Pluripotency cells that form mammalian embryonic. Medical search. Frequent questions

Varying levels of Sox2 affect embryonic stem cells' fate of differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
However, Sox2 is downregulated during progenitors' final cell cycle during differentiation when they become post mitotic. (wikipedia.org)
Recently, several chromatin-related proteins have been shown to regulate ESC pluripotency and/or differentiation, yet the role of the major heterochromatin proteins in pluripotency is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we identify Heterochromatin Protein 1β (HP1β) as an essential protein for proper differentiation, and, unexpectedly, for the maintenance of pluripotency in ESCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Deletion of HP1β, but not HP1α, in ESCs provokes a loss of the morphological and proliferative characteristics of embryonic pluripotent cells, reduces expression of pluripotency factors and causes aberrant differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
However, in differentiated cells, loss of HP1β has the opposite effect, perturbing maintenance of the differentiation state and facilitating reprogramming to an induced pluripotent state. (biomedcentral.com)
We demonstrate an unexpected duality in the role of HP1β: it is essential in ESCs for maintaining pluripotency, while it is required for proper differentiation in differentiated cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This unique duality makes them an attractive system for potential regenerative medicine and cell therapies, but also for differentiation studies in vitro and for modeling diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Histone modifications and chromatin-associated protein complexes are crucially involved in the control of gene expression, supervising cell fate decisions and differentiation. (researchgate.net)
Background: Bivalent chromatin domains consisting of the activating histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and repressive histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) histone modifications are enriched at developmental genes that are repressed in embryonic stem cells but active during differentiation. (researchgate.net)
Recent advances in live imaging and genetics of mammalian division, movement and cell differentiation leading to development which integrate observations of biochemical tissue formation [14 ]. (lu.se)
2015) . Jarid2 methylation via the PRC2 complex regulates H3K27me3 deposition during cell differentiation . (sdbonline.org)
Jarid2 methylation is shown to be important to promote PRC2 activity at a locus devoid of H3K27me3 and for the correct deposition of this mark during cell differentiation. (sdbonline.org)
Here, we employed a human pancreatic differentiation platform complemented with an shRNA screen in human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to identify potential drivers of early endoderm and pancreatic development. (mdpi.com)
Role of extracellular RNA-carrying vesicles in cell differentiation and reprogramming. (unicyte.ch)
In particular, stem cells are highly sensitive to extracellular signals that play a critical role in mainten- ance of stem cell characteristics, differentiation, and interplay with somatic cells. (unicyte.ch)
Several other environmental factors including oxy- gen concentration and mechanical, metabolic, and bio- chemical conditions have been shown relevant in cell differentiation and have been reviewed extensively (Fig. 1) [3]. (unicyte.ch)
It starts from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in the seminiferous tubules with gradual differentiation toward spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa (1). (ijfs.ir)
Morphological changes during cell differentiation are linked to IF network remodeling. (biomedcentral.com)
However, little is known concerning the presence and the role of IFs in embryonic stem (ES) cells and during their differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
We have examined the expression profile of synemin isoforms in mouse pluripotent ES cells and during their neural differentiation induced by retinoic acid. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, we use a combination of the mouse model and human cells to dissect the molecular basis of stem cell function and differentiation toward adult tissues. (ca.gov)
We have found these small RNAs are essential for normal mammalian development and growth and differentiation of stem cells. (ca.gov)
We have also been studying how microRNAs are used shortly after fertilization first to maintain pluripotency (the ability to make all cells of the body) and then to promote differentiation into what eventually will become all the adult tissues. (ca.gov)
Stability of Imprinting and Differentiation Capacity in Naïve Human Cells Induced by Chemical Inhibition of CDK8 and CDK19. (axonmedchem.com)
To establish protocols for the safe and efficient differentiation of healthy cells for therapies, we must develop a better understanding of the dynamic continuum of metabolic states that span pluripotency and differentiation, and how to influence them. (conditionmed.org)
The following chapters cover the epigenetic systems of plants, the epigenetic profile of embryonic stem cells, cell differentiation, imprinting marks, and random X chromosome inactivation. (caister.com)
This includes gene, protein and metabolic networks, cellular architecture and intracellular dynamics, cell communication and motility, cell division and differentiation, tissue formation and organogenesis, tissue and organ functions, changes in population characteristics as a consequence of interaction of organisms with their physical environment, with individuals of their own species, and with organisms of other species. (nih.gov)
The bioreactor vessels are designed with delta-shaped impellers and a conical shaft, offering ideal spheroid forming culture conditions for iPS cell cultivation and subsequent differentiation in the same flask. (reprocell.com)
The SEs consist of critical epigenetic regulatory elements, which modulate the biological characteristics of digestive system tumors including tumor cell identity and differentiation, tumorigenesis, environmental response, immune response, and chemotherapeutic resistance. (ijbs.com)
Ideally, iPSC-based therapies in the future will rely on the isolation of skin fibroblasts or keratinocytes, their reprogramming into iPSCs, and the correction of the genetic defect followed by differentiation into the desired cell type and transplantation. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally, lingering expression or re-expression of viral transgenes in iPSC-derived cells can interfere with their differentiation potential. (addgene.org)
Aim: To detect the expression of molecules associated with Notch signaling pathway in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) cultured in specific differentiation medium, namely, keratinocyte growth medium (KGM). (bvsalud.org)
Notch-1, Jagged-1, Jagged-2, and stem cell marker Nanog are expressed in SHED cultured in KGM which may be involved in the differentiation into epithelial-like cells in human dental pulp tissues. (bvsalud.org)
Since the Notch signaling pathway molecules play an important role in differentiation of epithelial cells, it is important to identify the presence of notch signaling molecules in SHED during the process of cell differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
The Notch signaling pathway provides important intercellular signaling mechanisms essential for cell fate specification and it regulates differentiation and proliferation of stem or progenitor cells by para-inducing effects 3-4 . (bvsalud.org)
Notch signaling pathway is also involved in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation in various tissues 5-6 . (bvsalud.org)

