Pluripotent human stem cells additional human embryos derivation of stem cells from cloned human embryos. Medical search. Frequent questions

Mouse somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by defined factors known to regulate pluripotency, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. (biomedcentral.com)
We address these potential limitations by adopting the technique of blastocyst complementation (BC) to generate inner ear neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (biomedcentral.com)
Generation and characterization of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from three patients with age-related macular degeneration carrying rare variants in the CFH gene. (hpscreg.eu)
Although remarkable progress in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cell therapies has been made, very little is known about the role of mitochondria and the mechanisms involved in somatic cell reprogramming into iPSC and directed reprogramming of iPSCs in terminally differentiated cells. (bvsalud.org)
In this review, we summarize the current understanding of mitochondrial metabolism during somatic cell reprogramming to iPSCs and the metabolic shift that occurs during directed differentiation into pancreatic ß-like cells. (bvsalud.org)
Launch Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), possess variations within their capability to differentiate1. (tam-receptor.com)
As a result, reprogramming somatic cells into iPSCs is normally along with a metabolic change from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, concomitant with Mouse monoclonal to GST adjustments in function and framework of mitochondria16,17. (tam-receptor.com)

Derived human ESC lines also expressed specific pluripotency markers: TRA-1-60 TRA-1-81 SSEA4 alkaline phosphatase TERT Rex1 These markers allowed for the differentiation in vitro and in vivo conditions into derivatives of all three germ layers. (wikipedia.org)
… "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
Cells are collected from donor (a) and cultured in vitro (b). (biomedcentral.com)
The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)
Replicating these conditions in vitro to generate functional tissues, let alone the organs, has proven extremely challenging and using the embryo to initiate the appropriate signaling cascades is a significant advantage of a BC approach. (biomedcentral.com)
In vitro studies indicate that Dab2 establishes epithelial cell polarity and organization by directing endocytic trafficking of membrane glycoproteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Owing to their manifold roles in health and disease, there have been intense efforts to synthetically generate blood vessels in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). (bvsalud.org)
How can we specifically generate either arterial or venous endothelial cells (ECs) from hPSCs in vitro? (bvsalud.org)
We therefore aimed to establish a human two-dimensional (2D) in vitro neural model to investigate the effects of IL-6 exposure on neurodevelopment. (bvsalud.org)
In vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos were cultured in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide or inhibitors of MAP2K (0.4 μM PD0325901) and GSK3 (3 μM CHIR99021) from the zygote (Day 1) stage. (bioone.org)
Assisted reproductive techniques for canines: preservation of genetic material in domestic dogs [3] "Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and cryopreservation of gametes/zygotes, have been developed to improve breeding and reproduction of livestock and for the treatment of human infertility. (edu.au)
In vitro experimental models to study the efficiency of the placental barrier for environmental toxicants: tumor cell lines versus trophoblast primary cells. (biomedicineandprevention.com)
Several trophoblast cell lines have been developed for in vitro studies of trophoblast physiology and in the following paragraphs we will give a brief overview on the cells have been used to develop in vitro models of the placental barrier. (biomedicineandprevention.com)
Several trophoblast cell lines have been developed and used to reproduce in vitro the trophoblast layer of the placenta. (biomedicineandprevention.com)

