Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene. Medical search. Frequent questions

Resistance to chloroquine, on the other hand, is rare so it's probably due to multiple mutations in the relevant gene (PfCRT, a gene that encodes a transporter protein) [ Quinine and Malaria , The Edge of Evolution , Understanding Mutation Rates and Evolution ]. (blogspot.com)
Back in 2007 when Behe wrote his book, There was lots and lots of evidence that multiple mutations were required for chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium so none of this was news. (blogspot.com)
2014) looks at the common chloroquine resistant strains of the malaria parasite and concludes that, indeed, multiple mutations are required but they accumulated in a stepwise manner. (blogspot.com)
The authors were able to test the effects of various mutations in order to measure the strength of the transporter protein (chloroquine uptake). (blogspot.com)
Several additional mutations were required in order to confer a significant level of resistance and some of these reduced the level of chloroquine uptake (red arrows). (blogspot.com)
Resistance to anti-malarial drugs is associated with polymorphisms in target genes and surveillance for these molecular markers is important to detect the emergence of mutations associated with drug resistance and signal recovering sensitivity to anti-malarials previously used. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, mutations in the pfdhps gene were only observed at codon 437, an indication that full resistance to sulfadoxine has not been achieved in Choco. (biomedcentral.com)
Plasmodium falciparum resistance to CQ and SP has been associated with point mutations in the chloroquine-resistance transporter ( pfcrt gene) [ 8 ], and the dihydrofolate reductase ( pfdhfr ) and dihydropteroate synthase ( pfdhps ) genes [ 9 ], respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Information on the prevalence of parasite mutations related to drug resistance can provide a first signal of emergence, introduction and selection that can help with refining drug interventions. (bvsalud.org)
CONCLUSION: This data demonstrated the effect of multiple interventions on the dynamics of drug resistance-associated mutations in the main malaria parasite P. falciparum in an endemic village in Senegal. (bvsalud.org)
paper shows, effective resistance requires several mutations. (blogspot.com)
Let's see what the calculation would look like if we guesstimate the probability of two mutations arising sequentially in the same gene. (blogspot.com)
We'll only deal with two mutations even though we know that more are required for effective chloroquine resistance. (blogspot.com)
What I am going to do is try and get an estimate of the probability of creating a two-mutation chloroquine resistant strain in a single individual via a two-sequential mutations pathway. (blogspot.com)
CQ resistance is associated with mutations in the CQ resistance transporter (PfCRT), a membrane protein of the digestive vacuole that allows the efflux of the drug form its site of action. (gla.ac.uk)
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of K76T mutations in circulating strains of Plasmodium falciparum , 16 years after CQ withdrawal in the DRC and to investigate the presence of the SVMNT haplotype. (biomedcentral.com)
To explain clinical resistance to these anti-malarial drugs, molecular studies have been conducted and have identified mutations on several genes such as the pfcrt gene which encodes a membrane transporter protein located on the parasitic digestive vacuole in P. falciparum [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The spread of artemisinin (ART)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum threatens the control of malaria and mutations in the propeller domains of P. falciparum Kelch13 ( k13 ) are strongly associated with the resistance. (biorxiv.org)
nonetheless, mutations of Fd gene ( fd ) may modulate ART resistance and Fd would be an important target for antimalarial drugs. (biorxiv.org)
We investigated the inhibitory effects of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), methoxyamino chalcone (C3), and iron chelators including deferiprone (DFP), 1-( N -acety1-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one (CM1) and deferiprone-resveratrol hybrid (DFP-RVT) against the growth of wild-type (WT) P. falciparum parasites and those with k13 and fd mutations. (biorxiv.org)
however, ART resistance is due to other genetic factors in some resistant parasites that do not contain k13 mutations [ 6 , 7 ]. (biorxiv.org)

In 1984, he joined the NIAID Division of Intramural Research where he studies the drug responses and disease biology of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. (nih.gov)
Activity of Plasmodium vivax promoter elements in Plasmodium knowlesi, and a centromere-containing plasmid that expresses NanoLuc throughout the parasite life cycle. (nih.gov)
Colombia is endemic for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax and approximately 70,000 malaria cases are reported annually by the public health services, mainly in departments of Choco, and Nariño [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chloroquine is an effective agent to act against the susceptible strains of malarial parasites Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum and some parasitic worms and amoebas. (vedantu.com)
Drugs active against Plasmodium falciparum also are active against the other three malaria species that affect humans- P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale- with the exception of antifols, which work poorly against P. vivax . (nationalacademies.org)

