DevelopmentalTotipotentEmbryonic stemBlastocystMammalianIPSCsOocytePluripotencyGeneticReproductiveVitroSomatic cellTherapeuticTransfersDevelopmentSpeciesProliferationResearchersStageGenerateEthicalRegulatoryESCsDonorResearchScientificDemonstratesEfficiencyScienceDiseaseCommitteeTissueMiceApplicationProcessFeaturesStudyCycleTime
Developmental5
- To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
- In the real world, there is no such thing scientifically as a "pre-embryo", or "just a genetic individual" as opposed to a "developmental individual. (lifeissues.net)
- These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
- Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)
- Many of these developmental abnormalities are common to human development. (edu.au)
Totipotent2
- many are "totipotent" (as the abject fact of naturally occurring human identical twins makes clear). (lifeissues.net)
- A minority of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) display totipotent features resembling 2-cell stage embryos and are known as 2-cell-like (2C-like) cells. (bvsalud.org)
Embryonic stem8
- Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo. (wikipedia.org)
- Researchers are currently focusing heavily on the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells, with clinical use being the goal for many laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
- Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from the blastocyst stage of early mammalian embryos, are distinguished by their ability to differentiate into any embryonic cell type and by their ability to self-renew. (wikipedia.org)
- Embryonic stem cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent, meaning they are able to differentiate to generate primitive ectoderm, which ultimately differentiates during gastrulation into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. (wikipedia.org)
- Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells, which are multipotent and can only produce a limited number of cell types. (wikipedia.org)
- Under defined conditions, embryonic stem cells are capable of self-renewing indefinitely in an undifferentiated state. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to their potential in regenerative medicine, embryonic stem cells provide a possible alternative source of tissue/organs which serves as a possible solution to the donor shortage dilemma. (wikipedia.org)
- According to a 2002 article in PNAS, "Human embryonic stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types, and, thus, may be useful as a source of cells for transplantation or tissue engineering. (wikipedia.org)
Blastocyst6
- Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4-5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50-150 cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Isolating the inner cell mass (embryoblast) using immunosurgery results in destruction of the blastocyst, a process which raises ethical issues, including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage have the same moral considerations as embryos in the post-implantation stage of development. (wikipedia.org)
- In this regard, emerging technologies of chimeric human organ production via blastocyst complementation (BC) holds great promise. (frontiersin.org)
- Nor do only the cells of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst become the later adult and none of the cells from the inner cell mass become part of the placenta, umbilical cord, etc. (lifeissues.net)
- The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)
- The blastocyst can then be transferred to a recipient (h) and cloned animals are born after completion of gestation (i). (biomedcentral.com)
Mammalian1
- Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
IPSCs3
- They called the pluripotent stem cells that they produced induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) because they had induced the adult cells, called differentiated cells, to become pluripotent stem cells through genetic manipulation. (asu.edu)
- The emergence and development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides an approach to understand the regulatory mechanisms of cell pluripotency and demonstrates the great potential of iPSCs in disease modeling. (bvsalud.org)
- In this study, we derived skin fibroblasts from a patient with acute myelitis (P-HAF) and then reprogrammed P-HAF cells to iPSCs using eight exogenous factors (namely, OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, KLF4, NANOG, LIN28, RARG, and LRH1). (bvsalud.org)
Oocyte2
- Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
- A matured oocyte (c) is then enucleated (d) and a donor cell is transferred into the enucleated oocyte (e). (biomedcentral.com)
Pluripotency1
- Pluripotency factors Oct4 and Nanog play a role in transcriptionally regulating the embryonic stem cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic5
- The cells are being studied to be used as clinical therapies, models of genetic disorders, and cellular/DNA repair. (wikipedia.org)
- Aside from these uses, ESCs can also be used for research on early human development, certain genetic disease, and in vitro toxicology testing. (wikipedia.org)
- But in order to become a part of medical history, parahuman reproduction and human genetic engineering must circumvent the recalcitrance of an antiquated culture. (lifeissues.net)
