DifferentiationGenesEarly embryonicPluripotent stemStem cellEpigenetic regulationDevelopmentalDevelopmentMolecularRNAsProcessesSelf-renewalChromatinOct4MethylationSox2MechanismsEctodermEmbryogenesisTranscriptionCellsRolesMethylomeCharacteristicsCellCellularEmbryoPathwayInteractionsMechanismMethodsModulationHumanDepletion
Differentiation11
- Varying levels of Sox2 affect embryonic stem cells' fate of differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
- It has been reported that Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), a member of the sirtuin family of NAD + -dependent protein deacetylases, is involved in embryonic stem cell differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Background: Bivalent chromatin domains consisting of the activating histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and repressive histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) histone modifications are enriched at developmental genes that are repressed in embryonic stem cells but active during differentiation. (researchgate.net)
- To establish protocols for the safe and efficient differentiation of healthy cells for therapies, we must develop a better understanding of the dynamic continuum of metabolic states that span pluripotency and differentiation, and how to influence them. (conditionmed.org)
- Recent advances in live imaging and genetics of mammalian division, movement and cell differentiation leading to development which integrate observations of biochemical tissue formation [14 ]. (lu.se)
- All-trans retinoic acid (RA) is the most active metabolite of vitamin A. Several studies have described a pivotal role for RA signalling in different biological processes such as cell growth and differentiation, embryonic development and organogenesis. (mdpi.com)
- The following chapters cover the epigenetic systems of plants, the epigenetic profile of embryonic stem cells, cell differentiation, imprinting marks, and random X chromosome inactivation. (caister.com)
- DNA methylation patterns change dynamically during mammalian development and lineage specification, yet scarce information is available about how DNA methylation affects gene expression profiles upon differentiation. (cipsm.de)
- The SEs consist of critical epigenetic regulatory elements, which modulate the biological characteristics of digestive system tumors including tumor cell identity and differentiation, tumorigenesis, environmental response, immune response, and chemotherapeutic resistance. (ijbs.com)
- Isolating human MEK/ERK signaling-independent pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) with naive pluripotency characteristics while maintaining differentiation competence and (epi)genetic integrity remains challenging. (janelia.org)
- Notch signaling pathway is also involved in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation in various tissues 5-6 . (bvsalud.org)
Genes11
- These three pluripotency factors contribute to a complex molecular network that regulates a number of genes controlling pluripotency. (wikipedia.org)
- The pluripotency of the initial cell and the establishment of cell types depend to a large extent on the coordinated deployment of hundreds of transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress the transcription of cell lineage genes 1 . (nature.com)
- With the wealth of data accumulated from completely sequenced genomes and other high-throughput experiments, global studies of biological systems, by simultaneously investigating multiple biological entities (e.g. genes, transcripts, proteins), has become a routine. (biomedcentral.com)
- Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that these protein-coding genes were enriched for transcriptional regulation-related terms. (biomedcentral.com)
- 5. Rodriguez A, Griffiths-Jones S, Ashurst JL, Bradley A. Identification of mammalian microRNA host genes and transcription units. (ac.ir)
- Besides its role in the regulation of genes, DNA methylation silences repetitive elements and appears to be important for the stability of the mammalian genome. (caister.com)
- SRGS recursively selects and scores the genes which may have regulations on the considered target gene based on SPLS. (biomedcentral.com)
- We found that neurons in the brain and cells of the vascular network both express multiple genes for voltage gated Na+ and Ca2+ ion channels homologous (based on sequence) to mammalian ion channel genes. (stanford.edu)
- This was supported by the identification of novel IRS1-specific downstream target genes, Trpc3 and Cartpt, that are associated with glucagon regulation in alpha cells. (theopenscholar.com)
- Among these candidate genes, CUGBP and Elav-like family member 1 ( CELF1 ) are potential targets of TUG1 in-trans regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
- An important milestone of reprogramming is the silencing of reprogramming transgenes and the up-regulation of corresponding endogenous pluripotency genes. (addgene.org)
Early embryonic1
- Monkeys have served as one of the most valuable models for understanding DNA methylation dynamics during early embryogenesis in human due to their similarities in genetics and early embryonic development 17 , 18 . (nature.com)
Pluripotent stem3