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from the blastocyst-stage embryo, are capable of generating all cell types of the mammalian body (pluripotency) and of maintaining the capacity for indefinite self-renewal without compromising their genomic integrity. (biomedcentral.com)
Embryo-like models with spatially organized morphogenesis and structure of all defining embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues of the post-implantation human conceptus (that is, the embryonic disc, the bilaminar disc, the yolk sac, the chorionic sac and the surrounding trophoblast layer) remain lacking 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
Mouse naive embryonic stem cells have recently been shown to give rise to embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells capable of self-assembling into post-gastrulation structured stem-cell-based embryo models with spatially organized morphogenesis (called SEMs) 3 . (nature.com)
During the development of vertebrates, including humans, the fertilized egg develops into the embryo, and the cells in the embryo then proceed to differentiate to form somatic cells of different tissues and organs. (shawprize.org)
The fertilized egg is considered totipotent, as it can develop into a whole organism, while the cells in the embryo are pluripotent because they are capable of differentiating into somatic cells that make up all the organs. (shawprize.org)
They pioneered a new technique of starving embryo cells before transferring their nucleus to fertilized egg cells. (shawprize.org)
In 1-cell and 2-cell embryos Dnmt1s is derived from the oocyte, whereas from the 2-cell stage onward the embryo starts to synthesize its own Dnmt1s 8 . (nature.com)
The project aims to address the dynamics and functional role of 3D genome interactions of regulatory regions, in cell fate decision in the early mouse embryo. (helmholtzresearchschool-epigenetics.org)
In mammals, the first cell decision gives rise to the segregation of the pluripotent compartment - the inner cell mass - and the trophectoderm and occurs prior to embryo implantation. (helmholtzresearchschool-epigenetics.org)
The inner cell mass are pluripotent and will form the embryo proper, while the trophectoderm will form the placenta. (helmholtzresearchschool-epigenetics.org)
2019). Genome activation and architecture in the early mammalian embryo. (helmholtzresearchschool-epigenetics.org)
Extra-cardiac Nkx2.5 lineage progenitors migrate into the embryo and contribute to clusters of CD41 + /CD45 + and RUNX1 + cells in the endocardium, the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region of the dorsal aorta and liver. (elifesciences.org)
The best way to reach that goal is to understand the relationships between these cells that grow in a culture dish in the laboratory and the equivalent cells in the developing embryo. (ca.gov)
Revealing cell populations catching the early stages of the human embryo development in naïve pluripotent stem cells. (axonmedchem.com)
Totipotent Stem Cells They can become all of the cells of the human body, as well as the cells of the embryo and developing fetus. (careersoudan29.com)
the 2-cell (2C) stage embryo are truly totipotent cells. (careersoudan29.com)
Here, we consider the metabolism of the early embryo through development, and look at the nutrient milieu within the developing stem cell niche. (conditionmed.org)
2019). Akin to the dynamic nutrient requirements of the developing embryo, discrete in vitro cell states have distinct metabolic profiles (Zhou et al. (conditionmed.org)
The developing embryo, from which pluripotent stem cells originate, undergoes a series of dynamic metabolic transitions synchronized to its molecular development. (conditionmed.org)
Up to the 2-cell embryo, blastomeres remain totipotent (Garner and McLaren, 1974). (conditionmed.org)
In the mouse, a transporting epithelium is established around the 8-16-cell stage through a process known as compaction where cell definition is lost and the outer cells of the embryo form tight junctions, giving rise to the blastocyst. (conditionmed.org)

Much of this process relies on the morphogenesis of the extra-embryonic tissues and the effect this has on the organization of embryonic cells. (nature.com)
During development, these will form extraembryonic and embryonic tissues, respectively. (bioone.org)
So-called partial reprogramming consists of applying Yamanaka factors to cells for long enough to roll back cellular aging and repair tissues but without returning to pluripotency in which a cell can specialize into other cell types. (scientificamerican.com)
Several groups, including those headed by Stanford University's Vittorio Sebastiano, the Salk Institute's Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte and Harvard Medical School's David Sinclair (See Table), have shown that partial reprogramming can dramatically reverse age-related characteristics in the eye, muscle and other tissues in cultured mammalian cells and even rodent models by countering epigenetic changes associated with aging. (scientificamerican.com)
The fertilized oocyte is totipotent, with resultant blastomeres capable of generating all three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, in addition to the extra embryonic tissues. (conditionmed.org)
Development of new or improved laboratory/experimental techniques, instruments, or supporting software that measure the location and dynamics of molecules in situ, and organelles, cells, or tissues on the nanometer and micrometer length scales. (nih.gov)
In addition, as the genetic identity of the donor egg from which the ESCs are derived most likely will differ from that of potential recipients, patients who receive ESC-derived cells or tissues may face the same complications that result from organ transplantation (for example, immunorejection, graft-versus-host disease, and need for immunosuppression). (biomedcentral.com)
Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are multipotent stem cells derived from the pulp tissues of extracted deciduous teeth 1 . (bvsalud.org)

Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the unique ability to differentiate into every cell type and to self-renew. (biomedcentral.com)
The minor fraction of HP1β that is chromatin-bound in ESCs is enriched within exons, unlike the situation in differentiated cells, where it binds heterochromatic satellite repeats and chromocenters. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, understanding the regulation of such cell fate allocation will provide key insights on the origin of pluripotency and embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which derive from the inner cell mass. (helmholtzresearchschool-epigenetics.org)
The project will use a combination of embryological, 3D imaging, and genomics approaches including single cell dissection and analyses, 3D-FISH, ATACseq and RNAseq both in embryos (Torres-Padilla lab in Munich) as well as in ESCs through a collaboration with the Chambers lab. (helmholtzresearchschool-epigenetics.org)
Pluripotent cells can be isolated, adapted and propagated indefinitely in vitro in an undifferentiated state as embryonic stem cells (ESCs). (careersoudan29.com)
The potential use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for cell replacement therapies is limited by ethical concerns and the technical hurdles associated with their isolation from human embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
Shortly afterwards, the original experimental protocol was replicated and optimized by several laboratories, confirming that iPSCs share the gene expression profile, epigenetic modifications, and proliferation rates as well as the pluripotency of ESCs [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Monkeys have served as one of the most valuable models for understanding DNA methylation dynamics during early embryogenesis in human due to their similarities in genetics and early embryonic development 17 , 18 . (nature.com)
We are using reporters, genetic manipulation, and rescue strategies to discover the first examples of endogenous siRNA-gene interactions in mammals, once again focusing on early embryonic development. (ca.gov)
Together these results are giving new and important insights into the role of small RNAs in early embryonic development. (ca.gov)

These three pluripotency factors contribute to a complex molecular network that regulates a number of genes controlling pluripotency. (wikipedia.org)
influences which genes are activated and which tend to change as cells age. (scientificamerican.com)
Promoters of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation are preferentially remethylated at the 8-cell stage, suggesting that this mode of energy metabolism may not be favored. (nature.com)
Here we show that bivalent domains and chromosome architecture for bivalent genes are dynamically regulated during the cell cycle in human pluripotent cells. (researchgate.net)
Central to this is the transient increase in H3K4-trimethylation at developmental genes during G1, thereby creating a 'window of opportunity' for cell-fate specification. (researchgate.net)
Most mammalian genes are equally expressed from the two inherited parental alleles. (harvard.edu)
These results were confirmed by transcriptomic analyses that highlighted the specific genes involved in these cell death pathways. (stanford.edu)
Moreover, the presence of tubulovesicular structures in the brain medulla alongside the over-expression of prion disease genes in late cycle suggested a cell-to-cell, prion-like propagation recalling the conformational disorders typical of some human neurodegenerative diseases. (stanford.edu)
We found that neurons in the brain and cells of the vascular network both express multiple genes for voltage gated Na+ and Ca2+ ion channels homologous (based on sequence) to mammalian ion channel genes. (stanford.edu)
Besides its role in the regulation of genes, DNA methylation silences repetitive elements and appears to be important for the stability of the mammalian genome. (caister.com)
The multistep transformation of normal cells into malignant cells involves genetic and epigenetic alterations that promote the aberrant expression of critical oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes [ 1 , 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
An important milestone of reprogramming is the silencing of reprogramming transgenes and the up-regulation of corresponding endogenous pluripotency genes. (addgene.org)

Such human fully integrated and complete SEMs recapitulate the organization of nearly all known lineages and compartments of post-implantation human embryos, including the epiblast, the hypoblast, the extra-embryonic mesoderm and the trophoblast layer surrounding the latter compartments. (nature.com)
The different expression of isoforms H, M and L of synemin in the nervous system raises several questions about the regulation of synemin gene expression during the determination of glial and neuronal cell lineages in the central and the peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS). (biomedcentral.com)
Stem cells are usually categorized as multipotent (able to give rise to multiple cells within a lineage), pluripotent ( able to give rise to all cell types in an adult ) and totipotent (able to give rise to all embryonic and adult lineages). (careersoudan29.com)
SHED has the ability to be differentiated to specific cell lineages such as odontoblasts and osteoblasts as well as epithelial like cells. (bvsalud.org)

Thus, overall, this project will establish the functional role of 3D interactions and their regulatory factors in the establishment (Torres-Padilla lab) and maintenance of pluripotency (Chambers lab). (helmholtzresearchschool-epigenetics.org)

By the 8-cell stage, remethylation becomes more pronounced than demethylation, resulting in an increase in global DNA methylation. (nature.com)
DNA CpG methylation on the cytosine is among the most stable forms of epigenetic mechanisms in the life cycle of mammals. (nature.com)
Epigenetic plasticity underpins cell potency, but the extent to which active turnover of DNA methylation contributes to such plasticity is not known and the underlying pathways are poorly understood. (uni-muenchen.de)
1. Greenberg, M. V. C. & Bourc'his, D. The diverse roles of DNA methylation in mammalian development and disease. (uni-muenchen.de)
Thus, DNA methylation influences the functional integrity of mammalian genome by shaping its overall structure and leaving its marks in the genomic DNA sequence during evolution. (caister.com)

