• Levamisole has also been linked to a risk of vasculitis, and two cases of vasculitic skin necrosis have been reported in users of cocaine adulterated with levamisole. (wikipedia.org)
  • The foremost and most grotesque toxicity of levamisole-tainted cocaine is due to its vasculitis. (kevinmd.com)
  • Levamisole causes a leukocytoclastic vasculitis of small blood vessels, leading to thrombosis of small vessels, particularly among the superficial and deep dermal vasculature. (kevinmd.com)
  • Clinical diagnosis of levamisole-induced vasculitis was made and antibiotics were discontinued. (bcmj.org)
  • 3 Levamisole-induced vasculitis has since become an increasingly recognized complication of cocaine use. (jetem.org)
  • Aurora N, Janin T, Bhanot R, Natesan S. Levamisole-induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis and neutropenia in a patient with cocaine use: an extensive case with necrosis of skin, soft tissue and cartilage. (jetem.org)
  • Sayadi L, Laub D. Levamisole-induced vasculitis. (jetem.org)
  • Levamisole, an anthelmintic drug with cholinergic properties, has been implicated in cases of drug-induced vasculitis when added to cocaine for profit purposes. (jci.org)
  • Rarely, kidney inflammation (nephritis) can develop with drug-induced lupus caused by TNF inhibitors or with ANCA vasculitis due to hydralazine or levamisole. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Levamisole, sold under the brand name Ergamisol among others, is a medication used to treat parasitic worm infections, specifically ascariasis and hookworm infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Levamisole Hydrochloride is a powerful anthelmintic drug that has been employed to treat parasitic worm infections in animals. (imc10.com)
  • As with any anthelmintic drug, the right dosage and administration of Levamisole Hydrochloride are very important to prevent toxicity and be sure optimal efficacy. (imc10.com)
  • Overall, Levamisole Hydrochloride's role as being an anthelmintic drug is crucial to maintain animal health by preventing or treating parasitic worm infections. (imc10.com)
  • One of the more significant applications of levamisole can be as an anthelmintic drug, accustomed to treat parasitic worm infections in livestock and pets alike. (imc10.com)
  • The mechanism of action of levamisole for an anthelmintic drug involves stimulating the worm's neurological system, resulting in paralysis and finally death. (imc10.com)
  • One of the very most significant uses of levamisole is just as an anthelmintic drug, used to treat parasitic worm infections in livestock and pets alike. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
  • The mechanism of action of levamisole as being an anthelmintic drug involves stimulating the worm's central nervous system, ultimately causing paralysis and in the end death. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
  • Levamisole Hydrochloride, using its dual role as being an anthelmintic drug and immune stimulant, is a vital tool to maintain animal health. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
  • Recent studies indicate that not only the anthelminthic levamisole but also the racemate tetramisole (R-/S-phenyltetraimidazothiazole, PTHIT) was found as an adulterant for cocaine. (erowid.org)
  • Samples mainly contained racemic tetramisole (%87.5), only one sample contained levamisole only and two samples contained non-racemic PTHIT. (erowid.org)
  • Toxicological interpretations in intoxication cases with adulterated cocaine should not only consider levamisole but also tetramisole and terminology in scientific contributions should be used accordingly. (erowid.org)
  • I just read a paper (The Separation of Cocaine and Phenyltetrahydroimidazothiazole Mixtures, Microgram Journal, Volume 10, Number 2) that showed working methods to separate cocaine HCl from tetramisole/levamisole HCl, two of the methods described are liquid-liquid extractions and thus can be performed by anyone! (netlify.app)
  • So generally 2-3 washes at the last step is good enough I think, your cocaine probably wont have more than 5-15% levamisole/tetramisole at start, but rather other cuts, so you may want to do a acetone wash before this procedure to remove those. (netlify.app)
  • One of the more serious side effects of levamisole is agranulocytosis, or the depletion of the white blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Levamisole suppresses the production of white blood cells, resulting in neutropenia and agranulocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Levamisole is an anthelmintic medication currently only licensed in the United States and Canada for use in veterinary medicine, due to reports of adverse events including agranulocytosis (severely decreased white blood cell count), facial retiform purpura and serological abnormalities in humans. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Patients carrying the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 human leukocyte antigen ( HLA )-B27 are at risk of developing levamisole related agranulocytosis [5]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • The most common side effect of levamisole cocaine is agranulocytosis, a rare condition in which your bone marrow doesn't make a sufficient amount of a certain kind of white cell, most often ones called neutrophils. (clearbrookinc.com)