- In an experiment involving mouse embryonic stem cells, it was discovered that Sox2 in conjunction with Oct4, c-Myc and Klf4 were sufficient for producing induced pluripotent stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Mouse somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by defined factors known to regulate pluripotency, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. (biomedcentral.com)
- My work over the past ten years has centered on pluripotent stem cells (PSCs, which include embryonic and pluripotent stem cells), which can generate any of the hundreds of diverse cell types in the body. (stanford.edu)
Stem cell4
- It is only through understanding embryonic metabolism and development that we can derive and maintain different in vitro stem cell states for disease modeling and therapies. (conditionmed.org)
- The related coactivator complexes SAGA and ATAC control embryonic stem cell self-renewal through acetyltransferase-independent mechanisms. (axonmedchem.com)
- Among these is the isolation of the first line of murine stem cells [ 5 , 6 ] in 1981, followed by establishment of the first human embryonic stem cell lines by Thompson [ 7 ]. (intechopen.com)
- Nanog has been recognized as a critical pluripotency gene in stem cell regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Epigenetic regulation3
- The epigenetic regulation of spatiotemporal gene expression is crucial for human development. (researchgate.net)
- Critical epigenetic regulation of primate embryogenesis entails DNA methylome changes. (nature.com)
- The chemical modification of RNA is a newly discovered epigenetic regulation mechanism in cells and plays a crucial role in a variety of biological processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Developmental2
- We show that the conditional depletion of the m 6 A reader protein Ythdf2 in mice causes lethality at late embryonic developmental stages, with embryos characterized by compromised neural development. (biomedcentral.com)
- Knowledge on the expression analysis of Notch signaling pathway molecules in SHED cultured in KGM could highlight its involvement in controlling the biological activity of these stem cells, particularly during odontogenesis and other developmental process. (bvsalud.org)
Development13
- Sox2 is a member of the Sox family of transcription factors, which have been shown to play key roles in many stages of mammalian development. (wikipedia.org)
- Deficiency of Sox2 in mice has been shown to result in neural malformities and eventually fetal death, further underlining Sox2's vital role in embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)
- Drosophila has been a powerful system for deciphering the conserved mechanisms that regulate hormone signaling, sugar and lipid homeostasis, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the nutritional regulation of development. (sdbonline.org)
- Furthermore, due to ethical and legal concerns, very limited techniques can be applied to human embryos to validate some of significant conclusions drawn from descriptive studies regarding human embryonic development. (nature.com)
- Biostatistics areas of interest include development of advanced statistical techniques and methodologies for design of biological experiments, collection and analysis of the data from those experiments and interpretation of, and inference from, the results. (nih.gov)
- Of interest are development of computational and mathematical algorithms and tools, modeling techniques and approaches for understanding the complexity of biological systems, and utilization of big datasets and data science methods for model construction. (nih.gov)
- Sprouting angiogenesis is a core biological process critical to vascular development. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
- Marcel undertook his postdoctoral studies at the Institute for Molecular Bioscience where he studied the role of long noncoding RNAs in mammalian development and disease. (marceldinger.net)
- To improve the efficacy of GBM treatment, it is necessary to understand the occurrence and development of GBM and determine the molecular biological characteristics of GBM. (biomedcentral.com)
- It also opens a new way of thinking for biomedical scientists, whether RNA modification will be another important factor to regulate the biological development of neoplastic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
- The results demonstrated that TUG1 RNA was bound to enhancer of zeste protein 2/embryonic ectoderm development (EZH2/EED), which is essential for PRC2. (biomedcentral.com)
- A tight spatial and timing regulation of growth factor action during embryonic development has been suggested [4]. (unicyte.ch)
Molecular5
- Molecular motors lie at the heart of biological processes from DNA replication to cell migration. (nih.gov)
- The performance of our designs will illuminate both the inner workings of natural biological motors and the general operational constraints for producing directed motion on the molecular scale. (nih.gov)
- In this book the molecular mechanisms and biological processes in which epigenetic modifications play a primordial role are described in detail. (caister.com)