There are also additional NANOG genes (NANOG2, NANOG p8) which potentially affect ESCs' differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
POU5F1, TDGF1 (CRIPTO), SALL4, LECT1, and BUB1 are also related genes all responsible for self-renewal and pluripotent differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
Besides the effects of NANOG in the embryonic stages of life, ectopic expression of NANOG in the adult stem cells can restore the proliferation and differentiation potential that is lost due to organismal aging or cellular senescence. (wikipedia.org)
Derivation and differentiation of haploid human embryonic stem cells. (nature.com)
Stem and progenitor cell populations are often heterogeneous, which may reflect stem cell subsets that express subtly different properties, including different propensities for lineage selection upon differentiation, yet remain able to interconvert. (lu.se)
A key challenge is to understand how state, but must also afford flexibility in cell-fate choice to permit the different cell-fate options confronting stem and progenitor cell-type diversification and differentiation in response to cells are selected and coordinated such that adoption of a given intrinsic cues or extrinsic signals. (lu.se)
Evidence the fate of stem cells has broad ramifications for biomedical suggests that during development or differentiation, cells make science from elucidating the causes of cancer to the use of very precise transitions between apparently stable ``network stem cells in regenerative medicine. (lu.se)
It has been reported that Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), a member of the sirtuin family of NAD + -dependent protein deacetylases, is involved in embryonic stem cell differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
OP9 feeder cell co-culture system was used to measure the hematopoietic differentiation from mouse ES and iPS cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we showed that Sirt6-null iPS-like cell line has intrinsically a differentiation defect even though the establishment of normal self-renewal. (biomedcentral.com)
To further understand the epigenetic regulators for specific lineage differentiation from iPS cell would have great significance for potential regeneration therapy and human disease modeling [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
During the preparation of our manuscript, another group reported that Sirt6 knockout ES cells skewed towards neuroectoderm differentiation [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
But the exact role of Sirt6 in mouse somatic reprogramming and iPS cell differentiation remains unrevealed. (biomedcentral.com)
Organogenesis is a complex developmental process requiring hierarchical cell and tissue differentiation, coordinated in time and space in response to changes in local and distant signaling cues. (biomedcentral.com)
While more and more long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) were identified to take important roles in both maintaining pluripotency and regulating differentiation, how these lincRNAs may define and drive cell fate decisions on a global scale are still mostly elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentiation of autologous iPSC into terminally differentiated ß-like cells requires further metabolic adaptation. (bvsalud.org)
Understanding such metabolic transitions and how to modulate them is essential for the optimization of differentiation processes to ensure safe iPSC-derived cell therapies. (bvsalud.org)
However, the possible differences in proliferation and differentiation capabilities among independently-derived human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are not well known because of insufficient characterization. (biomedcentral.com)
and 3) the responses to directed neural differentiation was made between three NIH registered hES cell lines I3 (TE03), I6 (TE06) and BG01V. (biomedcentral.com)
All cell lines differentiated into three embryonic germ lineages in embryoid bodies and into neural cell lineages when cultured in neural differentiation medium. (biomedcentral.com)
Undifferentiated I3 cells grew significantly slower but their differentiation potential was greater than I6 and BG01V. (biomedcentral.com)
Under the same neural differentiation-promoting conditions, the ability of each cell line to differentiate into neural progenitors varied. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, a side-by-side comparison of the ability to maintain an undifferentiated state and to self-renew under standard conditions, the ability to spontaneously differentiate into cell types of three germ layers in embryonic bodies, and directed differentiation under neural differentiation-promoting conditions was made between three NIH registered hESC lines I3, I6 and BG01V. (biomedcentral.com)

Stem cell technologies have been dogged by controversy because of objections over the morality of sacrificing human embryos to produce the first human embryonic stem cell lines. (schlich.co.uk)