  • It has been used as an adulterant in cocaine, resulting in serious side effects that present as levamisole induced necrosis syndrome, in which erythematous painful papules can appear almost anywhere on skin. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 Levamisole is an immune modulator and anthelminthic agent used in the 1970's as a therapy for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, pediatric nephrotic syndrome, and breast cancer. (jetem.org)
  • Levamisole is an anthelminthic andimmunomodulator belonging to a class of synthetic imidazothiazole derivatives. (dissectpodcast.com)
  • As well as treating autoimmune diseases, levamisole has been shown to have potential applications in cancer treatment. (imc10.com)
  • As well as treating autoimmune diseases, levamisole can have potential applications in cancer treatment. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
  • Aberrant NET formation and degradation have been implicated in idiopathic autoimmune diseases that share features with levamisole-induced autoimmunity as well as in drug-induced autoimmunity. (jci.org)
  • Levamisole HCl is used in humans for diseases related to imbalances in the regulation of immune responses or deficiencies of the immune system, including autoimmune diseases, chronic and recurrent diseases, chronic infections and cancer. (whmulei.com)
  • Levamisole HCL Injection 10% as anthelmintic of the broad spectrum, high efficiency, low toxicity, for a variety of animal gastrointestinal nematode and lungworm imagoes and larvae have higher efficient. (g-housepharma.com)
  • 1987. The effect of induced liver, kidney and lung lesions on the toxicity of levamisole and diazinon in calves. (cdc.gov)
  • Also known as levamisole hydrochloride, levamisole is an antihelminthic drug or immunomodulatory agent, previously used to treat parasitic, viral, and bacterial infections before being approved by the FDA as a supplemental treatment for colon cancer. (clearbrookinc.com)
  • Efficacy of albendazole (ABZ), levamisole (LVM) and ivermectin (IVM) against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) was evaluated in commercial goat farms in Gomba District, Uganda. (naro.go.ug)
  • Levamisole is also used as a dewormer for cattle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Levamisole is used to treat worm infections in animals and it can severely reduce your number of white blood cells. (tripproject.ca)
  • Levamisole can increase the creation of white blood cells and improve the overall immune response, making animals less vunerable to infections and diseases. (imc10.com)
  • Although levamisole is no longer available for sale in the U.S., except for use in veterinary medicine, it's become a cutting agent in cocaine. (clearbrookinc.com)
  • Levamisole Hydrochloride is a huge pivotal drug in veterinary medicine, serving multiple roles to keep animals healthy. (imc10.com)
  • Besides its anthelmintic properties, levamisole has been used as being an immune stimulant in veterinary medicine. (imc10.com)
  • Shop high-quality Levamisole 300mg Bolus Deworming Veterinary Medicine at wholesale prices from China factories. (naripartsgroup.com)
  • Cutaneous vasculopathy associated with levamisole-adulterated (contaminated) cocaine is an emerging syndrome characterised by a retiform purpura around the ears, the presence of anti- neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody ( ANCA ), and leukopenia [3,4]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Levamisole may cause production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) which are released from neutrophils during cell death from a variety of stimuli. (dermnetnz.org)
  • This study's objective was to determine how levamisole modulates neutrophil biology and its putative effects on the vasculature. (jci.org)
  • Later papers, from the Janssen group and others, indicate levamisole and its enantiomer, dexamisole, have some mood-elevating or antidepressant properties, although this was never a marketed use of the drug. (wikipedia.org)
  • We herein report on the investigation of the prevalence of PTHIT among cocaine-positive hair samples and the discrimination of the presence of its stereoisomers levamisole and dexamisole. (erowid.org)
  • Cocaine and PTHIT concentrations have been determined by achiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For distinction of levamisole/dexamisole chiral LC-MS/MS was performed. (erowid.org)
  • Surprisingly, enantiomeric ratios of levamisole/dexamisole ranged from 0.17 to 1.34 (median: 0.63). (erowid.org)
