• Some of the most clinically relevant resistance genes, such those encoding carbapenemases (ß-lactamase enzymes able to degrade carbapenem antibiotics), are carried on conjugative plasmids that spread across high-risk bacterial clones 5 , 6 . (nature.com)
  • Horizontal gene transfer between rhizobia, involving both Symbiosis Islands that are self-transmissible and conjugative plasmids, have been a major research focus in the last six years. (ucalgary.ca)
  • 2008), conjugative plasmids (De Boever et al . (pjmonline.org)
  • Genetically identical plasmids were identified globally in different, completely unrelated strains of bacteria. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial strains, plasmids, and culture conditions. (irjs.info)
  • Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are outlined in Table ?Table1.1. (irjs.info)
  • A plasmid that constitutively expresses was constructed by cloning of the genes into the pBBR1-MCS5 vector (16) and launched into strains by electroporation. (irjs.info)
  • Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study strains? (irjs.info)
  • Xenorhabdus strains (members of a single species) can display wide variation in host-interaction phenotypes and genetic potential indicating that strains may differ in their encoded symbiosis factors, including secreted metabolites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To discern strain-level variation among symbiosis factors, and facilitate the identification of novel compounds, we performed a comparative analysis of the genomes of 10 Xenorhabdus bovienii bacterial strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In a second part methods will be developped to analyze strains with multiple plasmid insertions and strains, where plasmids have been used to insert sequences into the genome of microorganisms by CRISPR/Cas, for example. (hes-so.ch)
  • The rhizobia-legume symbioses exhibit variation in symbiotic performance as measured by plant yield, nodulation and nitrogenase activity. (benthamscience.com)
  • It has also been found that symbiotic variation is connected to some characteristics of rhizobia including serological and morphological phenotypes, tolerance to stresses, host range, plasmid profile as well as some cryptic plasmids. (benthamscience.com)
  • The system is clearly shown to regulate the conjugal transfer of pRL1J1, a symbiotic plasmid, but the advantage of having plasmid Pitavastatin calcium inhibitor transfer under the control of the system is still unfamiliar (43). (irjs.info)
  • Our major effort has been directed towards understanding the role of very large plasmids in the free-living and symbiotic life of Rhizobium spp. (ucalgary.ca)
  • Synthetic plasmids to challenge symbiotic nitrogen fixation between rhizobia and legumes. (unige.ch)
  • The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time to comprise genetic elements that reproduce autonomously. (wikipedia.org)
  • A typical bacterial replicon may consist of a number of elements, such as the gene for plasmid-specific replication initiation protein (Rep), repeating units called iterons, DnaA boxes, and an adjacent AT-rich region. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plasmid persistence in bacterial populations is strongly influenced by the fitness effects associated with plasmid carriage. (nature.com)
  • However, plasmid fitness effects in wild-type bacterial hosts remain largely unexplored. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, genomic results showed a link between pOXA-48_K8 fitness effects and bacterial phylogeny, helping to explain plasmid epidemiology. (nature.com)
  • Incorporating our fitness results into a simple population dynamics model revealed a new set of conditions for plasmid stability in bacterial communities, with plasmid persistence increasing with bacterial diversity and becoming less dependent on conjugation. (nature.com)
  • These fitness costs make it difficult to explain how plasmids are maintained in bacterial populations over the long-term in the absence of selection for plasmid-encoded traits, a puzzle known as "the plasmid-paradox" 10 . (nature.com)
  • These examples do not necessarily replicate plasmid fitness effects in natural bacterial hosts, which remain largely unexplored. (nature.com)
  • To fully understand plasmid persistence in natural bacterial populations, it will be necessary to address these limitations. (nature.com)
  • In this study, we provide a detailed characterisation of the distribution of plasmid fitness effects in wild-type bacterial hosts. (nature.com)
  • Plasmids are typically circular (but also less commonly linear) double-stranded DNA molecules that are able to independently control their multiplication and stable inheritance from generation to generation in their bacterial h osts (2) . (resistancecontrol.info)
  • In nature, plasmids often carry genes that benefit the survival of the organism and confer selective advantage such as antibiotic resistance. (wikipedia.org)
  • While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful in certain situations or conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Smaller plasmids make use of the host replicative enzymes to make copies of themselves, while larger plasmids may carry genes specific for the replication of those plasmids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many of the genes carried by a plasmid are beneficial for the host cells, for example: enabling the host cell to survive in an environment that would otherwise be lethal or restrictive for growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genetic basis of the changes associated with the establishment of AM has been addressed with two complementary approaches: (i) Forward genetic screens to identify genes required for symbiosis, and (ii) transcript profiling to identify AM-induced genes followed by reverse genetic analysis of their function by gene knockouts or gene silencing. (frontiersin.org)
  • These genes, most of which are constitutively expressed before and during symbiosis, constitute the common symbiosis signaling pathway (CSSP), which is also required for root nodule symbiosis (RNS). (frontiersin.org)