Some of these concerns, such as ensuring the welfare of research animals and obtaining appropriate consent for the use of human tissues, also apply to many other areas of research, but may require special consideration for research with human neural organoids, cell transplants, and chimeras. (nationalacademies.org)
Given the complexity of the human brain and the particularly human nature of many key symptoms of these disorders, especially psychiatric disorders, animal and cell culture models of the types currently used to investigate diseases of other organs and tissues are valuable but inadequate. (nationalacademies.org)
However, the mice were grossly normal when dab2 deletion was restricted to the embryo proper and the gene was retained in extraembryonic tissues using Meox2-Cre and Sox2-Cre. (biomedcentral.com)
Stem cell technologies promise to be the next transformative medical technology offering therapies for conditions and diseases that are currently beyond medical science by creating replacement or supplementary tissues for a patient. (schlich.co.uk)
Therapeutic Cloning - Use of a donor cell to create pluripotent stem cells suitable for growing tissues for implantation into the donor or other patient. (schlich.co.uk)
reagents made using a patient's own cells used to regenerate disease or damaged tissues 14,15 , once the stuff of science fiction, may become science fact. (schlich.co.uk)
Stem cells may be derived from adult tissues but the most potent are extracted from developing human embryos. (edu.au)
The progressive generation of chick and mouse axial tissues - the spinal cord, skeleton and musculature of the body - has long been proposed to depend on the activity of multipotent stem cells. (silverchair.com)
Vertebrate embryos display a highly characteristic spatial patterning of tissues, including the arrangement of the neural tube, the somitic mesoderm and the notochord along the rostrocaudal (head-tail) length of the body axis( Fig. 1 ). (silverchair.com)
Very early during mammalian development the embryo differentiates into 2 main cell lineages, the inner cell mass (ICM) which will mainly contribute to embryonic tissues, and the trophoblast which will form extra-embryonic tissues. (biomedicineandprevention.com)
Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Homeobox protein NANOG (hNanog) is a transcriptional factor that helps embryonic stem cells (ESCs) maintain pluripotency by suppressing cell determination factors. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists have shown that NANOG is fundamental for self-renewal and pluripotency, and NANOG p8 is highly expressed in cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
NANOG is a transcription factor in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and is thought to be a key factor in maintaining pluripotency. (wikipedia.org)
These cells offer an important area of study because of their ability to maintain pluripotency. (wikipedia.org)
It is for this reason that understanding the mechanisms that maintain a cell's pluripotency is critical for researchers to understand how stem cells work, and may lead to future advances in treating degenerative diseases. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis of arrested embryos demonstrated that embryos express pluripotency marker genes such as POU5F1, NANOG and Rex1. (wikipedia.org)
Nanog is a transcription factor that controls both self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Overall, we have constructed an atlas of essential and growth-restricting genes in hPSCs, revealing key aspects of cellular essentiality and providing a reference for future studies on human pluripotency. (nature.com)
Particularly, by performing transcriptome analysis, we observed that several pluripotent transcriptional factors increase in knockout cell line, which explains the underlying loss of pluripotency in Sirt6-null iPS-like cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent-like state through four defined factors known to regulate pluripotency, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and dynamically control fundamental biological processes including cell reprogramming, pluripotency, and lineage specification. (bvsalud.org)
For instance, PSCs with low pluripotency may generate a people of somatic cells that might be polluted with undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells, which present a risk of tumor formation or low effectiveness after transplantation4,5. (tam-receptor.com)
Consequently, selection of PSCs with high pluripotency is essential to ensure the security and effectiveness of PSC-derived cells. (tam-receptor.com)
Traditionally, selection of live PSCs with high pluripotency utilizes imaging methods that require fluorescent labeling of cells by immunostaining or gene transfection6,7. (tam-receptor.com)

In terminally differentiated cell fate is coupled to appropriate regulation of the alternative cells, transcriptional networks must be stable and irreversible, pathways. (lu.se)

Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)
Independently of the gestational periods, the qualitative evaluation showed the initial wash-in phase from the first appearance of the uterine artery to the rapid distribution in embryonic vesicles or placenta to the progressive washout, whilst there was no enhancement of either embryos or fetuses in any bitch. (edu.au)

Using our recently established haploid human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), we generated a genome-wide loss-of-function library targeting 18,166 protein-coding genes to define the essential genes in hPSCs. (nature.com)
hPSC-enriched essential genes mainly encode transcription factors and proteins related to cell-cycle and DNA-repair, revealing that a quarter of the nuclear factors are essential for normal growth. (nature.com)
Fig. 2: Analysis of cell-essential genes. (nature.com)
explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)
RNA sequencing was measured to identify the differential expressed genes due to loss of Sirt6 in somatic and pluripotent cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This work validates the use of blastocyst complementation as a tool to create novel insight into the function of developmental genes and highlights blastocyst complementation as a potential platform for generating chimeric inner ear cell types that can be transplanted into damaged inner ears to improve hearing. (biomedcentral.com)
Redundant gene models were identified and merged based on the genomic coordinates, resulting in 5,571 standalone annotated lincRNA genes (See Methods and Materials, as well as the Additional File 1 for more details). (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, we tested TALEN and double-nicking CRISPR/Cas9 on GS cells, targeting Rosa26 and Stra8 loci as representative genes dispensable and indispensable in spermatogenesis, respectively. (cyberleninka.org)
In fact, this was shown to be possible by the transfection of genes into GS cells (Kanatsu-Shinohara et al. (cyberleninka.org)