The loss of Sox2 has also been shown to affect naïve pluripotency, with Sox2-depleted mouse embryonic cells becoming able to differentiate into extraembryonic trophoblast. (wikipedia.org)
Two studies reported a novel type of expanded (or extended) pluripotent stem cell (EPSC) that enables embryonic and extraembryonic How do totipotent stem cells become pluripotent? (careersoudan29.com)
The blastocyst comprises the inner cell mass (ICM), which gives rise to the three primary germ layers and consequently the fetus, and the trophectoderm (TE), which gives rise to the extraembryonic and placental tissue. (conditionmed.org)

Human pluripotent stem cells, with their ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into virtually all cell types of the human body, provide a novel resource to study human development and to implement relevant disease models. (mdpi.com)
We explore the recently described metabolic surge event that occurs as pluripotency is lost and stem cells commit to differentiate. (conditionmed.org)
The generation of iPSCs is relatively simple in concept: ectopically express a cocktail of stem cell reprogramming factors and wait for cells to de-differentiate. (addgene.org)
SHED was able to differentiate into epithelial like cells when cultured in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) 2 . (bvsalud.org)

However, robust and large-scale genome-wide reprogramming of DNA methylome occurs during two critical developmental processes: (1) development of primordial germ cells and (2) pre-implantation embryogenesis. (nature.com)
Although the genome-wide DNA demethylation is believed to be a hallmark of mammalian embryogenesis, previous study also indicated that the somatic form of dnmt1 ( dnmt1s ) is actually expressed at each stage of pre-implantation embryos and plays a role in the maintenance of DNA imprinting 8 . (nature.com)
2014). Chromatin dynamics in the regulation of cell fate allocation during early mammalian embryogenesis. (helmholtzresearchschool-epigenetics.org)

Sox2 is a member of the Sox family of transcription factors, which have been shown to play key roles in many stages of mammalian development. (wikipedia.org)
Deficiency of Sox2 in mice has been shown to result in neural malformities and eventually fetal death, further underlining Sox2's vital role in embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)
Following cumulus removal, 2i accelerated blastocyst development and increased inner cell mass (ICM) and trophoblast cell numbers by 30% and 27%, respectively. (bioone.org)
Furthermore, due to ethical and legal concerns, very limited techniques can be applied to human embryos to validate some of significant conclusions drawn from descriptive studies regarding human embryonic development. (nature.com)
A tight spatial and timing regulation of growth factor action during embryonic development has been suggested [4]. (unicyte.ch)
This review considers the genetic and epigenetic control of nephrogenesis, together with the epigenetic mechanisms that accompany kidney development and recent advances in induced reprogramming and kidney cell regeneration in the context of DN. (emjreviews.com)
I've studied brain development in mice and stem cells in Drosophila. (ncbs.res.in)
We have examined the role of Fam60a, a gene highly expressed in embryonic stem cells, in mouse development. (bvsalud.org)
Our analysis of mouse development from embryonic day 5 to 15 (E5 to E15) has demonstrated that synemin M mRNA is produced at E5 as early as nestin and vimentin mRNA, prior to the appearance of the H isoform. (biomedcentral.com)
Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. (bioone.org)
At about four days into development , these totipotent cells specialize slightly, becoming pluripotent stem cells. (careersoudan29.com)
Mammalian development commences with the totipotent zygote which is capable of developing into all the specialized cells that make up the adult. (careersoudan29.com)
2020). This places metabolism at the forefront of development and cell state decisions. (conditionmed.org)
It is only through understanding embryonic metabolism and development that we can derive and maintain different in vitro stem cell states for disease modeling and therapies. (conditionmed.org)
Essential for mesoderm formation and axial patterning during embryonic development. (cusabio.com)

CellCelector Robotic System service: The ALS CellCelector is a freely configurable tool for the automated picking of single cells, cell colonies and cell clusters utilizing morphological and fluorescence features of a target. (weizmann.ac.il)

Cell-selective killing using molecular self-assemblies is an emerging concept for cancer therapy. (bvsalud.org)
Reported molecular self-assemblies are triggered by hydrolysis of well-designed molecules inside or outside cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
In other experiments, we have been looking into how microRNAs interact with additional molecular mechanisms in the cells. (ca.gov)
Molecular Cell , 82 (1), 190-208. (axonmedchem.com)
Molecular cell, 82(1), 106-122. (axonmedchem.com)
It will quite effectively cater to the needs of molecular biologists, molecular geneticists, cell and molecular biologists, animal, plant, and crop geneticists, synthetic biologists, biotechnologists, and researchers involved with the fields of stem cell and molecular aspects of cancer research. (caister.com)

not unique for the embryonic system but are shared by other ogenesis regulation must consider different scales of multi-cellular modeling areas. (lu.se)
Our study shows a developmental stage specific regulation of synemin isoforms in ES cells and its neural derivatives. (biomedcentral.com)
This selectivity suggests that the commitment of CNS precursor cells to form glia or neuron involves the direct regulation of the single synemin gene. (biomedcentral.com)