These parasites are quick to develop resistance to most drugs, but they have had a hard time overcoming chloroquine, requiring more than ten years to develop resistance. (blogspot.com)
In fact, sixty years since the drug's introduction, and after more than 10 20 malarial parasites total, resistance to chloroquine has developed fewer than ten times. (blogspot.com)
At the Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, we have ongoing projects on several parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa, with a focus on the causative agents of malaria in humans (genus Plasmodium ), theileriosis in cattle and horses (genus Theileria ), human adn bovine babesiosis (genus Babesia ), and human cryptosporidiosis (genus Cryptosporidium ). (umaryland.edu)
The resistant parasites use its transmembrane pump to remove chloroquine from the digestive vacuole. (vedantu.com)
These chloroquine-resistant parasites pump out 40 times more than the chloroquine-sensitive parasites. (vedantu.com)
A Ca²⁺ channel blocker Verapamil has found to restore the ability of chloroquine to treat resistance parasites. (vedantu.com)
Therefore comparative genomic analysis of T . equi was undertaken to: 1) identify genes contributing to immune evasion and persistence in equid hosts, 2) identify genes involved in PBMC infection biology and 3) define the phylogenetic position of T . equi relative to sequenced apicomplexan parasites. (biomedcentral.com)
Comparative genomic analysis of T . equi revealed the phylogenetic positioning relative to seven apicomplexan parasites using deduced amino acid sequences from 150 genes placed it as a sister taxon to Theileria spp . (biomedcentral.com)
In the last decade, high-throughput screens based on cultured P. falciparum or on those of the hepatic stages of the rodent parasites P. berghei or P. yoelii , as reviewed in Hovlid and Winzeler 14 , have enriched the drug discovery pipeline with a wealth of promising novel lead compounds. (nature.com)
Apicomplexan parasites of the genus Plasmodium are the causative agent of malaria, one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide. (gla.ac.uk)
A major problem in the global fight against malaria is the widespread resistance of the parasites against the currently available drugs. (gla.ac.uk)
The findings of this study suggest that in parasites bearing mutant PfCRT, GSH is transported into the digestive vacuole where it is able to contribute to resistance by degrading heme, before the tripeptide itself is degraded by peptidases inside the vacuole, consistent with the overall reduction of GSH levels in CQ resistant parasites. (gla.ac.uk)
As WHO has been gathering over, none of these candidate genes appears to be responsible for resources for eliminating and containing ART-resistant parasites the observed ART resistance in western Cambodia surveillance efforts have intensified in the GMS, where ART The proposal of PfATP6 as the primary target of ARTs in ma- use has the longest history. (2medicalcare.com)
Meanwhile, research aimed to deci- laria parasites was initially based on the structural resemblance of pher the underlying mechanisms of ART resistance has become a ARTs to thapsigargin, a specific inhibitor of mammalian SERCAs. (2medicalcare.com)
Resis- assessment of in vivo drug response in P. tance to antimalarial drugs has been de- falciparum were developed shortly after scribed for 2 of the 4 species of human the first reports of CQ resistance in this malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum species [ 1 ]. (who.int)
ART-resistant P. falciparum parasites emerged in Western Cambodia in the 2000s showing a slow clearance phenotype in malaria patients and an increased ring survival rate [ 2 , 3 ]. (biorxiv.org)
A genome-wide association study identified variants in the ferredoxin fd ), apicoplast ribosomal protein S10 ( arps10 ), multidrug resistance protein 2 ( mdr2 ), and chloroquine resistance transporter ( crt ) genes as additional factors contributing to ART resistance, in which a missense fd mutation fd -D193Y) was the most frequent variant among resistant parasites [ 8 ]. (biorxiv.org)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the P. falciparum multidrug resistance gene 1 (pfmdr1) N86Y, Y184F, D1246Y and P. falciparum chloroquine transporter gene (pfcrt) K76T were analysed from dried blood spots collected during six consecutive studies from children with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Fukayosi village, Bagamoyo District, Tanzania, between 2004-2011. (aku.edu)
We aim to determine the prevalence of Multidrug resistance (MDR) tuberculosis in Pakistani population. (preprints.org)

Selection of Plasmodium falciparum cytochrome B mutants by putative PfNDH2 inhibitors. (nih.gov)