Harvested GS cell colonies showed a high targeting efficiency with both TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9. (cyberleninka.org)
TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9, when applied in GS cells, will be valuable tools in the study of spermatogenesis and for revealing the genetic mechanism of spermatogenic failure. (cyberleninka.org)

These findings can be integrated in a new unified framework that regards the early mammalian embryo as a self-organizing system. (nature.com)

Generation of genetically modified mice by oocyte injection of androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells. (nature.com)
Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
A matured oocyte (c) is then enucleated (d) and a donor cell is transferred into the enucleated oocyte (e). (biomedcentral.com)
Another drawback of oocyte vitrification is diminished developmental potential because of the decreased quality of embryos after warming. (molcells.org)

The mechanisms underlying the appearance of asymmetry between cells in the early embryo and consequently the specification of distinct cell lineages during mammalian development remain elusive. (nature.com)

Analysis of the effectiveness of caffeine and MG132 for improving somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology using cryopreserved eggs showed that supplementation did not improve the blastocyst formation rate of cloned mouse eggs. (molcells.org)
Compared to vehicle controls, 2i conditions increased the abundance of cumulus cells in bovine IVF cultures, which compromised blastocyst formation. (bioone.org)

This variability is certainly caused by hereditary and TGX-221 inhibition epigenetic distinctions that occur during derivation, induction, and following maintenance of PSCs2,3. (tam-receptor.com)

In contrast, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NPCs only activate the IL-6 cascade in trans. (bvsalud.org)

1 Institute for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine,University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ,UK. (silverchair.com)
Such invasive methods, however, may be inadequate for medical applications in regenerative medicine because of inevitable damage or loss of observed cells. (tam-receptor.com)

Many of these developmental abnormalities are common to human development. (edu.au)

Johnson, M. H. & Ziomek, C. A. The foundation of two distinct cell lineages within the mouse morula. (nature.com)
A unique and essential property of embryonic stem cells is the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell lineages. (biomedcentral.com)

Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)

Ontology changes were based on recently published insights into the cellular and gross anatomy of these structures, and on new analyses of epithelial cell types present in the pelvic urethra and regions of the bladder. (atlas-d2k.org)

In mouse, only epiblast cells can be directly converted into cultured pluripotent embryonic stem cells, capable of forming all adult cell types. (bioone.org)
The postcranial axis (i.e. tissue caudal to the head) is then generated over an extended period in a rostral-to-caudal sequence by cells that are derived from the primitive streak and the adjacent epiblast cells, which together eventually form the tail bud. (silverchair.com)

These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)

In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)
Resolution of cell fate decisions revealed by single-cell gene expression analysis from zygote to blastocyst. (nature.com)
However, a profound variation in colony morphology, growth rate, BrdU incorporation, and relative abundance of gene expression in undifferentiated and differentiated states of the cell lines was observed. (biomedcentral.com)

Cryopreservation of mammalian oocytes has been successfully applied for long-term storage of surplus eggs in mammalian assisted reproductive technology (ART), including in humans. (molcells.org)
Reproductive Cloning - Use of a donor cell to create a new human genetically identical to the donor. (schlich.co.uk)
Ontology changes include new structures, tissue layers and cell types within the LUT, external genitalia and lower reproductive structures. (atlas-d2k.org)
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) and embryo research have posed many challenges to the different timeframes of science, ethics and law. (edu.au)
and the general public debate about reproductive cloning. (edu.au)

However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)

NANOG is highly expressed in cancer stem cells and may thus function as an oncogene to promote carcinogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
We found that Sirt6 is highly expressed in pluripotent stem cells and also it regulates the efficiency of somatic reprogramming. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the cell numbers in blastocysts did not differ among groups. (molcells.org)

Sirtuins are conserved in species ranging from bacteria to humans. (biomedcentral.com)
However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
Several differences exist in placental organization among different mammalian species, making it difficult to automatically transpose toxicological results from common in vivo models, such as rodents, to humans. (biomedicineandprevention.com)

There has been one previous report showing that overexpression of Sirt6 in aged human dermal fibroblasts could improve iPS generation via regulation of miR-766 transcription [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Piotrowska, K. & Zernicka-Goetz, M. Role for sperm in spatial patterning of the early mouse embryo. (nature.com)
INTERPRETATION: These findings highlight spatial and temporal variability in nephrogenesis in the developing human kidney, whereas the relative cellular composition of glomeruli does not appear to be influenced by gestational age. (atlas-d2k.org)

