Pluripotent cell cloning of human embryos derivation of stem cells from cloned human embryos. Medical search. Frequent questions

this approach has been championed as an answer to the many issues concerning embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the destruction of viable embryos for medical use, though questions remain on how homologous the two cell types truly are. (wikipedia.org)
The blastocyst stage is developed by the egg to help create embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. (wikipedia.org)
Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells of an embryo. (wikipedia.org)
In the United States, scientists at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, the University of California San Francisco, the Oregon Health & Science University, Stemagen (La Jolla, CA) and possibly Advanced Cell Technology are currently researching a technique to use somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Long before the controversy emerged over human embryonic stem cells, scientists and doctors began using first-generation stem cells from adult bone marrow. (eppc.org)
Already, non-embryonic stem cells are being used to treat a variety of diseases-most notably certain cancers of the blood. (eppc.org)
Adult stem cells are easier to control than embryonic stem cells and thus less likely to form tumors. (eppc.org)
In addition, the possibility of reprogramming adult stem cells back to a "pluripotent" (or embryonic-like) state raises the biological prospect of going back too far. (eppc.org)
But we need to proceed carefully, recognizing that we are gaining new powers over human origins even when we do not use human embryos, and recognizing the danger of blurring the line between cellular parts and embryonic wholes. (eppc.org)
Before leaving office, President Clinton sought to get around the existing law without actually changing it, by funding research on embryonic stem cells so long as the actual embryo destruction was paid for with private dollars. (eppc.org)
XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)
Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) carrying an Oct4-GFP reporter were derived from day 13.5 embryos of the OG2 transgenic mouse strain and were cultured in Fibro Gro Low Serum (F.Gro) medium (Millipore). (molcells.org)
Stem cell technologies have been dogged by controversy because of objections over the morality of sacrificing human embryos to produce the first human embryonic stem cell lines. (schlich.co.uk)
if you have a choice of starting material and are forced to use embryonic stem cells to carry out the invention, ensure you describe the use of embryonic stem cells from morally acceptable sources in your patent application. (schlich.co.uk)
The greater legal certainty provided by recent court cases means that patent rights, and the investment they attract, can be secured for human embryonic stem-cell based technologies. (schlich.co.uk)
Conditional deletion indicates that Dab2 is dispensable for organ development, when the vast majority of the embryonic cells are dab2 null. (biomedcentral.com)
Embryonic stem cell technology is still at a preliminary research stage and announcements about its potential may be premature. (edu.au)
Experts from around the world are assessing the difficult issue of the extent to which embryonic stem cell research should be allowed to proceed, and to date there is little international consensus on this matter. (edu.au)
How, then, should embryonic stem cell research be regulated in Australia? (edu.au)
In this article we examine embryonic stem cell research and explore the current regulatory framework associated with this research in Australia, with particular reference to the Andrews Report . (edu.au)
Independently of the gestational periods, the qualitative evaluation showed the initial wash-in phase from the first appearance of the uterine artery to the rapid distribution in embryonic vesicles or placenta to the progressive washout, whilst there was no enhancement of either embryos or fetuses in any bitch. (edu.au)

It is used in both therapeutic and reproductive cloning. (wikipedia.org)
In 1996, Dolly the sheep became famous for being the first successful case of the reproductive cloning of a mammal. (wikipedia.org)
Stem cells can then be obtained by the destruction of this clone embryo for use in therapeutic cloning or in the case of reproductive cloning the clone embryo is implanted into a host mother for further development and brought to term. (wikipedia.org)
But we can only wonder about the ethical propriety of producing the first human child with this technique, knowing that the hoped-for newborn would be a reproductive experiment, one that may end initially in numerous fetal failures. (eppc.org)
… "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
Reproductive Cloning - Use of a donor cell to create a new human genetically identical to the donor. (schlich.co.uk)
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) and embryo research have posed many challenges to the different timeframes of science, ethics and law. (edu.au)
and the general public debate about reproductive cloning. (edu.au)
Assisted reproductive techniques for canines: preservation of genetic material in domestic dogs [3] "Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and cryopreservation of gametes/zygotes, have been developed to improve breeding and reproduction of livestock and for the treatment of human infertility. (edu.au)

Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)

many are "totipotent" (as the abject fact of naturally occurring human identical twins makes clear). (lifeissues.net)

The technique consists of taking an denucleated oocyte (egg cell) and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic (body) cell. (wikipedia.org)
Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
A matured oocyte (c) is then enucleated (d) and a donor cell is transferred into the enucleated oocyte (e). (biomedcentral.com)
The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)

Research advocates attack President Bush for "banning stem cell research," while pro-life advocates lament a Republican administration and Congress that have banned nothing-not embryo destruction, not human cloning, not fetal farming, not genetic engineering. (eppc.org)

But adult stem cells also raise some interesting ethical dilemmas alongside their great therapeutic promise. (eppc.org)
In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
Therapeutic Cloning - Use of a donor cell to create pluripotent stem cells suitable for growing tissues for implantation into the donor or other patient. (schlich.co.uk)

Cells are collected from donor (a) and cultured in vitro (b). (biomedcentral.com)
In vitro studies indicate that Dab2 establishes epithelial cell polarity and organization by directing endocytic trafficking of membrane glycoproteins. (biomedcentral.com)

Development will ensue normally and after many mitotic divisions, the single cell forms a blastocyst (an early stage embryo with about 100 cells) with an identical genome to the original organism (i.e. a clone). (wikipedia.org)
Nor do only the cells of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst become the later adult and none of the cells from the inner cell mass become part of the placenta, umbilical cord, etc. (lifeissues.net)
In this regard, emerging technologies of chimeric human organ production via blastocyst complementation (BC) holds great promise. (frontiersin.org)
The blastocyst can then be transferred to a recipient (h) and cloned animals are born after completion of gestation (i). (biomedcentral.com)

Many of these developmental abnormalities are common to human development. (edu.au)

In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a technique for cloning in which the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred to the cytoplasm of an enucleated egg. (wikipedia.org)
After the somatic cell transfers, the cytoplasmic factors affect the nucleus to become a zygote. (wikipedia.org)
The process of somatic cell nuclear transfer involves two different cells. (wikipedia.org)
The second being a somatic cell, referring to the cells of the human body. (wikipedia.org)
What is left is a somatic cell and an enucleated egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
These are then fused by inserting the somatic cell into the 'empty' ovum. (wikipedia.org)
After being inserted into the egg, the somatic cell nucleus is reprogrammed by its host egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
Somatic cell nuclear transplantation has become a focus of study in stem cell research. (wikipedia.org)
The resulting cells would be genetically identical to the somatic cell donor, thus avoiding any complications from immune system rejection. (wikipedia.org)
Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)

In January 2018, a team of scientists in Shanghai announced the successful cloning of two female crab-eating macaques (named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua) from foetal nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)

The holy grail of regenerative medicine-whatever one's ethical beliefs about destroying embryos-is to "reprogram" regular cells from one's own body so that individuals can be the source of their own rejection-proof therapies. (eppc.org)

These cells are deemed to have a pluripotent potential because they have the ability to give rise to all of the tissues found in an adult organism. (wikipedia.org)
Another application of SCNT stem cell research is using the patient specific stem cell lines to generate tissues or even organs for transplant into the specific patient. (wikipedia.org)
Today, we can derive stem cells from a range of adult and newborn tissues: liver cells, kidney cells, brain cells, fat cells, and umbilical cord blood. (eppc.org)
Stem cell technologies promise to be the next transformative medical technology offering therapies for conditions and diseases that are currently beyond medical science by creating replacement or supplementary tissues for a patient. (schlich.co.uk)
reagents made using a patient's own cells used to regenerate disease or damaged tissues 14,15 , once the stuff of science fiction, may become science fact. (schlich.co.uk)
However, the mice were grossly normal when dab2 deletion was restricted to the embryo proper and the gene was retained in extraembryonic tissues using Meox2-Cre and Sox2-Cre. (biomedcentral.com)
Stem cells may be derived from adult tissues but the most potent are extracted from developing human embryos. (edu.au)