The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of anti-malarial drug resistance-associated markers before and after the implementation of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) from 2005 to 2014 in Dielmo, a model site for malaria intervention studies in Senegal. (bvsalud.org)
The prevalence of drug resistance markers was high, particularly during the malaria upsurges. (bvsalud.org)
Prevalence of CQ resistance marker was unequally distributed across the country, ranging from 1.5% in Fungurume to 89.5% in Katana. (biomedcentral.com)
Plasmodium falciparum has sequently revised [ 9 ] and have remained developed resistance to nearly all antimalar- basically unchanged since the WHO Scien- ials in current use, although the geographi- tific Group on the Chemotherapy of Malar- cal distribution and prevalence rates of ia and Resistance to Antimalarials in 1972 resistance to individual drugs do vary. (who.int)

The presence of polymorphisms in genes associated with Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine was evaluated by Sanger sequencing, in 85 P. falciparum day of enrollment samples from a therapeutic efficacy study of artemether-lumefantrine conducted in 2018-2019 in Quibdo, Colombia. (biomedcentral.com)
gene harbors multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms in field parasite populations, and S769N has been associated with decreased sensitivity to artemether in parasite populations from French Gui- ana. (2medicalcare.com)
On study completion, all participants were genotyped both for Dantu and for four other polymorphisms that are associated with protection against severe falciparum malaria: α+-thalassaemia, blood group O, G6PD deficiency, and the rs4951074 allele in the red cell calcium transporter ATP2B4.ResultsThe primary endpoint was reached in 25/111 (22.5%) non-Dantu subjects in comparison to 0/27 (0%) Dantu heterozygotes and 0/3 (0.0%) Dantu homozygotes (p=0.01). (ox.ac.uk)

The K76T mutation on the pfcrt gene has been identified as a marker of CQ resistance and the SVMNT haplotype in codons 72-76 on the same gene has been associated with resistance to amodiaquine (AQ). (biomedcentral.com)

The ones that are underlined are the commmon chloroquine resistant strains. (blogspot.com)
All of the strains (except D17) are found in naturally occurring Plasmodium populations and the probable pathways to each of the major chloroquine resistant strains are shown. (blogspot.com)
Strains used in whole organism Plasmodium falciparum vaccine trials differ in genome structure, sequence, and immunogenic potential. (umaryland.edu)
P. falciparum is a resistant strains of chloroquine. (vedantu.com)
These strains are showing resistant behaviour to chloroquine this is because mainly due to the evolution of species. (vedantu.com)

Fever, sweating, and chills (or, in some cases, merely fever) triggered by the release of plasmodia into the bloodstream from mature blood schizonts, are the most common symptoms heralding the onset of a clinical case of uncomplicated falciparum malaria (see Chapter 6 for a description of the evolution of clinical symptoms). (nationalacademies.org)

Chloroquine transfers CQ2+ protons as the digestive vacuole is acidic. (vedantu.com)

It also reviews the way drug resistance develops and spreads, methods used to assess the presence and level of drug resistance, and the extent to which chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP)-the two most widely used antimalarial drugs in the world today-have now lost efficacy. (nationalacademies.org)
Resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine has also been detected. (who.int)

P. falciparum codes the pump by the chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) gene. (vedantu.com)
METHODS: Samples from both malaria patients and Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic carriers were analysed with high resolution melting (HRM) technique to genotype P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (Pfcrt) gene haplotypes and multidrug-resistant protein 1 (Pfmdr1) gene at codons N86 and Y184. (bvsalud.org)
The frequency of the mixed genotypes SVMNT-like_CVMNK and SVMNT-like_CVIET within Pfcrt gene was particularly low during bednet scale up. (bvsalud.org)
A pfcrt gene segment containing a fragment that encodes amino acids at positions 72-76 was amplified by conventional PCR before sequencing. (biomedcentral.com)

Despite the relatively large number of malaria cases reported each year and the use of different anti-malarial treatments in recent decades, little is known about the molecular markers of drug resistance and genetic diversity of P. falciparum in the country. (biomedcentral.com)
The malaria parasite exerted a potent selective signature on the human genome, which is apparent in the genetic polymorphism landscape of genes related to pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Outside the system genes describe other genetic elements, including repetitive elements and cis-regulatory modules. (symapdb.org)
Drug resistance (DR) is a complex process that occurs due to a variety of genetic and acquired factors. (preprints.org)
BackgroundThe long co-evolution of Homo sapiens and Plasmodium falciparum has resulted in the selection of numerous human genetic variants that confer an advantage against severe malaria and death. (ox.ac.uk)
No significant impacts on either outcome were seen for any of the other genetic variants under study.ConclusionsThis study reveals, for the first time, that the Dantu blood group is associated with high-level protection against early, non-clinical, P. falciparum malaria infections in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)