Since the discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, the molecular mechanism underlying the reprogramming process has been an active area of research. (biomedcentral.com)
We also review the location and molecular characteristics of these putative stem cells, along with their evolutionary conservation in vertebrates and the signalling mechanisms that regulate and arrest axis extension. (silverchair.com)
2004). In order to make GS cells more widely applicable for the study of spermatogenesis at the genetic and molecular levels, it is desirable to be able to modify their genome without disturbing their spermato-genic ability. (cyberleninka.org)

To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)
We demonstrate here that an immortalized human neural progenitor cell (NPC) line, ReNCell CX, expresses IL6ST and elicits both cis and trans IL-6 signaling, limiting its use as a model of MIA. (bvsalud.org)

L. (Savi) being a way to obtain phytotoxic substances, solvents of differing polarity (Greene (generally cineol and camphor), avoided the elongation of hypocotyl and underlying cells. (forgetmenotinitiative.org)

These cells have been in high demand for use in basic and applied biomedical research. (biomedcentral.com)

Wutz, A. Haploid mouse embryonic stem cells: rapid genetic screening and germline transmission. (nature.com)
Although the cultured SSCs, named germline stem (GS) cells, are targets of genome modification, this process remains technically difficult. (cyberleninka.org)
The cultured SSCs, named germline stem (GS) cells, are now useful in research on various aspects of spermatogenesis. (cyberleninka.org)

Research involving human neural organoids, transplants, and chimeras has an ultimate goal of preventing and treating the great suffering caused by serious neurological and psychiatric conditions for which no effective treatment is available. (nationalacademies.org)

One such concern is the possibility of altering the capacities or consciousness of a research animal in ways that may blur the lines between human beings and nonhuman animals. (nationalacademies.org)
A main justification for carrying out research, both basic and translational, with human neural organoids, transplants, and chimeras is that it will help in the discovery of new ways to understand and treat neurological and psychiatric disorders, which, as discussed previously, cause immense suffering and for which treatments are ineffective or lacking. (nationalacademies.org)
This research is the first to produce induced pluripotent stem cell-derived inner ear sensory neurons in the Neurog1 +/− heterozygote mouse using blastocyst complementation. (biomedcentral.com)
These unique capabilities make hESCs a renewable source of a wide range of cell types for potential use in research and cell-based drug screening and therapies for many diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
The comparison of the unique properties and behavior of each individually derived cell line is critical in identifying the safe and efficacious lines for research and therapeutic use [ 3 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Embryonic stem cell technology is still at a preliminary research stage and announcements about its potential may be premature. (edu.au)
Experts from around the world are assessing the difficult issue of the extent to which embryonic stem cell research should be allowed to proceed, and to date there is little international consensus on this matter. (edu.au)
How, then, should embryonic stem cell research be regulated in Australia? (edu.au)
This issue was considered by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in its report entitled Human Cloning: Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research (hereafter the Andrews Report , after the Chair of the Committee, Mr Kevin Andrews, MP) released in September 2001. (edu.au)
In this article we examine embryonic stem cell research and explore the current regulatory framework associated with this research in Australia, with particular reference to the Andrews Report . (edu.au)

Dynamics of male canine germ cell development [6] "Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursors of gametes that can generate new individuals throughout life in both males and females. (edu.au)