  • Plasmids are recognized as one of the major contributors to the rapid worldwide spread of resistance genes. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • In addition, many plasmids can transfer from one bacterium to another, the most sophisticated mechanism being by conjugation in which the plasmid carries genes that can create a bridge between bacteria through which a copy of the plasmid can move (Fig 1a). (resistancecontrol.info)
  • The set of genes for multiplication, stable inheritance and transfer are called the plasmid backbone or core. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Plasmids can also pick up a variable cargo of other genes that can help their host bacterium grow or survive in different environments - the plasmid spreads them between bacteria and if a survival advantage is gained due to the carried genes on the plasmid there will be positive selection for its carriage. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Amongst the favourable traits carried on plasmids, genes conferring antibiotic resistance are of particular concern in the spread of drug-resistant infections (6) . (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Although all plasmids basically function in similar ways, what makes targeting plasmids difficult is that the genes and proteins they need for multiplication and stable inheritance are highly diverse making it unlikely to find a single compound that will block them all. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Genes such as NDM-1 conferring resistance to β -lactam antibiotics, and other essential antibiotics, have been observed on dominant plasmid types that are known to have been in circulation for over 50 years. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Plasmid encoded loci involved in the catabolism of a wide variety of carbon sources have been identified in R. leguminosarum , and the role of these genes in the ability of the bacterium to compete with other bacteria, and to survive as a rhizosphere organism, is being investigated. (ucalgary.ca)
  • Symbiosis genes" of the epibiont were identified by genomic approaches. (dsmz.de)
  • We demonstrate that these genes alone confer growth inhibition by being expressed in uninfected cells via a Sulfolobus expression plasmid. (nsf.gov)
  • On the contrary, cellular genomes, especially eukaryotic ones, turned out to be full of genes derived from viruses or related elements (plasmids, transposons, retroelements and so on). (biologie-journal.org)
  • In this study, we determined the fitness effects of the major antibiotic resistance plasmid pOXA-48_K8 in wild-type, ecologically compatible enterobacterial isolates from the human gut microbiota. (nature.com)
  • The role of plasmids, particularly those able to transfer autonomously (conjugative), in the spread of antibiotic resistance was quickly established. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Plasmids vary in size from 1 to over 400 kbp, and the number of identical plasmids in a single cell can range anywhere from one to thousands under some circumstances. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plasmids are transmitted from one bacterium to another (even of another species) mostly through conjugation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plasmids are extra-chromosomal mobile genetic elements able to transfer between bacteria through conjugation 1 . (nature.com)
  • RP4-mediated transfer of mobilizable plasmids in intergeneric conjugation of Escherichia coli donors with Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 is severely affected by a restriction system in the recipient that can be inactivated by a variety of exogenous stress factors. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell wall, -evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms symbiosis of individual single-celled prokaryotic (bacteria and archaea). (web.app)
  • Second, studies tend to analyse the fitness effects of a single plasmid in a single bacterium. (nature.com)
  • Joshua Lederberg first coined the term "plasmid" in 1952 (3) , and since their discovery as "extra-chromosomal hereditary determinants", studies have highlighted their role in horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and usefulness as tools in molecular biology. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Our work is developing ways to displace plasmids from their hosts using incompatibility functions without disrupting cell viability by neutralizing plasmid-encoded toxin/anti-toxin systems. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Yip CB, Ding H, Hynes MF (2015) Counter transcribed RNAs of Rhizobium leguminosarum repABC plasmids exerts incompatibility effects only when highly expressed. (ucalgary.ca)
  • To understand the genetic basis of the insect-microbe symbiosis, we performed whole-genome sequencing of the Burkholderia strain, revealing an 8.69-Mb genome consisting of three chromosomes and three plasmids. (pacb.com)
  • Later in 1968, it was decided that the term plasmid should be adopted as the term for extrachromosomal genetic element, and to distinguish it from viruses, the definition was narrowed to genetic elements that exist exclusively or predominantly outside of the chromosome and can replicate autonomously. (wikipedia.org)
  • A few types of plasmids can also insert into the host chromosome, and these integrative plasmids are sometimes referred to as episomes in prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The resulting plasmids were then integrated into the chromosome at the and loci, respectively, by homologous recombination. (irjs.info)
  • By using this procedure, clones of the restriction-deficient mutant strain C. glutamicum RM3 harboring a plasmid library of the wild-type chromosome were checked for their restriction properties. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • A complemented clone with a restriction-positive phenotype was isolated and found to contain a plasmid with a 7-kb insertion originating from the wild-type chromosome. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Plasmids can also provide bacteria with the ability to fix nitrogen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Loss of NifQ leads to accumulation of porphyrins and altered metal-homeostasis in nitrogen-fixing symbioses. (unige.ch)
  • General Information: This methylotrophic species nodulates and fixes nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes. (up.ac.za)
  • The term plasmid was introduced in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. (wikipedia.org)