Plasmodium falciparum is the causative organism leading to human CM development. (biomedcentral.com)
Doxycycline prevents the normal function of the apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum, a malaria causing organism. (illumina.com)

Behe uses the example of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum (malaria parasite). (blogspot.com)
Malaria is a devastating disease caused by the parasite P. falciparum. (blogspot.com)
At The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) I was part of the team that launched the field of parasite genomics, with the publication of the genome of several Plasmodium and trypanosomatid species, Theileria parva and Trichomonas vaginalis . (umaryland.edu)
Ongoing projects include the ( i ) the study of species biology and the nature of host-parasite interactions, based on comparative genomics and ( ii ) studies of speciation, drug resistance, vaccine efficacy and vaccine design, informed by population genomics data. (umaryland.edu)
Chloroquine drug concentrates on acidic food vacuole of the parasite and enters into the essential process. (vedantu.com)
The action of the toxic FP and FP- chloroquine results in cell lysis and supports parasite cell autodigestion. (vedantu.com)
If the parasite does not form hemozoin, then it is resistant to chloroquine. (vedantu.com)
To guide such efforts, measuring and monitoring parasite population evolution and anti-malarial drugs resistance is extremely important. (bvsalud.org)
The research of the section focuses mainly upon Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes the most severe form of malaria and produces an estimated 2-3 million deaths each year from the disease. (grantome.com)
4) genes involved in the development of parasite sexual stages that are required for transmission of infection through the mosquito. (grantome.com)
Thus, the elaboration of a protocol for the in vitro cultivation of the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum revolutionized research on this important parasite. (nature.com)
While both gene loci were targeted by control constructs, the knockout of either pfγgcs or pfgs was impossible, indicating both genes are essential for parasite survival in the erythrocytic stages. (gla.ac.uk)
Recent in vitro studies suggest that Dantu exerts this protection by increasing the surface tension of red blood cells, thereby impeding the ability of P. falciparum merozoites to invade them and reducing parasite multiplication. (ox.ac.uk)

Findings from his research include the transporter molecule responsible for P. falciparum chloroquine resistance (PfCRT), the molecules responsible for antigenic variation and immune evasion by P. falciparum (var genes), a mechanism for sickle-cell trait protection against malaria, and the PfHRP-II protein used for malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). (nih.gov)
From the sequence and laboratory evidence it's utterly parsimonious and consistent with all the data-especially including the extreme rarity of the origin of chloroquine resistance-to think that a first, required mutation to PfCRT is strongly deleterious while the second may partially rescue the normal, required function of the protein, plus confer low chloroquine transport activity. (blogspot.com)
The differences in the characteristics between the murine model and humans are the host receptor and the absence of knob-like structures of the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) (Table 2 ) [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In 1999, AQ-SP was implemented as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria and from 2006, two artemisinin-based combinations, artesunate-mefloquine and AL, were introduced. (biomedcentral.com)
CDC received 137 P. falciparum -positive samples for the detection of antimalarial resistance markers (although some loci for chloroquine and mefloquine were untestable for up to nine samples). (blogspot.com)

All 390 successfully analysed samples had one copy of the pfmdr1 gene. (aku.edu)

They discovered that all chloroquine haplotypes had a K76T mutation (red circle). (blogspot.com)

Since 2010, the first-line regimen for treating uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Colombia has been artemether-lumefantrine (AL). (biomedcentral.com)
The aim of this study was to analyse temporal trends of established genotypes associated with artemether-lumefantrine tolerance/resistance before and after its deployment as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Tanzania 2006. (aku.edu)

Artemisinin Resistance': Something New or Old? (nih.gov)
PfATP6 and Artemisinin Resistance in P. falciparum FIG 1 Development of transgenic lines in 3D7 with the PfATP6 S769N mutation. (2medicalcare.com)
1.0%) with atovaquone resistance, and two (1.4%) with artemisinin resistance. (blogspot.com)

Additional members of the phylum Apicomplexa, important to global human and animal health include the organisms in the genus Plasmodium as well as T . parva and T . annulata , and Babesia bovis causes of malaria, bovine theileriosis and babesiosis, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Malaria in humans is caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium . (blogspot.com)