- But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
- Assisted reproductive techniques for canines: preservation of genetic material in domestic dogs [3] "Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and cryopreservation of gametes/zygotes, have been developed to improve breeding and reproduction of livestock and for the treatment of human infertility. (edu.au)
Reproductive3
- 3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
- Assisted reproductive technology (ART) and embryo research have posed many challenges to the different timeframes of science, ethics and law. (edu.au)
- and the general public debate about reproductive cloning. (edu.au)
Vitro2
- Moreover, the knockdown of circ_0082319 might repress HCC cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and induce apoptosis in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
- Cells are collected from donor (a) and cultured in vitro (b). (biomedcentral.com)
Somatic cell2
- We also demonstrate that Nelfa overexpression significantly enhances somatic cell reprogramming efficiency. (bvsalud.org)
- Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
Therapeutic2
- In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
- HuR-mediated circ_0082319 might accelerate HCC cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and suppress apoptosis by the miR-505-3p/PTK2 axis, hinting at a promising therapeutic target for HCC treatment. (bvsalud.org)
Transfers1
- Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has been dramatically improved from the initial success rate of one live clone born from 277 embryo transfers [ 1 ], none of the aforementioned efforts abolished the common problems associated with nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
Development6
- Rapid cell division allows the cells to quickly grow in number, but not size, which is important for early embryo development. (wikipedia.org)
- increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
- Recording and contextualizing the science of embryos, development, and reproduction. (asu.edu)
- Stem cell technology is the latest development in this controversial branch of science. (edu.au)
- The ethical and legal controversies that were aroused in the ART debates during the 1980s have been re-ignited with the development of stem cell technology. (edu.au)
- Dynamics of male canine germ cell development [6] "Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursors of gametes that can generate new individuals throughout life in both males and females. (edu.au)
Species2
- It is quite possible that the advances in human biology in the remainder of the twentieth century will be remembered as the most significant scientific achievement of the animal species known as Homo sapiens . (lifeissues.net)
- However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
Proliferation1
- Retinoblastoma proteins that inhibit the transcription factor E2F until the cell is ready to enter S phase are hyperphosphorylated and inactivated in ESCs, leading to continual expression of proliferation genes. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers1
- And despite the sowing of deep Jesuitical doubts as to when a new human embryo begins to exist by the likes of many researchers, lawyers, theologians, and philosophers, or by the 1973 Roe vs. Wade decision, there really is no doubt or confusion as to when a new human embryo begins to exist -- and hasn't been for over 125 years. (lifeissues.net)
Stage2
- Franklin P. Mall, who studied under His, established the Carnegie Embryological Collection in Baltimore and was the first person to stage human embryos (in 1914). (lifeissues.net)
- Embryonic stem cell technology is still at a preliminary research stage and announcements about its potential may be premature. (edu.au)
Generate1
- These germ layers generate each of the more than 220 cell types in the adult human body. (wikipedia.org)
Ethical2
- This issue was considered by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in its report entitled Human Cloning: Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research (hereafter the Andrews Report , after the Chair of the Committee, Mr Kevin Andrews, MP) released in September 2001. (edu.au)
- The report arose out of a recommendation for the Committee to review the report of the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) of the NHMRC entitled Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Considerations Relevant to Cloning of Human Beings (hereafter the AHEC Report ). (edu.au)
Regulatory1
- In this article we examine embryonic stem cell research and explore the current regulatory framework associated with this research in Australia, with particular reference to the Andrews Report . (edu.au)
ESCs5
- When provided with the appropriate signals, ESCs initially form precursor cells that in subsequently differentiate into the desired cell types. (wikipedia.org)
- ESCs divide very frequently due to a shortened G1 phase in their cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- Despite this difference in the cell cycle when compared to ESCs grown in media containing serum these cells have similar pluripotent characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
- Here, we report that the overexpression of negative elongation factor A (Nelfa), a maternally provided factor, enhances the conversion of ESCs into 2C-like cells in chemically defined conditions, while the deletion of endogenous Nelfa does not block this transition. (bvsalud.org)
