will be different design compared to Land / Air delivered Nuclear warheads. (india-forum.com)

First, it can be used to make nuclear weapons, being superior, in some respects, to weapon-grade uranium (lower critical mass) and plutonium (smaller spontaneous fission rate) (Kang and von Hippel 2001). (indiatogether.org)

The U.S. government's own watchdog, the General Accounting Office (GAO), found similar potential vulnerabilities at many nuclear facilities managed by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), the agency within DOE responsible for maintaining safeguards and security over nuclear materials. (nti.org)

With the exception of neptunium and plutonium which have been found in trace amounts in nature, none occur naturally on Earth and they are synthetic. (wikipedia.org)
Trace amounts of neptunium and plutonium form in some uranium-rich rock, and small amounts are produced during atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons. (wikipedia.org)
Trace amounts of plutonium occur naturally, but large amounts have been produced in nuclear reactors. (cdc.gov)
In these conditions another uranium isotope, 236U, may be present together with very small amounts of the transuranic elements plutonium, americium and neptunium and the fission product technetium-99. (who.int)

Too much in one place can 'go critical', a weak but deadly kind of nuclear explosion that releases gamma rays. (neimagazine.com)
Investigations concluded that faulty protocols in the plant's contemplate and poorly trained personnel had caused the steam explosion and fires that erupted in the plainly hours of April 26, 1986, during a flawed safety trial at the blight of the installation's four reactors. (sahmy.com)
the radioactive particles that settle to the ground after a nuclear explosion. (wordinn.com)

Plutonium-239 is used to manufacture nuclear weapons. (cdc.gov)
It has also articulated ambiguous security assurances to insecure states, including Libya, Taiwan, and Ukraine, that gave up their nuclear weapons programs or nuclear weapons based on their soil only later to be overthrown, threatened with invasion, or invaded. (americanbar.org)
All of these countries but Turkey and Saudi Arabia are currently operating, developing, or building such plants and all have considered acquiring nuclear weapons or want to build more. (americanbar.org)
In China's case, the Pentagon believes Beijing will use its civilian fast-reactor program to expand its nuclear weapons production capacity significantly. (americanbar.org)
Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia and its neighbors view Iran's nuclear program (which includes uranium enrichment) as a weapons option, and Iran views its neighbors' nuclear programs with similar suspicion. (americanbar.org)
How might Turkey, Egypt, and Algeria, which also have civilian nuclear programs, react to any of these Middle Eastern states acquiring nuclear weapons? (americanbar.org)
This is one of the trio of US nuclear weapons research and development centres. (neimagazine.com)
Moreover, by down blending all excess HEU to non-weapons-usable form as soon as possible, DOE could further substantially work to prevent the most catastrophic acts of nuclear terror. (nti.org)
In October 2001, the Project on Government Oversight (POGO), a non-governmental organization that serves as a watchdog on the federal government's activities concerning security of nuclear facilities, issued the report U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: Security at Risk. (nti.org)
The more difficult of the two is the surplus plutonium and the question of converting it into forms not usable for making nuclear weapons. (ieer.org)
The DEIS analyzes the disposition of a nominal 50 metric tons of plutonium (33 tons is contained in plutonium pits from weapons or in a metal form relatively free of impurities while the rest is in various other forms). (ieer.org)
Companies and governments are now trying to revive and evolve the design, but development costs, engineering challenges, and nuclear-weapons concerns all pose hurdles. (businessinsider.com)
The Manhattan Project conceived and created the first nuclear weapons and before using them in combat tested them just once in the Trinity test of July 16, 1945, which is shown here. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The project's roots lay in Allied scientists' fears from the 1930s that Nazi Germany might be developing nuclear weapons of its own. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The three primary research and production sites of the project were the plutonium-production facility at what is now the Hanford Site in Washington state, the uranium -enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the weapons research and design laboratory, now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
After the war, some of the Manhattan Project scientists became crusaders against nuclear armaments and others supported further research to improve the weapons. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Hungarian scientists Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner played an important role in persuading Albert Einstein to write a letter to President Roosevelt urging the importance of the US taking the lead for the Allies to develop nuclear weapons. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Within a 4 percent overall budget increase for the National Nuclear Security Administration, funding for most weapons and nonproliferation R&D programs will remain steady in fiscal year 2019. (aip.org)
The bill continues a multi-year spending surge that is financing a comprehensive modernization of the U.S. nuclear arsenal and its associated weapons production complex. (aip.org)
Many Democrats objected to the proposal, arguing that low-yield weapons lower the threshold to initiating nuclear war. (aip.org)
Several of them recently introduced the "Hold the Low-Yield Nuclear Explosive (LYNE) Act," which would prohibit research, development, production, and deployment of such weapons. (aip.org)
Plutonium-239 is the isotope used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. (blogspot.com)
used for nuclear fuels and nuclear weapons. (wordinn.com)
For present purposes HEU is usually defined as uranium enriched to 20 per cent or more in the isotope uranium-235, from which a nuclear explosive device could theoretically be made, but in practice this is likely to require enrichment to 70 per cent or more U-235, and weapons grade HEU is usually defined as 90 per cent or more. (icnnd.org)

To obtain an electrode for cold nuclear fusion which can manufacture isotopes, precious metals, rare elements or thermal energy through nuclear transformation by containing as a material for the electrode a substance which can cause nuclear transformation. (rexresearch.com)

Plutonium-239 emits alpha particles. (cdc.gov)
Quantum mechanics, however, allows alpha particles to escape via quantum tunneling , even though they don't have sufficient energy to overcome the nuclear force. (rankred.com)
Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 88 years and emits alpha particles . (everipedia.org)

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs11

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Humanities1

Health Care8

Geographicals2

Atoms6

Neutrons12

Natural uranium5

Radiation17

Decay14

Fuel96

Curium3

Highly enriche3

Americium isotopes2

Decays6

Electricity8

Nuclei2

Fissile material3

Iodine-1312

Thorium reactors2

Modular reactors8

Power40

Long-lived2

Reactions4

Commonly used in nuclear1

Nucleus9

Molten-salt re2

Wastes2

Fukushima4

Stable3

Atomic12

Amount of plutonium2

World's1

Breeder3

Physics7

Particle3

Japan's1

Research reactor5

Neutron irradiation1

Operational reactor1

Chain reaction5

Bombs7

Bomb7

Quantities3

India5

Radioactivity3

Proliferation5

Dioxide2

Criticality2

Coolant1

Silvery-white radioactive1

U2351

Toxic2

Cores2

Warheads2

Weapon1

Safeguards1

Amounts4

Explosion3

Weapons24

Manufacture1

Alpha particles3