Leeb, M. & Wutz, A. Derivation of haploid embryonic stem cells from mouse embryos. (nature.com)
Forward and reverse genetics through derivation of haploid mouse embryonic stem cells. (nature.com)
Figure 1: Classic models for lineage segregation in the early mouse embryo. (nature.com)
Graham, C. F. & Lehtonen, E. Formation and consequences of cell patterns in preimplantation mouse development. (nature.com)
Fleming, T. P. A quantitative analysis of cell allocation to trophectoderm and inner cell mass in the mouse blastocyst. (nature.com)
Louvet-Vallee, S., Vinot, S. & Maro, B. Mitotic spindles and cleavage planes are oriented randomly in the two-cell mouse embryo. (nature.com)
Rossant, J. & Lis, W. T. Potential of isolated mouse inner cell masses to form trophectoderm derivatives in vivo . (nature.com)
Rossant, J. & Vijh, K. M. Ability of outside cells from preimplantation mouse embryos to form inner cell mass derivatives. (nature.com)
For example, mouse models of age-related neurodegenerative diseases fail to capture key features because the diseases typically strike humans in their 60s and 70s, whereas mice live for only 2 or 3 years. (nationalacademies.org)
However, human anatomical terms do not always superimpose on the mouse, and the lack of accurate and standardised nomenclature is hampering the utility of such animal models. (atlas-d2k.org)
The revised ontology will be an important tool for researchers studying urogenital development/malformation in mouse models and will improve our capacity to appropriately interpret these with respect to the human situation. (atlas-d2k.org)
Much of the early patterning of the embryo is orchestrated during gastrulation by signals from a midline structure, known as the primitive streak in chick and mouse embryos. (silverchair.com)
Summary Mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) can be cultured for multiplication and maintained for long periods while preserving their spermatogenic ability. (cyberleninka.org)
In addition, mtDNA stress in TFAM-deficient mouse melanoma cells produces tumours that are more resistant to doxorubicin in vivo. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The human hNanog protein coded by the NANOG gene, consists of 305 amino acids and possesses 3 functional domains: the N-terminal domain, the C- terminal domain, and the conserved homeodomain motif. (wikipedia.org)
Driever, W. & Nüsslein-Volhard, C. A gradient of bicoid protein in Drosophila embryos. (nature.com)
Driever, W. & Nüsslein-Volhard, C. The bicoid protein determines position in the Drosophila embryo in a concentration-dependent manner. (nature.com)

Following cumulus removal, 2i accelerated blastocyst development and increased inner cell mass (ICM) and trophoblast cell numbers by 30% and 27%, respectively. (bioone.org)

The biological properties and clinical potential of stem cells elicit that are generated must not be unduly sensitive to small fluctu- continued scientific, commercial, and public interest. (lu.se)
Ethical issues common to human neural organoids, transplants, and chimeras include (1) the ethical value of relieving human suffering and disease, (2) concerns about encroachment on divine roles, and (3) ethical issues related to human donors of biological materials. (nationalacademies.org)

Understanding cell-fate decisions in stem cell populations is a major goal of modern biology. (lu.se)
To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)

BC is the only current method for making fully functional, three-dimensional organs from pluripotent cells and generating human organs in large mammalian hosts may be able to address the critical worldwide problem of organ shortages for transplantation [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The aim of this study was to morphologically examine nephrogenesis in fetal human kidneys from 20 to 41weeks of gestation. (atlas-d2k.org)
In humans the placental barriers are composed by the endothelium of the fetal capillaries, and two layers of trophoblast cells, the syncytiotrophoblast, composed of syncytia forming a continuous lining of the villous tree, and the cytotrophoblast, composed of single cells forming a discontinuous layer in the mature placenta (Figure 1). (biomedicineandprevention.com)

2008). Historically, this concept is highlighted by the experi- factors are key intrinsic regulators of these fate decisions and mental phenomenon of lineage reprogramming, for example, that fate choice involves modulating networks of transcription by the conversion of fibroblasts to muscles cells following trans- factors. (lu.se)
In cultured primary fibroblasts and cancer cells, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin causes mtDNA damage and release, which leads to cGAS STING dependent ISG activation. (regenerativemedicine.net)

As explained in Chapter 2 , human neural organoids, transplants, and chimeras provide new models for such conditions and may lead to new knowledge about brain development and function, the discovery of disease mechanisms, new therapeutic targets, and better screening of potential new treatments. (nationalacademies.org)

Schematic diagram of the somatic cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
Schematic representation of part of the human placenta and magnification of a placental villus depicting its cellular organization. (biomedicineandprevention.com)

XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)
ZO-2 and ZO-3 are ubiquitously expressed within epithelial tight junctions, and unlike ZO-1, which is also expressed at cell junctions of cardiac myocytes, ZO-2 is not expressed in nonepithelial tissue. (thermofisher.com)
We have previously shown that human kidney tissue can be generated from human pluripotent stem cells. (atlas-d2k.org)
In the long term, human kidney tissue generated in this way may be used for drug screening, tissue regeneration or cell therapy. (atlas-d2k.org)