In human SCNT experiments, these eggs are obtained through consenting donors, utilizing ovarian stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
In July 2005, for example, scientists announced that they had engineered adult mouse stem cells into usable mouse eggs, a technique that might one day allow for the creation of human eggs from ordinary human cells. (eppc.org)

However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
However, iPSC generation is a slow, inefficient process, and not all of the resulting iPSC clones are functionally equivalent. (molcells.org)

But in order to become a part of medical history, parahuman reproduction and human genetic engineering must circumvent the recalcitrance of an antiquated culture. (lifeissues.net)

This gives them the ability to create patient specific pluripotent cells, which could then be used in therapies or disease research. (wikipedia.org)
The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)
We now see a patent landscape where stem cell technologies and related therapies can, with very few exceptions, be protected via patents, provided the appropriate form of claim wording is used. (schlich.co.uk)

The real experts to ask about the accurate scientific facts of human embryology are the scientific experts in human embryology who are academically credentialed Ph.D. human embryologists - not the "experts" in cell biology, genetics, doctors, nurses, theologians, lawyers or politicians, secretaries, news journalists, etc. (lifeissues.net)
To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
It is quite possible that the advances in human biology in the remainder of the twentieth century will be remembered as the most significant scientific achievement of the animal species known as Homo sapiens . (lifeissues.net)

In Enhancing Evolution, leading bioethicist John Harris dismantles objections to genetic engineering, stem-cell research, designer babies, and cloning and makes an ethical case for biotechnology that is both forthright and rigorous. (philpapers.org)
The ethical and legal controversies that were aroused in the ART debates during the 1980s have been re-ignited with the development of stem cell technology. (edu.au)
This issue was considered by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in its report entitled Human Cloning: Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research (hereafter the Andrews Report , after the Chair of the Committee, Mr Kevin Andrews, MP) released in September 2001. (edu.au)
The report arose out of a recommendation for the Committee to review the report of the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) of the NHMRC entitled Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Considerations Relevant to Cloning of Human Beings (hereafter the AHEC Report ). (edu.au)

The genetic material of the donor egg cell is removed and discarded, leaving it 'deprogrammed. (wikipedia.org)
These cells genetically matched the donor organism from which they came. (wikipedia.org)
However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
Most of these efforts are focused on donor cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has been dramatically improved from the initial success rate of one live clone born from 277 embryo transfers [ 1 ], none of the aforementioned efforts abolished the common problems associated with nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)

Controversy surrounds human ESC work due to the destruction of viable human embryos, leading scientists to seek alternative methods of obtaining pluripotent stem cells, SCNT is one such method. (wikipedia.org)
That is to say, we risk turning developed cells into developing embryos, and thus risk engaging in the very activities of embryo destruction and human cloning that we seek to avoid. (eppc.org)
Since 1995, Congress has annually reauthorized a law-called the "Dickey Amendment"-prohibiting federal funding for research "in which" embryos are destroyed while leaving embryo destruction in the private sector entirely unregulated. (eppc.org)

… "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)

The aim of carrying out this procedure is to obtain pluripotent cells from a cloned embryo. (wikipedia.org)

Human enhancement, Harris argues, is a good thing--good morally, good for individuals, good as social policy, and good for a genetic heritage that needs serious improvement. (philpapers.org)
In a new preface, Harris offers a glimpse at the new science and technology to come, equipping readers with the knowledge to assess the ethics and policy dimensions of future forms of human enhancement. (philpapers.org)
This paper identifies human enhancement as one of the most significant areas of bioethical interest in the last twenty years. (philpapers.org)

Only a handful of the labs in the world are currently using SCNT techniques in human stem cell research. (wikipedia.org)
But they are also less equipped to produce every cell type of the body and less able to reproduce themselves indefinitely, which makes them less appealing to scientists interested in basic research. (eppc.org)
These moral perils are surely not a reason to oppose adult stem cell research, which deserves vigorous and expanded public support. (eppc.org)
increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
An in-depth analysis aiming at re-defining this terminology according to the new developments in human embryo research would be highly beneficial . (lifeissues.net)

Citizens disagree about whether we should destroy human embryos for their stem cells-and if so, which embryos, with whose money, under what regulatory guidelines. (eppc.org)