Five different Plasmodium species can cause malaria in humans, leading to a total of approximately 500 million cases each year and of these, P. falciparum causes the most deadly form of the disease and is responsible for more than 1 million deaths annually. (gla.ac.uk)

The loss of chloroquine (CQ) effectiveness has led to its withdrawal from national policies as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in several endemic countries, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). (biomedcentral.com)

Monitoring drug resistance markers should be conducted periodically to detect threats of emergence or resurgence that could compromise the efficacy of anti-malarial drugs. (bvsalud.org)

Plasmodium falciparum 7G8 challenge provides conservative prediction of efficacy of PfNF54-based PfSPZ Vaccine in Africa. (umaryland.edu)
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of anti-malarials used in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria every 2 years. (biomedcentral.com)
The gradual decline in the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine (CQ) has led to its withdrawal from the uncomplicated malaria treatment of P. falciparum in endemic countries. (biomedcentral.com)
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and antimalarial efficacy of a novel Plasmodium falciparum ATP4 inhibitor SJ733: a first-in-human and induced blood-stage malaria phase 1a/b trial. (createuky.net)

Both autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and extracellular vesicles (EVs) release inhibitor GW4869 enhanced doxorubicin activity and counteracted doxorubicin resistance. (preprints.org)

Surveillance of molecular markers could act as an early warning system of ACT-resistance before clinical treatment failures are apparent. (aku.edu)
Identification of Plasmodium falciparum heat shock 90 inhibitors via molecular docking. (createuky.net)

Artemisinin (ART)-based combination therapy is recommended by the World Health Organization for the first-line treatment of malaria in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections. (biorxiv.org)
Coartem Tablets are a combination of artemether and lumefantrine, both antimalarials, indicated for treatment of acute, uncomplicated malaria infections due to Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) in patients 2 months of age and older with a bodyweight of 5 kg and above. (nih.gov)
One such variant is the Dantu blood group antigen, which is associated with 74% protection against severe and complicated P. falciparum malaria infections in homozygous individuals, similar to that provided by the sickle haemoglobin allele (HbS). (ox.ac.uk)
However, no studies have yet explored this hypothesis in vivo.MethodsWe investigated the effect of Dantu on early phase P. falciparum (Pf) infections in a controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study. (ox.ac.uk)

Resistance to atovaquone occurs quite often so that's probably due to a single mutation. (blogspot.com)
That's the number of patients it takes for spontaneous resistance to atovaquone to appear. (blogspot.com)
That makes a lot of sense since resistance to atovaquone needs only one point mutation. (blogspot.com)
If atovaquone were used as widely as chloroquine, we'd expect about a billion or more origins of resistance to it by now, not a measly handful. (blogspot.com)

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are closely related to each other. (vedantu.com)

Chloroquine covers hemozoin molecules to prevent further biocrystallization of heme thus helps to heme buildup. (vedantu.com)
Both BLM and A5 are hydrophilic molecules that depend on transporters or endocytosis receptors to get inside of cells. (lookformedical.com)

Overall, these findings confirm the fixation of chloroquine and pyrimethamine-resistant alleles already described in the literature, implying that these drugs are not currently appropriate for use in Colombia. (biomedcentral.com)
It is of great importance to identify new drug target as well as to understand the mechanisms that lead to drug resistance in the first instance in order to potentially reverse the resistant phenotypes and to avoid the development of resistance in the future. (gla.ac.uk)
Today, CQ-resistant falciparum malaria is set criteria for the selection of patients, the being reported from all countries in which administration of a standard treatment regi- the disease is endemic except for few foci men of the appropriate drug, and daily par- in central America north of the Panama Ca- asitological blood examination for the nal, Haiti and the Dominican Republic [ 5 ]. (who.int)
It is used in some areas for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). (illumina.com)

The SVMNT haplotype, related to AQ resistance, was not detected. (biomedcentral.com)

Chloroquine phosphate uses have mild side effects like abdominal cramps and headache, it is a common effect of all antimalarial drugs. (vedantu.com)
Plasmodium falciparum , which is the most common and deadly Plasmodium species in sub-Saharan Africa, has developed resistance mechanisms to almost all existing anti-malarial drugs with a significant impact on malaria control. (biomedcentral.com)
Due to various factors including socioeconomic factors, compliance is poor to anti-tuberculosis drugs, leading to resistance. (preprints.org)

