Plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane mechanism setting the membrane potential. Medical search. Frequent questions

Here we show in human cell lines that alternative 3' UTRs differentially regulate the localization of membrane proteins. (nih.gov)
3' UTR-dependent protein localization has the potential to be a widespread trafficking mechanism for membrane proteins because HuR binds to thousands of mRNAs, and we show that the long 3' UTRs of CD44, ITGA1 and TNFRSF13C, which are bound by HuR, increase surface protein expression compared to their corresponding short 3' UTRs. (nih.gov)
Transporters are essential transmembrane proteins that mediate the selective translocation of solutes, ions or drugs across biological membranes. (uoa.gr)
In an in silico search for correlated gene loss with fungal peroxisomal uric acid oxidase (UOX), we identified PMP22-like proteins, some of which function as promiscuous channels in organellar membranes. (uoa.gr)
Cadherins form protein complexes with cytoplasmic proteins (catenins) that convert the specific, homophilic-binding capacity of the extracellular domain into stable cell adhesion. (embl.de)
The long term goal of our research is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which proteins are targeted to specific and distinct compartments. (stanford.edu)
RAS family proteins are membrane-associated, small GTPases that have the function of transmitting a multitude of cellular signals [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
RAS family proteins play a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by signaling through a set of molecular pathways [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Possible mechanisms for developing acquired resistance to anti-cancer drugs include mutations of genes encoding proteins that are the targets of drugs or are present in downstream pathways of proteins inhibited by drugs as well as the activation of collateral pathways ( 19 , 20 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
BNIP3 and NIX are related multi-functional outer mitochondrial membrane proteins. (1library.net)
Here, after a general discussion of mitophagy, we will review and discuss two related outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) proteins, BNIP3 and BNIP3L (NIX). (1library.net)
Such a membrane-anchoring strategy has been adopted by a wide range of signaling proteins ( Fivaz and Meyer, 2003 ) with significant variations in the structure of these motifs (see Table S1). (rupress.org)
When Ca2+ channels are activated in response to a variety stimuli, a drastic increase in the [Ca2+]c is induced and the entered free Ca2+ binds to the sets of Ca2+-regulated proteins such as calmodulin and calcium dependent protein kinases to modify the activities or affinities of these proteins in binding to specific targets. (globalsciencebooks.info)
We now show that during early apoptosis limited membrane permeabilization occurs in blebs and apoptotic bodies, which allows release of proteins that may affect the proximal microenvironment before the catastrophic loss of membrane integrity during secondary necrosis. (nature.com)
These results indicate that limited membrane permeabilization occurs in blebs and apoptotic bodies before secondary necrosis, leading to acute and localized release of immunomodulatory proteins during the early phase of active apoptotic membrane blebbing. (nature.com)
The SARS-CoV genome encodes 4 structural proteins, the spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)

Whether the cargo is a membrane-bound organelle, precipitated protein aggregate, or an intracellular pathogen, the solution is the same: erect a barrier, direct destructive agents into the newly-formed com-partment, and recycle or remove the debris. (1library.net)
Among the ions taken up by the plant cells, Ca2+ plays an essential role as an intracellular secondary messenger in plants and thus the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) is strictly regulated. (globalsciencebooks.info)
The first intracellular, light-evoked responses recorded in the vertebrate retina were slow, negative going changes in membrane potential that lasted for as long as the light stimulus was present (Fig. 1). (org.es)
However, later intracellular marking techniques, in which dyes were injected from the electrode tips into the cytoplasm of the recorded neuron, revealed that horizontal cells, second order neurons postsynaptic to cones, were the source of the S-potentials (3, 4). (org.es)
The Drosophila follicle-cell epithelium provides an appropriate model system for studying the potential role of electrochemical signals, like intracellular pH (pH i ) and membrane potential (V mem ), during development. (biomedcentral.com)
2 , 3 A key feature of apoptosis has been defined as the maintenance of an intact cellular membrane (detectable as exclusion of impermeable dyes such as propidium iodide, PI) throughout the apoptotic program to prevent intracellular protein release and subsequent immunological activation. (nature.com)
In particular, bryostatin-1 induces a rapid translocation of KRas to intracellular membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus but, also, to the outer mitochondrial membrane where KRas stimulated Bcl-Xl-dependent apoptosis [26]. (moonphase2018.com)