Induced pluripotency is possible using adult neural stem cells, which express higher levels of Sox2 and c-Myc than embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Under normal conditions, Sox2 is critical for maintaining self-renewal and appropriate proportion of basal cells in adult tracheal epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
In mouse, only epiblast cells can be directly converted into cultured pluripotent embryonic stem cells, capable of forming all adult cell types. (bioone.org)
The scientists honoured by the 2008 Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine used different approaches to reprogramme an adult cell into the totipotent or pluripotent state, and in doing so made important contributions to potential new approaches to improve agriculture practices and to treat human diseases. (shawprize.org)
They performed nuclear transfer experiments in which nuclei from embryonic, foetal and adult cells of the sheep were transplanted into fertilized eggs derived from ewes. (shawprize.org)
One of the live-born lambs, Dolly, was derived from the transplantation of the nucleus of an adult mammary cell. (shawprize.org)
Thus, Dolly was the first example of the reprogramming of the adult cell back to totipotency in a mammal. (shawprize.org)
In addition, the authors also review future strategies in DN treatment such as transcriptional reprogramming of mature adult kidney cells into uncommitted induced pluripotent stem cells for renal repair and therapeutics. (emjreviews.com)
Most recently our group uncovered a novel stem cell population in Adult fly muscles which maybe the basis of muscle maintenance and repair. (ncbs.res.in)
Our in vivo analysis also confirmed the expression of synemins H/M in multipotent neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the adult brain, a neurogenic germinal niche of the mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Using an ultrastructural and transcriptomic approach, we described neuronal death forms in adult zooids before and during the takeover phase while comparing adult zooids in takeover with their buds where brains are refining their structure. (stanford.edu)

Here we use metabolic labelling with stable isotopes and mass spectrometry to quantitatively address the global turnover of genomic methylcytidine (mdC), hydroxymethylcytidine (hmdC) and formylcytidine (fdC) across mouse pluripotent cell states. (uni-muenchen.de)

Scientists working in basic, translational, and clinical cancer metabolism research are invited to join the Academy in New York on April 17th to discuss the intersection between cell signaling and metabolism. (nyas.org)
Cancer Cell Metabolism: Unique Features Inform New Therapeutic Opportunities. (nyas.org)

3D genome organization during the first cell fate. (helmholtzresearchschool-epigenetics.org)
The fate of the cell is deter- mined by coordinated and dynamic interactions among a number of factors, acting in a defined microenviron- ment. (unicyte.ch)
SUMOylation of linker histone H1 drives chromatin condensation and restriction of embryonic cell fate identity. (axonmedchem.com)
Statistically derived geometrical landscapes capture principles of decision-making dynamics during cell fate transitions. (axonmedchem.com)

Oct-4, Sox2 and Nanog positively regulate transcription of all pluripotency circuitry proteins in the LIF pathway. (wikipedia.org)
The discovery of the ' Yamanaka factors '-four transcription factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4), ), proteins that can reprogram a fully mature cell into an embryonic-like state-earned Kyoto University researcher Shinya Yamanaka a share of the Nobel prize in 2012. (scientificamerican.com)
It has been suggested that synemin could function as a linker between different cytoskeletal components based on the fact that it interacts with several proteins involved in the organization of the costameres, neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions within striated muscle cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Sox2 holds great promise in research involving induced pluripotency, an emerging and very promising field of regenerative medicine. (wikipedia.org)
The discovery that expression of only four transcription factors was necessary to induce pluripotency allowed future regenerative medicine research to be conducted considering minor manipulations. (wikipedia.org)
The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have great potential for regenerative medicine and gene therapy. (stemcell.com)
Derivation of autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through direct reprogramming of easily accessible somatic cells holds the potential to transform the field of regenerative medicine. (biomedcentral.com)

However, it is only in the last decade that we have finally come to understand their underlying mechanisms of action in gonadotroph cells. (bioone.org)
Attempts were then made to show that mammalian cells - and human cells in particular - could also be reprogrammed back to a pluripotent state, because it is believed that such knowledge may advance our understanding of developmental mechanisms, and yield new approaches for disease treatment. (shawprize.org)
of the most critical events which lead to tissue patterning involves mechanisms going beyond single cells. (lu.se)
However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
My doctoral work aimed to unravel the mechanisms behind different pluripotency states in mouse, dog and human and their evolutionary significance using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as models. (ncbs.res.in)
Understanding these mechanisms should enable us to adopt them in order to manipulate many cells to become other types of cells through a process called reprogramming. (ca.gov)
Understanding how these two mechanisms work together will enhance our ability to reprogram cells. (ca.gov)
Researchers have long assumed that mechanisms of telomere protection are conserved in somatic and stem cells. (frontlinegenomics.com)
The researchers will continue this work to understand the precise mechanisms of telomere protection in both somatic and embryonic cells. (frontlinegenomics.com)
The related coactivator complexes SAGA and ATAC control embryonic stem cell self-renewal through acetyltransferase-independent mechanisms. (axonmedchem.com)

Human testisderived cells (hTCs) are suitable candidates for the initiation of in-vitro spermatogenesis for these types of patients. (ijfs.ir)
As of 2004, several studies have shown that embryonic stem cells may restore the spermatogenesis and functional sperms in mouse and human, known as in vitro gametogenesis (IVG) (2-4). (ijfs.ir)
The requirements for the successful culture of organoids in vitro differ significantly from those of traditional monolayer cell cultures. (mdpi.com)
We discuss what is known about the distinct metabolic states captured in vitro by the 2-cell-like, naïve, blastocyst-like, formative, and primed states of pluripotency. (conditionmed.org)
Cells grown in Alvetex maintain their in vivo morphology, behaviour and responsiveness within an in vitro model system. (reprocell.com)
Atelocollagen is a truncated, non-immunogenic form of bovine Type 1 collagen (derived from skin), and consequently can be used as a cell growth scaffold for in vitro culture and subsequent in situ implantation into lab animals. (reprocell.com)