- The identification of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) facilitates the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism of various biological processes and complex diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here, we engineer reporter systems that allow the screening for defined conditions that induce molecular and functional features of human naive pluripotency. (janelia.org)
RNAs2
- Recent studies have discovered that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are novel regulatory molecules that play important roles in various biological processes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Noncoding RNAs in the mammalian central nervous system. (ac.ir)
Processes2
- Sirt6 was previously reported to regulate many different biological processes like genome stability, glucose metabolism, and tumor suppression [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Actin filaments widely involve into multiple cellular processes such as nuclear positioning, germinal vesicle breakdown, spindle migration, chromosome segregation, spindle rotation and polar body extrusion in oocyte mammalian meiosis. (bioone.org)
Self-renewal2
- SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2, also known as SOX2, is a transcription factor that is essential for maintaining self-renewal, or pluripotency, of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
- We demonstrate that neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) self-renewal and spatiotemporal generation of neurons and other cell types are severely impacted by the loss of Ythdf2 in embryonic neocortex. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromatin4
- SUMOylation of linker histone H1 drives chromatin condensation and restriction of embryonic cell fate identity. (axonmedchem.com)
- The first seven chapters describe the different biological mechanisms of the epigenetic machinery including: DNA methylation, histone tails, chromatin structure, nucleosome occupancy, Polycomb group proteins, siRNAs and miRNAs. (caister.com)
- DNA methyltransferases are not limited to catalyzing DNA methylation, but also take part in the regulation of gene expression through interactions with other proteins that repress transcription and modify chromatin structure. (caister.com)
- Transposable elements are able to affect conserved and divergent chromatin looping and contribute to cell- and species-specific gene regulation [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Oct49
- NPM1, a transcriptional regulator involved in cell proliferation, individually forms complexes with Sox2, Oct4 and Nanog in embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Sox2 binds to DNA cooperatively with Oct4 at non-palindromic sequences to activate transcription of key pluripotency factors. (wikipedia.org)
- Surprisingly, regulation of Oct4-Sox2 enhancers can occur without Sox2, likely due to expression of other Sox proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- However, a group of researchers concluded that the primary role of Sox2 in embryonic stem cells is controlling Oct4 expression, and they both perpetuate their own expression when expressed concurrently. (wikipedia.org)
- Loss of pluripotency is regulated by hypermethylation of some Sox2 and Oct4 binding sites in male germ cells and post-transcriptional suppression of Sox2 by miR134. (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, only two exogenous factors, one of which is necessarily Oct4, are sufficient for inducing pluripotent cells from neural stem cells, lessening the complications and risks associated with introducing multiple factors to induce pluripotency. (wikipedia.org)
- Mouse embryonic fibroblasts isolated from transgenic Oct4-GFP reporter mice with or without Sirt6 were used for reprogramming by Yamanaka factors. (biomedcentral.com)
- Differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent-like state through four defined factors known to regulate pluripotency, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Moreover, SRSF5 is bound to pluripotency-specific transcripts such as Lin28a and Pou5f1/Oct4 in the cytoplasm. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Methylation1
- Thus, DNA methylation influences the functional integrity of mammalian genome by shaping its overall structure and leaving its marks in the genomic DNA sequence during evolution. (caister.com)
Sox26
- Sox2 has a critical role in maintenance of embryonic and neural stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Sox2 holds great promise in research involving induced pluripotency, an emerging and very promising field of regenerative medicine. (wikipedia.org)
- LIF (Leukemia inhibitory factor) signaling, which maintains pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells, activates Sox2 downstream of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and subsequent activation of Klf4 (a member of the family of Kruppel-like factors). (wikipedia.org)
- Oct-4, Sox2 and Nanog positively regulate transcription of all pluripotency circuitry proteins in the LIF pathway. (wikipedia.org)
- The loss of Sox2 has also been shown to affect naïve pluripotency, with Sox2-depleted mouse embryonic cells becoming able to differentiate into extraembryonic trophoblast. (wikipedia.org)
- Induced pluripotency is possible using adult neural stem cells, which express higher levels of Sox2 and c-Myc than embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms2