  • A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order for plasmids to replicate independently within a cell, they must possess a stretch of DNA that can act as an origin of replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • These linear plasmids require specialized mechanisms to replicate their ends. (wikipedia.org)
  • viciae 3841 requires a plasmid-borne gene cluster that also affects competitiveness for nodulation. (ucalgary.ca)
  • In this study a rapid test procedure based on intergeneric conjugal plasmid transfer that permitted the distinction between restriction-negative and restriction-positive C. glutamicum clones was developed. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, some classes of plasmids encode the conjugative "sex" pilus necessary for their own transfer. (wikipedia.org)
  • These definitions, which clearly distinguish viruses from plasmids, suggest that infectious RNA molecules that only encode an RNA replicase presently classified among viruses by the ICTV ( International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses ) into families of Endornaviridae and Hypoviridae are in fact RNA plasmids. (biologie-journal.org)
  • Plasmids are considered replicons, units of DNA capable of replicating autonomously within a suitable host. (wikipedia.org)
  • The discovery that plasmids could be efficiently used as cloning vectors led to an increased interest in understanding plasmid biology, as well as stimulating new types of biotechnology. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • This host-to-host transfer of genetic material is one mechanism of horizontal gene transfer, and plasmids are considered part of the mobilome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plasmids almost always carry at least one gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, in the early 1970s, Stanley Falkow, Stanley Cohen, Herbert Boyer, Donald Helinski, Charles Brinton and several others developed the concept of using plasmids as tools for gene cloning. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • We have developed a novel method to identify the AHL synthase gene from and found that quorum sensing in takes on a critical part in symbiosis. (irjs.info)
  • Plasmids received from external sources or created by PCR-based methods often contain point mutations, which may initially go unnoticed, but can pose problems in further cloning steps or gene expression. (hes-so.ch)
  • Xenorhabdus bacteria engage in a beneficial symbiosis with Steinernema nematodes, in part by providing activities that help kill and degrade insect hosts for nutrition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But it was not until techniques like DNA sequencing became commonplace that the extent of the role plasmids play in the dissemination and evolution of resistance traits became clear (7) . (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Vrdonk CJ, Sullivan JT, Williman KM, Nicholson L, Bastholm TR, Hynes MF, Ronson CW, Bond CS, Ramsay JP (2019) Delineation of the integrase-attachment and origin-of-transfer regions of the symbiosis island ICEMlSymR7A Plasmid 104:102416. (ucalgary.ca)
  • Naturally occurring plasmids vary greatly in their physical properties. (wikipedia.org)
  • These results help to explain the high prevalence of plasmids in the greatly diverse natural microbial communities. (nature.com)
  • This plasmid, termed pRES806, is able to complement the restriction-deficient phenotype of different C. glutamicum mutants. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • E. coli is also used in order to generate the protein from the plasmid. (duke.edu)
  • Flasks of E. coli are given the plasmid and reproduce until they almost reach carrying capacity, at which point they are given a treatment to induce protein synthesis. (duke.edu)
  • Much of the early work on plasmids focused on the observation that resistance to antibiotics seemed to transfer from one strain to another, leading to the description of R-factors (4, 5) . (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Virus-host interactions evolve along a symbiosis continuum from antagonism to mutualism. (nsf.gov)
  • Invertebrates host numerous microorganisms with interactions ranging from symbiosis to pathogenesis, but the microflora of insects is unexplored as yet. (pjmonline.org)
  • Studies are also ongoing on partitioning systems that make these plasmids so stable. (ucalgary.ca)
  • Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a symbiosis between plants and AM fungi that requires the intracellular accommodation of the fungal partner in the host. (frontiersin.org)
  • AM symbiosis culminates with the formation of the arbuscules, highly branched fungal structures that are separated from the surrounding host cytoplasm by the periarbuscular membrane (PAM). (frontiersin.org)
  • These features indicate that host cells undergo fundamental reprogramming during symbiosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Protocols used for all aspects of qPCR analysis, including reaction conditions, the use of linearized plasmids and inhibition reactions, and calculation of unknowns follow those described in detail by Goebel et al. (bco-dmo.org)
  • In the laboratory, plasmids may be introduced into a cell via transformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plasmids may be present in an individual cell in varying number, ranging from one to several hundreds. (wikipedia.org)
  • The normal number of copies of plasmid that may be found in a single cell is called the plasmid copy number, and is determined by how the replication initiation is regulated and the size of the molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the metabolic symbiosis model, these cells have been proposed to overexpress MCT4 to release high amounts of lactate produced during anaerobic glycolysis into the tumor microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
  • However, understanding of plasmid population biology is held in check by limitations of the model systems used for its study. (nature.com)
  • Third, most mathematical models of plasmid population biology study clonal or near-clonal populations. (nature.com)
  • The Versatile Roles of Type III Secretion Systems in Rhizobium-Legume Symbioses. (unige.ch)
  • We identified a conjugative ‚killer plasmid' that is responsible for causing the morbid life style and are currently investigating its mode of action. (dsmz.de)