BC is a technique in which deletion of a key gene for the development of a specific lineage creates a vacant niche (organogenesis-disabled phenotype) that can be complemented by the progeny of wild type pluripotent stem cells injected into embryos at the blastocyst stage of development. (biomedcentral.com)

The nature of the stem cell substates and their relationship to commitment to differ- entiate and lineage selection can be elucidated in terms of a landscape picture in which stable states can be defined mathematically as attractors. (lu.se)
This requirement strongly limits the number of solutions or entiation and lineage-specification, programmed cell death, and ``states'' for the system. (lu.se)
Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)

The report arose out of a recommendation for the Committee to review the report of the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) of the NHMRC entitled Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Considerations Relevant to Cloning of Human Beings (hereafter the AHEC Report ). (edu.au)

Functional analysis further demonstrated that hES lincRNAs were preferentially involved in multiple development processes including embryo development, ribosome biogenesis, and aging. (biomedcentral.com)

Due to the high improbability that the same pseudogenes (copying errors included) would exist in the same places in two unrelated genomes, evolutionary biologists point to NANOG and its pseudogenes as providing evidence of common descent between humans and chimpanzees. (wikipedia.org)
Sagi, I. & Benvenisty, N. Haploidy in humans: an evolutionary and developmental perspective. (nature.com)

Prenatally, neural cells lack IL6R, and hence cannot elicit cis IL-6 signaling, but IL6R can be provided by microglia in trans. (bvsalud.org)

However, it is only in the last decade that we have finally come to understand their underlying mechanisms of action in gonadotroph cells. (bioone.org)

We now see a patent landscape where stem cell technologies and related therapies can, with very few exceptions, be protected via patents, provided the appropriate form of claim wording is used. (schlich.co.uk)

The study of the new dab2 mutant allele in embryos and embryoid bodies confirms a role for Dab2 in extraembryonic endoderm development and epithelial organization. (biomedcentral.com)
Experimental results with embryoid bodies suggest that additional endocytic adaptors such as Arh and Numb could partially compensate for Dab2 loss. (biomedcentral.com)

… "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
Conditional deletion indicates that Dab2 is dispensable for organ development, when the vast majority of the embryonic cells are dab2 null. (biomedcentral.com)
BACKGROUND: During normal human kidney development, nephrogenesis (the formation of nephrons) is complete by term birth, with the majority of nephrons formed late in gestation. (atlas-d2k.org)
Stem cell technology is the latest development in this controversial branch of science. (edu.au)
The ethical and legal controversies that were aroused in the ART debates during the 1980s have been re-ignited with the development of stem cell technology. (edu.au)

Lines I3 and I6 possess normal XX and a normal XY karyotype while BG01V is a variant cell line with an abnormal karyotype derived from the karyotypically normal cell line BG01. (biomedcentral.com)
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) possess the ability to self-renew in an undifferentiated state in culture while retaining the ability to differentiate into all of the cell types in the human body. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy59

Organisms14

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs44

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment63

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes58

Disciplines and Occupations8

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities10

Information Science4

Health Care1

IPSCs7

Vitro14

Differentiation23

Embryonic stem cell1

Tissues11

Pluripotency14

Transcriptional1

Fetuses2

Genes9

CRISPR-Cas92

Early mammalian1

Oocyte4

Mammalian development1

Blastocyst formation2

Epigenetic1

IPSC1

Regenerative medicine2

Abnormalities1

Lineages2

Somatic cell1

Epithelial cell1

Epiblast cells2

Defects1

Gene expression3

Reproductive5

Transplant1

Highly expressed2

Blastocysts1

Species3

Regulation1

Spatial2

Molecular3

Progenitor2

Polarity1

Biomedical1

Germline3

Involving human neural1

Research10

Generate1

Mouse14

Protein3

Trophoblast cell1

Biological2

Biology2

Organs1

Fetal2

Fibroblasts2

Therapeutic1

Schematic2

Tissue4

Progeny1

Lineage3

Beings1

Processes1

Evolutionary2

Elicit1

Mechanisms1

Therapies1

Embryoid bodies2

Development5

Possess2