We investigated the effect of 2i treatment on lineage segregation and pluripotency-related gene expression in bovine blastocysts. (bioone.org)
Deletion of Jarid2 leads to impaired orchestration of gene expression during cell lineage commitment. (sdbonline.org)
This process accelerates upon acquisition of primed pluripotency and returns to low levels in lineage committed cells. (uni-muenchen.de)
Taken together, we identified a hemogenic angioblast cell lineage characterized by transient Nkx2.5 expression that contributes to hemogenic endothelium and endocardium, suggesting a novel role for Nkx2.5 in hemoangiogenic lineage specification and diversification. (elifesciences.org)

These include embryonic disc and bilaminar disc formation, epiblast lumenogenesis, polarized amniogenesis, anterior-posterior symmetry breaking, primordial germ-cell specification, polarized yolk sac with visceral and parietal endoderm formation, extra-embryonic mesoderm expansion that defines a chorionic cavity and a connecting stalk, and a trophoblast-surrounding compartment demonstrating syncytium and lacunae formation. (nature.com)

Loss of pluripotency is regulated by hypermethylation of some Sox2 and Oct4 binding sites in male germ cells and post-transcriptional suppression of Sox2 by miR134. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, in parallel, several groups have demonstrated the pluripotency of germ-line stem cells (GSCs) following SSCs culture in rodents, though, there is a debate about pluripotency of GSCs in primates and humans (5). (ijfs.ir)
8) indicates that tissue engineering might be helpful for the transplantation of germ cells by improving the cellular environment using scaffolds to enhance graft outcomes for prepubertal boys exposed to gonadotoxic treatments. (ijfs.ir)

Two major approaches to reprogramming are summarized: (1) somatic cell nuclear transfer and (2) direct reprograming using genetic manipulations. (careersoudan29.com)
Although exciting results have been achieved by means of somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and culture-induced reprogramming [ 1 ], these procedures are technically demanding and inefficient and therefore unlikely to become a common approach for producing patient-specific pluripotent cells. (biomedcentral.com)

These induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) do not require human embryos for their derivation. (scientificamerican.com)
Efficient generation of embryonic stem cells from single blastomeres of cryopreserved mouse embryos in the presence of signalling modulators. (axonmedchem.com)

The relevance of these phenomena in stem cell biology and tissue repair is discussed. (unicyte.ch)
By means of scaffolds, cells, and growth factors, tissue engineering has provided enormous hope and interest in academia, industry, and the public to cure various disorders (7). (ijfs.ir)
An organoid is a 3D organization of cells that can recapitulate some of the structure and function of native tissue. (mdpi.com)
This research is expected to enable to us to more easily manipulate cell fates to produce high quality cells that could be used to study diseases of many types as well as reintroduce healthy tissue into patients with degenerative diseases. (ca.gov)
International bi-monthly journal of cell signaling, tissue protection, and translational research. (conditionmed.org)

The Yamanaka factors that can reprogram cells into their embryonic-like state are at the heart of longevity research. (scientificamerican.com)

The finding, described in 2006, transformed stem cell research by providing a new source of cells that resemble embryonic stem cells, which are able to give rise to any type of specialized cell in the body except sex cells. (scientificamerican.com)

LIF (Leukemia inhibitory factor) signaling, which maintains pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells, activates Sox2 downstream of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and subsequent activation of Klf4 (a member of the family of Kruppel-like factors). (wikipedia.org)
In an experiment involving mouse embryonic stem cells, it was discovered that Sox2 in conjunction with Oct4, c-Myc and Klf4 were sufficient for producing induced pluripotent stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
HyperSpectral Karyotyping (SKY) of human and mouse cells with ASI Complete Multicolor Karyotyping & FISH System (HiSKY): ASI's HyperSpectral platform is based on Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. (weizmann.ac.il)
In this recent study, Crick researchers found that when the TRF2 protein is removed from mouse embryonic stem cells, T-loops continued to form, chromosome ends remained protected and the cells were largely unaffected. (frontlinegenomics.com)
In 2006, a major breakthrough was reported in Japan by Takahashi and Yamanaka, who described the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse fibroblasts via over expression of defined transcription factors [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Similarly, reprogramming of somatic cells involves a complex interaction among intracellular and extracellular signals leading to epigenetic remodeling [6]. (unicyte.ch)
2. These cells are formed by reprogramming of somatic cells. (careersoudan29.com)

To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
My expertise is in the areas of regeneration, evolution, the nervous system and cell biology. (stanford.edu)
Stemolecule Small Molecules provide small molecules used a in variety of experiments to inhibit or activate regulatory pathways important for stem cell biology. (reprocell.com)
When this connection was made, it launched a whole new field," says Isidore Rigoutsos, Ph.D., professor of pathology, anatomy, and cell biology and director of the Computational Medicine Center at Thomas Jefferson University. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

Chemical conversion of human conventional Pluripotent Stem Cells to Trophoblast Stem Cells. (axonmedchem.com)

However, a group of researchers concluded that the primary role of Sox2 in embryonic stem cells is controlling Oct4 expression, and they both perpetuate their own expression when expressed concurrently. (wikipedia.org)
As ChIP-seq cannot establish physical co-occurrence of two marks on the same allele, admixture of cells that either express (green) or do not express (red) the gene in focus could explain the occurrence of both marks as well as the low expression level in the overall population. (researchgate.net)
In contrast, in the case of ''true'' bivalency, virtually all cells in the population carry both marks simultaneously at the promoter in question, leading to low, if any, expression for that gene in all cells. (researchgate.net)
Knocking down synemin in ES cells by shRNA lentiviral particles transduction has no influence on expression of Oct4, Nanog and SOX2, but decreased keratin 8 expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Results revealed that hypoxia exposure upregulated Nodal expression and activated Nodal signaling in melanoma cancer cell A375, contributed to maintain stemness and promotes malignancy potential, including invasion, sphere formation and dacarbazine resistance. (cusabio.com)
Knowledge on the expression analysis of Notch signaling pathway molecules in SHED cultured in KGM could highlight its involvement in controlling the biological activity of these stem cells, particularly during odontogenesis and other developmental process. (bvsalud.org)

SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2, also known as SOX2, is a transcription factor that is essential for maintaining self-renewal, or pluripotency, of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
GAS5 and NODAL form a feed-forward signalling loop that maintains hESC self-renewal. (cusabio.com)

NPM1, a transcriptional regulator involved in cell proliferation, individually forms complexes with Sox2, Oct4 and Nanog in embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
RNA was reverse-transcribed to obtain the cDNA and then proceeded with PCR using specific primers for the Notch signaling pathway molecules (Notch1, Jagged-1, Jagged-2 and, Hes1) as well as stem cell marker (Nanog). (bvsalud.org)

In pluripotent and differentiated cells HP1β is differentially localized and differentially associated with chromatin. (biomedcentral.com)

Membrane vesicles, actively released by cells, represent a mechanism of intercellular communication that is conserved evolutionarily and involves the transfer of molecules able to induce epigenetic changes in recipient cells. (unicyte.ch)
In the present review we focus on the extracellular vesicle-induced epigenetic changes in recipient cells that may lead to phenotypic and functional modifications. (unicyte.ch)
In particular, we have been studying the association of microRNAs and epigenetic changes in the cells. (ca.gov)

A highly potent, cell-permeable, reversible, and selective inhibitor of Rho-associated protein kinase (Ki = 140 nM for p160 ROCK (ROCK-I). Also inhibits ROCK-II with almost equal potency. (sigmaaldrich.com)
A highly potent, cell-permeable, reversible, and selective inhibitor of Rho-associated protein kinases (K i = 140 nM for p160 ROCK ). (sigmaaldrich.com)
Using RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunostaining, we show that synemin M is present at both mRNA and protein levels in undifferentiated ES cells as early as pluripotency factor Oct-3/4 and IF keratin 8. (biomedcentral.com)
In somatic cells, researchers know that the protein TRF2 helps protect telomeres by binding to and stabilising a loop structure (T-loop), which masks the end of the chromosome. (frontlinegenomics.com)
When the protein is removed, these loops do not form and the chromosome ends fuse together, ultimately killing the cell. (frontlinegenomics.com)
GCNA is a histone binding protein required for spermatogonial stem cell maintenance. (axonmedchem.com)
After coating Alvetex with the extracellular matrix protein of your choice (optional), mammalian cells will adhere and grow on the surface of the device or within the porous matrix, depending upon the device and application. (reprocell.com)
EZSPHERE multi-well plates and dishes are made from polystyrene plastic coated with a cell/protein repellent SP polymer. (reprocell.com)

In the past year, we have been looking more deeply into the mechanism by which the mammalian egg suppresses one of these classes of small RNAs, the microRNAs, but not the other, the endogenous siRNAs. (ca.gov)
In addition, the entire vascular network undergoes slow rhythmic contractions that appear to arise from processes endogenous to vascular epithelial cells. (stanford.edu)

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 1-18 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41580-019-0159-6. (uni-muenchen.de)

Sox2 binds to DNA cooperatively with Oct4 at non-palindromic sequences to activate transcription of key pluripotency factors. (wikipedia.org)

Growing evidence suggests that transcriptional regulators and secreted RNA molecules encapsulated within membrane vesicles modify the phenotype of target cells. (unicyte.ch)

10. Chen, C.-C., Wang, K.-Y. & Shen, C.-K. J. The Mammalian de novo DNA Methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b Are Also DNA 5-Hydroxymethyl Cytosine Dehydroxymethylases. (uni-muenchen.de)

Single-cell profiling of transcriptome and histone modifications with EpiDamID. (axonmedchem.com)

What is totipotent cells? (careersoudan29.com)
Totipotent cells Pluripotent cells 1.Totipotent cells are the most versatile stem cell type. (careersoudan29.com)
1.Pluripotent stem cells are not as versatile as totipotent cells. (careersoudan29.com)
What is the difference between totipotent cells and pluripotent cells? (careersoudan29.com)
Embryonic cells within the first couple of cell divisions after fertilization are the only cells that are totipotent. (careersoudan29.com)
Fertilized eggs divide regularly and when the em- bryos reach the 32-cell stage, What is the difference between pluripotent and totipotent stem cells? (careersoudan29.com)

Therefore, only two exogenous factors, one of which is necessarily Oct4, are sufficient for inducing pluripotent cells from neural stem cells, lessening the complications and risks associated with introducing multiple factors to induce pluripotency. (wikipedia.org)
Single cells and organisms may adapt to harmful oxidative stress conditions, through stress-activated factors. (springer.com)
Ident- cult to deduce interaction rules from observations of the ified transcription factors for specific cell fates are, for entire system. (lu.se)
Cells can communicate via physical interactions, in- cluding membrane bridge formation, such as tunneling nanotubes and cytonemes, and/or through the release of soluble factors [1-3]. (unicyte.ch)
Growth factors may act either in an autocrine or a paracrine fashion and their temporal and spatial concentration modulates the cell phenotype and function. (unicyte.ch)
These elements include somatic cells (such as Leydig cells, myoid cells, and Sertoli cells), extracellular matrix (ECM) components (including laminin, collagen type IV and collagen type I), as well as growth factors and hormones [including bFGF, glial cell-derived nerve factor, glial cellderived nerve factor (GDNF), and testosterone] that are capable of forming a complex microenvironment where spermatogenesis occurs (6). (ijfs.ir)
Human recombinant growth factors that are commonly used in stem cell culture. (reprocell.com)