- A comprehensive understanding of the genomic structure is especially important, as it lays the foundation for investigating important economic traits in livestock and poultry using biological approaches and mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, the mechanisms of TUG1 -involved regulation remain largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Ectoderm1
- The fertilized oocyte is totipotent, with resultant blastomeres capable of generating all three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, in addition to the extra embryonic tissues. (conditionmed.org)
Embryogenesis1
- Although the genome-wide DNA demethylation is believed to be a hallmark of mammalian embryogenesis, previous study also indicated that the somatic form of dnmt1 ( dnmt1s ) is actually expressed at each stage of pre-implantation embryos and plays a role in the maintenance of DNA imprinting 8 . (nature.com)
Transcription3
- The discovery that expression of only four transcription factors was necessary to induce pluripotency allowed future regenerative medicine research to be conducted considering minor manipulations. (wikipedia.org)
- There has been one previous report showing that overexpression of Sirt6 in aged human dermal fibroblasts could improve iPS generation via regulation of miR-766 transcription [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- encoded by Nfe2l2 gene) is a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of cellular redox balance and protective antioxidant and phase II detoxification responses in mammals [ 1 , 2 ]. (springer.com)
Cells5
- Many promoters in embryonic stem (ES) cells harbor a distinctive histone modification signature that combines the activating histone H3 Lys 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) mark an. (researchgate.net)
- We explore the recently described metabolic surge event that occurs as pluripotency is lost and stem cells commit to differentiate. (conditionmed.org)
- Efficient generation of embryonic stem cells from single blastomeres of cryopreserved mouse embryos in the presence of signalling modulators. (axonmedchem.com)
- A new tumor model, combining human embryonic stem cells (ESC) and tumor cells, develops abundant human vessels. (nih.gov)
- Our findings indicate that posttranslational modification of SR proteins underlies the regulation of their mRNA export activities and distinguishes pluripotent from differentiated cells. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Roles2
- One of the evolutionarily conserved roles of the m 6 A modification is the regulation of meiosis and fertility. (biomedcentral.com)
- The importance of lncRNA regulation is emphasized by their roles in the etiology human diseases [ 7 - 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Methylome1
- Evolutionary conservation of embryonic DNA methylome remodelling in distantly related teleost species. (marceldinger.net)
Characteristics1
- Lung cancer is classified into two types according to biological characteristics: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (accounting for approximately 85 % of cases), and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell2
- Particularly, by performing transcriptome analysis, we observed that several pluripotent transcriptional factors increase in knockout cell line, which explains the underlying loss of pluripotency in Sirt6-null iPS-like cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
- We discuss what is known about the distinct metabolic states captured in vitro by the 2-cell-like, naïve, blastocyst-like, formative, and primed states of pluripotency. (conditionmed.org)
Cellular1
- not unique for the embryonic system but are shared by other ogenesis regulation must consider different scales of multi-cellular modeling areas. (lu.se)
Embryo1
- 3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
Pathway1
- Principles of signaling pathway modulation for enhancing human naive pluripotency induction. (janelia.org)
Interactions1
- This technique provides not only a systematic representation of both the presence and abundance of biological molecules, but also displays the relationships or interactions between them. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanism1
- RNA immunoprecipitation was then performed to examine whether TUG1 RNA was bound to PRC2, a TUG1 -involved regulation mechanism reported in previous studies. (biomedcentral.com)
Methods1
- or use data science methods and tools to deduce information about biological systems. (nih.gov)
Modulation1
- HO-1 and their products exert beneficial effects through the protection against oxidative injury, regulation of apoptosis, modulation of inflammation as well as contribution to angiogenesis. (springer.com)
Human2
- Divergent signaling and transcriptional requirements for boosting naive pluripotency were found between mouse and human. (janelia.org)
- Our findings set a framework for defining the signaling foundations of human naive pluripotency. (janelia.org)
Depletion1
- SRSF5 depletion reduces and overexpression increases their cytoplasmic mRNA levels, suggesting that enhanced mRNA export by SRSF5 is required for the expression of pluripotency factors. (uni-frankfurt.de)