Chloroquine is a synthetic drug mainly used for the treatment of malaria. (vedantu.com)
The chloroquine has a lysosomotropic character, which helps to perform as an antimalarial drug. (vedantu.com)
Apart form its other functions GSH has previously been suggested to be involved in resistance to the antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ). (gla.ac.uk)
The absence of the AQ resistance marker is in line with the use of this drug in the current DRC malaria treatment policy. (biomedcentral.com)
Beyond a 10% resistance rate, the WHO recommendation is to replace the drug with a more effective one [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
SUMMARY Studies done between 1997 and 2003 are reviewed to give an overall picture of antimalarial drug resistance in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). (who.int)
An overview of drug resistance gion. (who.int)
QW 45 Microbial drug resistance. (lstmed.ac.uk)
CDC conducts antimalarial drug resistance marker testing on blood samples submitted by health care providers or local or state health departments. (blogspot.com)
The wide spread of malarial drug resistance and the lack of an effective vaccine are obstacles for disease management and prevention. (biomedcentral.com)
Conclusion Multi-drug resistance tuberculosis is very prevalent in Pakistan, which may increase burden on health care system and may lead to various complications of tuberculosis. (preprints.org)
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a highly curable disease (70-80%), even though long-term toxicities, drug resistance, and predicting clinical responses to therapy are major challenges in cHL treatment. (preprints.org)
Both HDLM-2 and HDLM-2dx cells had an intrinsic resistance to BV but not to the drug MMAE. (preprints.org)
In HRSdx cells, less sensitive to DNA damage and oxidative stress, the efflux drug transporters MDR1 and MRP1 were not up-regulated, and doxorubicin accumulated in cytoplasm rather than in nucleus. (preprints.org)

That means on average ten thousand copies of each and every point mutation of the malarial genome will be present in every person being treated with chloroquine. (blogspot.com)
They estimated that the mutation rate in P. falciparum is 2.5 × 10 -9 per base pair per replication. (blogspot.com)

The bite of a P. falciparum -infected female anopheline mosquito mediates the development of various disease severities ranging from uncomplicated malaria to severe malaria and CM. Uncomplicated malaria or mild malaria is defined as a febrile illness without any clinical or laboratory signs of severity or vital organ dysfunction. (biomedcentral.com)
According to the updated definition of severe falciparum malaria by the WHO (2015), severe falciparum malaria is defined as the presence of P. falciparum asexual parasitemia, with one or more clinical features or laboratory findings (Table 1 ) and without any identified alternative causes. (biomedcentral.com)

T . equi has lost the putative genes for host cell transformation, or the genes were acquired by T . parva and T . annulata after divergence from T . equi . (biomedcentral.com)

At any time after the infection is established, the vast majority of plasmodia will be in some stage of asexual maturation leading to another round of multiplication within the patient's bloodstream. (nationalacademies.org)

Background: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is still a major health threat in endemic areas especially for children below 5 years of age. (iuiu.ac.ug)

Malaria was first detected by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) available on site (SD Bioline Malaria Ag Pf or CareStart Malaria Pf ) or thick blood smear and then confirmed by a P. falciparum species-specific real-time PCR assay. (biomedcentral.com)

Each of the haplotypes (labelled D27, GB4, Ecu1110 etc.) represent a different strain of Plasmodium . (blogspot.com)
By itself, this was neutral with respect to chloroquine resistance (blue arrows) but in combination with N75E OR N326D (pink circles), the strain acquired a low level of chloroquine resistance (green arrows). (blogspot.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms4

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs20

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes7

Information Science1

Geographicals1

Mutations21

Vivax5

Parasites17

Multidrug Resistance2

Selection of Plasmodium1

Prevalence4

Polymorphisms3

Amodiaquine1

Strains5

Uncomplicated falciparum malaria1

Digestive vacuole1

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine2

Pfcrt gene4

Genetic6

Organism2

Parasite13

Protein3

Mefloquine2

Pfmdr11

K76T1

Artemether-lumefantrine2

Artemisinin Resistance3

Genus2

Humans1

Treatment for uncomplicated1

Detect1

Efficacy4

Inhibitor1

Molecular2

Infections4

Atovaquone4

Hydroxychloroquine1

Molecules2

Resistant4

Haplotype1

Drugs3

Drug14

Mutation2

Severe2

Putative1

Asexual1

Endemic areas1

Species-specific1

Strain2