- Interestingly, we found that the co-overexpression of Nelfa and Bcl2 robustly activates the 2C-like state in ESCs and endows the cells with dual cell fate potential. (bvsalud.org)
Donor3
- However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
- Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
- Most of these efforts are focused on donor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Research4
- The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)
- An in-depth analysis aiming at re-defining this terminology according to the new developments in human embryo research would be highly beneficial . (lifeissues.net)
- Experts from around the world are assessing the difficult issue of the extent to which embryonic stem cell research should be allowed to proceed, and to date there is little international consensus on this matter. (edu.au)
- How, then, should embryonic stem cell research be regulated in Australia? (edu.au)
Scientific2
- All of these and similar supposed "scientific facts" of human embryology have long been formally rejected by the international nomenclature committee on human embryology. (lifeissues.net)
- The real experts to ask about the accurate scientific facts of human embryology are the scientific experts in human embryology who are academically credentialed Ph.D. human embryologists - not the "experts" in cell biology, genetics, doctors, nurses, theologians, lawyers or politicians, secretaries, news journalists, etc. (lifeissues.net)
Demonstrates1
- A philosophy of reason will define a human being as one which demonstrates self-awareness volition and rationality. (lifeissues.net)
Efficiency1
- Currently, the efficiency for nuclear transfer is between 0-10%, i.e., 0-10 live births after transfer of 100 cloned embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
Science1
- Mall's collection soon became the most important repository of human embryos in the world and has ever since served as a "Bureau of Standards" for the science of human embryology. (lifeissues.net)
Disease3
- Due to their plasticity and potentially unlimited capacity for self-renewal, embryonic stem cell therapies have been proposed for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Pluripotent stem cells have shown promise in treating a number of varying conditions, including but not limited to: spinal cord injuries, age related macular degeneration, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders (such as Parkinson's disease), AIDS, etc. (wikipedia.org)
- The unique properties of human stem cells have aroused considerable optimism about their potential as new pathways for alleviating human suffering caused by disease and injury. (edu.au)
Committee3
- Mall's successor, George L. Streeter, laid down the basis of the currently used staging system for human embryos (1942-48), which was instituted in 1942 , completed by Ronan O'Rahilly (1973) and revised by O'Rahilly and Fabiola Muller (1987), and updated every 3-5 years by the international nomenclature committee (FIPAT) - to the present (January 2011). (lifeissues.net)
- This committee consists of 20-25 Ph.D. human embryologists from around the world. (lifeissues.net)
- The most recent updating of the Carnegie Stages (Jan. 2011) by the international nomenclature committee on human embryology, i.e., the Terminologia Embryologica Committee is also available online. (lifeissues.net)
Tissue1
- ZO-2 and ZO-3 are ubiquitously expressed within epithelial tight junctions, and unlike ZO-1, which is also expressed at cell junctions of cardiac myocytes, ZO-2 is not expressed in nonepithelial tissue. (thermofisher.com)
Mice1
- In 2006, Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka reprogrammed mice fibroblast cells, which can produce only other fibroblast cells, to become pluripotent stem cells, which have the capacity to produce many different types of cells. (asu.edu)
Application1
- In this review, we summarize the history of interspecies chimerism in various animal models to find hints for BC application and describe the challenges and prospects of utilizing BC for human organ generation. (frontiersin.org)
Process2
- In his experiments, Bridges studied Drosophila, the common fruit fly, and by doing so showed that a process called nondisjunction caused chromosomes, under some circumstances, to fail to separate when forming sperm and egg cells. (asu.edu)
- Schematic diagram of the somatic cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
Features1
- Computed tomography (CT) is widely used to evaluate morphological features and diagnose head disorders in adult dogs. (edu.au)
Study2
- In 1980, Ernesto Ippolito and Ignacio Ponseti published their results on a histological study they performed on congenital club foot in human fetuses. (asu.edu)
- The first to study the human embryo systematically was Wilhelm His, Sr., who established the basis of reconstruction, i.e., the assembling of three-dimensional form from microscopic sections. (lifeissues.net)
Cycle1
- Cyclin-dependent kinases such as CDK2 that promote cell cycle progression are overactive, in part due to downregulation of their inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
Time1
- In it the human embryo was studied as a whole for the first time. (lifeissues.net)