  • Most probably higher dexamisole than levamisole concentrations in hair specimens arise from stereoselective metabolism and/or elimination. (erowid.org)
  • Drug testing of racehorse urine has led to the revelation that among levamisole equine metabolites are both pemoline and aminorex, stimulants that are forbidden by racing authorities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further testing confirmed aminorex in human and canine urine, meaning that both humans and dogs also metabolize levamisole into aminorex. (wikipedia.org)
  • Levamisole may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine as a diagnostic tool in clinical poisoning situations or to aid in the medicolegal investigation of suspicious deaths involving adulterated street drugs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Urine levamisole can be detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, but this is not available to many hospitals. (kevinmd.com)
  • However, back in 2000, levamisole was pulled from the market in the United States due to its adverse side effects and because it was found in many traces of cocaine. (clearbrookinc.com)
  • Levamisole was used in humans in the 1960s as a prescribed appetite suppressant [1,2]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • as a professional Levamisole powder manufacturer and supplier in China, all the Levamisole powder have passed the international industry certification standards, and you can be completely assured of quality. (sxnaipu.com)
  • For the past half-century, levamisole has served the veterinary community well as an anti-helminthic and also (temporarily) in medical practices as a treatment for a variety of diseases. (kevinmd.com)
  • Cocaine cut with the veterinary drug levamisole could be the culprit in a flurry of flesh-eating disease in New York and Los Angeles.The drug, used to deworm cattle, pigs and sheep, can rot the skin off noses, ears and cheeks. (realneo.us)
  • Levamisole Hydrochloride (Levamisole HCl), is an anthelmintic (animals roundworm, hookworm, etc.) agent commonly used in large livestock such as cattle, pigs and sheep. (benzocainesupplier.com)
  • Monitoring levamisole in food and the environment with high selectivity using an electrochemical chiral sensor comprising an MOF and molecularly imprinted polymer. (bvsalud.org)
  • We used an enhanced recognition strategy to fabricate a novel levamisole -detecting chiral electrochemical sensor featuring a metal-organic framework (MOF) combined with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). (bvsalud.org)
  • We obtained a composite chiral sensor with enhanced recognition capability for levamisole after template removal. (bvsalud.org)
  • Levamisole has gained prominence among aquarists as an effective treatment for Camallanus roundworm infestations in freshwater tropical fish. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recommended dosage for Levamisole 153144 - in Freshwater Fish Disease forum - Hi all, I have to treat my Rams with Levamisole for Camallanus worms and just wanted to see if there is a consensus for dosage. (netlify.app)
  • The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) estimated that 80% of cocaine is cut with levamisole, which is linked to debilitating and often fatal immunologic side effects in cocaine users. (clearbrookinc.com)
  • Levamisole reversibly and noncompetitively inhibits most isoforms of alkaline phosphatase (e.g., human liver, bone, kidney, and spleen) except the intestinal and placental isoform. (whmulei.com)
  • While cocaine itself can cause cerebral ischemia, strokes, and acute demyelinating encephalitis, levamisole accentuates the number and intensity of this damage. (kevinmd.com)
  • The plasma elimination half-life is fairly quick at 3-4 hours which can contribute to not detecting levamisole intoxication. (wikipedia.org)
  • A post mortem blood levamisole concentration of 2.2 mg/L was present in a woman who died of a cocaine overdose. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, in cocaine-positive plasma samples, of which 42% contained levamisole, aminorex was never reported at concentrations higher than LoQ. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cutaneous biopsy material obtained from individuals exposed to levamisole suggests that neutrophils produce NETs in areas of vasculitic inflammation and thrombosis. (jci.org)
  • Levamisole is normally administered orally, either as a tablet or for an injectable solution. (imc10.com)
  • Levamisole is generally administered orally, either as being a tablet or as an injectable solution. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
  • The present invention provides levamisole/macrocyclic lactone-containing injectable formulations that are effective against animal pests, including endoparasites. (dissectpodcast.com)