Proliferation of Sox2+ neural stem cells can generate neural precursors as well as Sox2+ neural stem cell population. (wikipedia.org)
The current study aimed to assess the proliferation of hTCs through the cell culture on the three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds. (ijfs.ir)
The proliferation/viability of the cells was assessed using the MTT assay, along with H&E histological staining method. (ijfs.ir)
Following our previous animal studies performed on mice (9, 10), the aim of this study was to evaluate the viability and proliferation of the cells derived from human TESE samples, which were cultivated on a novel threedimensional (3D) nano-scaffold containing human serum albumin (HSA)/tri calcium phosphate nanoparticles (TCP NPs), as examined by MTT and H&E histological staining assays. (ijfs.ir)

Half a century ago, it was found by John Gurdon that this developmental clock can be reversed, and that differentiated somatic cells in a frog model could regain their pluripotency or totipotency. (shawprize.org)
What is cellular totipotency how does it differ from pluripotency? (careersoudan29.com)
What is the difference totipotency and pluripotency? (careersoudan29.com)
In their article entitled "Commentary: Is totipotency of a human cell a sufficient reason to exclude its patentability. (careersoudan29.com)

Given that fully reprogrammed iPSCs readily form tumors known as teratomas, scientists must determine whether the cellular clock can be wound back safely in humans-which means the race to the clinic will likely be a marathon rather than a sprint. (scientificamerican.com)
The REPROCELL Brand covers media, feeder cells, and ancillary reagents for the feeder-dependent culture of iPSCs. (reprocell.com)
Here, we summarize current reprogramming methodologies with a focus on the production of transgene-free or genetically unmanipulated iPSCs and highlight important technical details that ultimately may influence the biological properties of pluripotent stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Several experimental strategies have been developed to derive iPSCs from differentiated somatic cells (summarized in Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
The field of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been around for 10 years. (addgene.org)
Retroviral vectors , such as pMXs or pMSCV, infect dividing cells, and have a higher efficiency of generating iPSCs compared to other delivery methods. (addgene.org)

The Stemfect RNA Transfection technology provides high efficiency transfection of a variety of RNAs into a range of cell types. (reprocell.com)

Centromeres and flanking pericentromeric repeat regions of different chromosomes aggregate and form microscopically visible chromocenters in interphase nuclei [ 26 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Mechanism and Stem‐Cell Activity of 5‐Carboxycytosine Decarboxylation Determined by Isotope Tracing. (uni-muenchen.de)
Now we know that TRF2 isn't needed for T-loop formation in stem cells, we infer there must be some other factor that does the same job or a different mechanism to stabilise T-loops in these cells, and we want to know what it is. (frontlinegenomics.com)

To circumvent these obstacles, considerable effort has been invested in attempting to derive ESC-like cells by reprogramming somatic cells to an embryonic state. (biomedcentral.com)

Seahorse Metabolic Analyzers service for rapid and quantitative measurement of cellular bioenergetics: Seahorse XF Analyzers measure the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) of live cells in a multi-well plate to interrogate key cellular functions such as mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. (weizmann.ac.il)

The study also led us to understand the library of structures formed during the membrane interactions with the polymeric molecules. (ncbs.res.in)
Mammalian telomeres are specialised structures at the ends of chromosomes that protect chromosome ends from aberrant DNA repair and ensure healthy division of cells. (frontlinegenomics.com)

These findings represent the first evidence that synemins could potentially be useful markers for distinguishing multipotent ES cells from undifferentiated neural stem cells and more committed progenitor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
How cells switch from progenitor states to differentiated fates is poorly understood. (harvard.edu)

Atelocollagen, the main component of AteloGene, forms RNA-atelocollagen complexes upon mixing with synthetic siRNA or miRNA. (reprocell.com)
The RNA-atelocollagen complexes are optimal for in vivo transfection, and siRNA or miRNA is effectively delivered to, and introduced into the cells. (reprocell.com)

Anatomy46

Organisms16

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs80

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Phenomena and Processes68

Disciplines and Occupations4

Information Science5

Differentiation37

Embryo21

Tissues8

ESCs7

Early embryonic development3

Genes12

Lineages4

Maintenance of pluripotency1

Methylation5

Extraembryonic3

Differentiate4

Embryogenesis3

Development15

Morphological1

Molecular6

Regulation3

Adult11

Pluripotent cell1

Metabolism2

Fate4

Proteins3

Regenerative5

Mechanisms10

Vitro6

Lineage4

Endoderm formation1

Germ3

Somatic cell nuc2

Embryos2

Tissue5

Reprogram cells1

Stem cell res1

Mouse5

Reprogramming of somatic cells2

Biology4

Trophoblast1

Expression6

Self-renewal2

Nanog2

Chromatin1

Epigenetic changes3

Protein8

Endogenous2

Biol1

Binds1

Suggests1

Novo1

Histone modifications1

Totipotent6

Factors7

Proliferation4

Totipotency4

IPSCs6

RNAs1

Nuclei1

Mechanism2

Derive1

Extracellular1

Structures2

Progenitor2

Complexes2