Dynamics of male canine germ cell development [6] "Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursors of gametes that can generate new individuals throughout life in both males and females. (edu.au)

The unique properties of human stem cells have aroused considerable optimism about their potential as new pathways for alleviating human suffering caused by disease and injury. (edu.au)

Last May, the House of Representatives passed a bill to create a cord blood stem cell bank, legislation that is likely to become law with virtually unanimous support. (eppc.org)

Stem cells offer the prospect of treatments for diseases and injuries that are currently beyond medical science. (schlich.co.uk)

But if we are to make wise policy the stem cell/cloning arena, we need to step back, sort out the various scientific alternatives and moral issues, and search for a way forward that all citizens can embrace. (eppc.org)
All of these and similar supposed "scientific facts" of human embryology have long been formally rejected by the international nomenclature committee on human embryology. (lifeissues.net)

Skin cells, fat cells, and liver cells are only a few examples. (wikipedia.org)

Moreover, we demonstrate that reprogramming cells under 2i conditions leads to the early upregulation of Prdm14, which in turn results in a highly homogeneous population of authentic pluripotent colonies and prevents the abnormal silencing of the Dlk1-Dio3 locus. (molcells.org)

A potential use of stem cells genetically matched to a patient would be to create cell lines that have genes linked to a patient's particular disease. (wikipedia.org)

Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently, the efficiency for nuclear transfer is between 0-10%, i.e., 0-10 live births after transfer of 100 cloned embryos. (biomedcentral.com)

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are capable of unlimited self-renewal and can give rise to all three germ layers, thereby providing a new platform with which to study mammalian development and epigenetic reprogramming. (molcells.org)
The study of the new dab2 mutant allele in embryos and embryoid bodies confirms a role for Dab2 in extraembryonic endoderm development and epithelial organization. (biomedcentral.com)
Stem cell technology is the latest development in this controversial branch of science. (edu.au)

For example, if a person with Parkinson's disease donated their somatic cells, the stem cells resulting from SCNT would have genes that contribute to Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)

Schematic diagram of the somatic cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)

Influence on the Cells Membrane Permeability and Integrity Cell membrane integrity is crucial for cell features and success. (forgetmenotinitiative.org)

This ability allows stem cells to create any cell type, which could then be transplanted to replace damaged or destroyed cells. (wikipedia.org)

Over the past few years, the debate over stem cells and cloning has grown both more complex and more profound. (eppc.org)

Far more controversial-and for good reason-are stem cells derived from destroyed human embryos. (eppc.org)
Furthermore, the first source of stem cell technology is controversial. (schlich.co.uk)

Franklin P. Mall, who studied under His, established the Carnegie Embryological Collection in Baltimore and was the first person to stage human embryos (in 1914). (lifeissues.net)

Experts disagree about the usefulness of the various cell types. (eppc.org)

A philosophy of reason will define a human being as one which demonstrates self-awareness volition and rationality. (lifeissues.net)
Patent law around the world has now developed to define the boundaries between stem cell technologies that can be patented and those that cannot. (schlich.co.uk)

And recent experimental trials, while still very preliminary, suggest that adult stem cells may one day help us treat a host of terrible pathologies. (eppc.org)

In this review, we summarize the history of interspecies chimerism in various animal models to find hints for BC application and describe the challenges and prospects of utilizing BC for human organ generation. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy55

Organisms11

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs46

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment63

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes64

Disciplines and Occupations8

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities10

Information Science5

Health Care1

Embryonic21

Reproductive11

Fetuses1

Totipotent1

Oocyte4

Fetal1

Therapeutic3

Vitro2

Blastocyst4

Abnormalities1

Somatic cell11

Nuclei2

Reprogram1

Tissues7

Eggs2

Inefficient2

Reproduction1

Therapies3

Biology3

Ethical4

Donor5

Transfers1

Destruction3

Organism2

Procedure1

Enhancement3

Research5

Regulatory1

Generate1

Pathways1

Legislation1

Medical1

Scientific2

Liver cells1

Early1

Patient's1

Nuclear2

Development3

Genes1

Process1

Membrane1

Create1

Debate1

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Stage1

Experts1

Define2

Preliminary1

Application1