  • Levamisole was originally used as an anthelmintic to treat worm infestations in both humans and animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • As an immunomodulatory drug, levamisole also changes the body's immune system by either activating or suppressing certain functions. (clearbrookinc.com)
  • Levamisole Hydrochloride is really a synthetic molecule that acts as an anthelmintic and immune stimulant, rendering it a crucial therapeutic agent inside the medical field. (imc10.com)
  • Levamisole HCL Injection 10% enhancement effect of immune to animals. (g-housepharma.com)
  • One of the three products of levamisole breakdown, known as 6-phenyl-2,3-dihydroimidazo(2,1b)-thiazole, has lymphocyte -stimulating effects, which could play a role in pathogenesis [8]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • One theory is that levamisole powder looks similar to cocaine, making it cheaper for dealers and manufacturers to produce more products and also making it easier for them to gain more profit with less product. (clearbrookinc.com)
  • Using the templated sites as the switch and K3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN)6] as a probe, we established a new method for detecting levamisole in meat products and water bodies. (bvsalud.org)
  • EBSCOhost serves thousands of libraries with premium essays, articles and other content including LEVAMISOLE - OLD DRUG IN NEW CLOTHES. (dissectpodcast.com)
  • In 2008-2009, levamisole was found in 69% of cocaine samples seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Levamisole adds bulk and weight to powdered cocaine (whereas other adulterants produce smaller "rocks" of cocaine) and makes the drug appear purer. (wikipedia.org)
  • An old drug called levamisole is exacerbating health risks for cocaine users in the United States. (clearbrookinc.com)
  • 2 Reports of cocaine cut with levamisole began to break out when users experienced adverse skin reactions to the drug. (clearbrookinc.com)
  • Because using levamisole in cocaine has become such a common practice for drug dealers, individuals with cocaine addictions are more likely to suffer the adverse effects of this combination. (clearbrookinc.com)
  • In 2009, the drug enforcement administration (DEA) reported that 30% of seized cocaine was found to be cut by Levamisole, which is thought to be primarily used as a diluent. (jetem.org)
  • Levamisole is an anti-parasitic drug currently approved for use in the U.S. by veterinarians. (dissectpodcast.com)
  • NETs generated by levamisole were toxic to endothelial cells and impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. (jci.org)
  • Levamisole-induced NETs promote endothelial cell cytotoxicity and endothelial dysfunction. (jci.org)
  • Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) were incubated in presence of levamisole (leva), spontaneously generated NETs (NETs), or levamisole-induced NETs (NETs-leva) for 24 hours. (jci.org)
  • B ) NETs generated by levamisole impair endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in response to acetylcholine (Ach). (jci.org)
  • Levamisole is also a good alternative in cases of benzimidazole resistance. (benzocainesupplier.com)
  • Resistance to levamisole has been reported in most countries, but is usually less strong and frequent than to benzimidazoles. (parasitipedia.net)
  • Levamisole is often administered orally or through injection, dependant upon the type of infection and animal species. (imc10.com)
  • Levamisole is often administered orally or through injection, based on the kind of infection and animal species. (tsv-oldenburg.com)
  • Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were administered a levamisole-adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted Vibrio anguillarum vaccine by either bath or intraperitoneal (IP) injection. (edu.au)
  • Levamisole has increasingly been used as a cutting agent in cocaine sold around the globe with the highest incidence being in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • Levamisole: A New Cutting Agent? (clearbrookinc.com)
  • Levamisole is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver. (wikipedia.org)
  • Levamisole is readily available to both urbanites and ranchers alike. (kevinmd.com)
  • What are the clinical features of levamisole-adulterated cocaine vasculopathy? (dermnetnz.org)
  • The mechanism of action for levamisole involves stimulating the parasites' central nervous system, ultimately causing muscle paralysis and eventual death. (imc10.com)
  • We first synthesised a Cu/Zn-[ benzene -1,3,5- tricarboxylic acid ] (Cu/Zn-BTC) MOF as the molecular immobilisation and signal-amplifying unit, and then prepared the MIP (molecular recognition unit) using levamisole as the template on a glassy carbon electrode modified with Cu/Zn-BTC. (bvsalud.org)
  • If you do not find your own Intent Levamisole powder in our product list, you can also contact us, we can provide customized services. (sxnaipu.com)
  • The treatment for levamisole-adulterated cocaine is primarily supportive. (kevinmd.com)