In our model of 3' UTR-dependent protein localization, the long 3' UTR of CD47 acts as a scaffold to recruit a protein complex containing the RNA-binding protein HuR (also known as ELAVL1) and SET to the site of translation. (nih.gov)
We confirmed that SspA is a peroxisomal membrane protein that co-localizes significantly with PTS1-tagged mRFP, UOX or HexA, the latter considered a protein of Woronin bodies (WB), organelles originating from peroxisomes that dynamically plug septal pores in ascomycetes. (uoa.gr)
Various interior dynamics including self organization of macromolecules, protein conformation, movement of human thoracic diaphragm, formation of logarithmic spiral in nature were discussed in the light of potential energy of self gravity and kinetic energy of metabolic energy. (webmedcentral.com)
Seventy percent of plasma magnesium is ionized or complexed to filterable ions (eg, oxalate, phosphate, citrate) and is available for glomerular filtration, while 20% is protein-bound. (medscape.com)
MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
In USP9x-knockout cells, viral genome replication and viral protein expression increased compared to wild type cells, supporting a host-favored mechanism for USP9x. (bvsalud.org)
Dying cells have been defined as apoptotic by distinguishing features, including cell contraction, nuclear fragmentation, blebbing, apoptotic body formation and maintenance of intact cellular membranes to prevent massive protein release and consequent inflammation. (nature.com)
Yet it is unclear whether Gαi and Gαo operate through identical mechanisms and how these G-protein-mediated signals inhibit insulin secretion in vivo. (diabetesjournals.org)

This facilitates interaction of SET with the newly translated cytoplasmic domains of CD47 and results in subsequent translocation of CD47 to the plasma membrane via activated RAC1 (ref. 5). (nih.gov)
A distinctive characteristic of transporters is their cotranslational translocation and folding in a membrane bilayer, this being the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes or the cell membrane in prokaryotes. (uoa.gr)
Translocation is reversible and mediated by the polybasic-prenyl membrane targeting motif of KRas. (rupress.org)
We provide evidence that KRas translocation occurs through sequestration of the polybasic-prenyl motif by Ca 2+ /calmodulin (Ca 2+ /CaM) and subsequent release of KRas from the PM, in a process reminiscent of GDP dissociation inhibitor-mediated membrane recycling of Rab and Rho GTPases. (rupress.org)

This depolarization was thought of as excitation, and if the excitation was large enough, action potentials, or nerve spikes, were generated to transfer signals down the length of the nerve-cell axon. (org.es)
Voltage-gated sodium channels mediate a rapid and transient increase in Na + permeability in response to membrane depolarization, thereby contributing to the generation and conduction of action potentials. (jneurosci.org)

Cytoplasmic interactions can influence the function of the ectodomain by a number of potential mechanisms, including redistribution of binding sites into clusters, providing cytoskeletal anchorage, and mediating physiological regulation of cadherin function. (embl.de)
In addition to regulation of cytoplasmic cytoskeletal dynamics, a little appreciated property of actin signaling is modulation of gene expression so far only reported for non-neuronal cells. (jneurosci.org)
Mammalian CDs are surrounded by a cell membrane and contain cytoplasm that houses the cytosol and cytoskeletal network [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

On the other hand, to enrich by FACS, transfected cells expressing only hHO1, which has a cytoplasmic localization, an EGFP coding sequence had been added to the transgenic construct. (unimib.it)
The correct subcellular localization of hCD73 and hCD39 in the plasma membrane or the cytosolic and perinuclear distribution of hHO1 have been confirmed by immunofluorescence and confocal microscope analyses. (unimib.it)
Our data thus define a novel signaling mechanism that differentially regulates KRas and HRas localization and activity in neurons. (rupress.org)

Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells. (wikipedia.org)
NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
These mechanisms converge on receptors in the innate immune system in clinically relevant scenarios. (1library.net)
Notch1 and Notch 2, but not Notch4, were visualized in the nucleus of EB cells, and all these receptors were also observed as patent cytoplasmic foci. (karger.com)
Normal neuromuscular junction showing a presynaptic terminal with a motor nerve ending in an enlargement (bouton terminale): Synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane with multiple folds and embedded with several acetylcholine receptors. (medscape.com)

Ras activity relies on proper anchoring to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) by means of a lipid-based PM targeting motif. (rupress.org)

Moreover, quantitative assessment of dynamic changes of EGFR mutations in plasma could be an indicator of initial treatment response, disease progression, and development of resistance mutations (eg T790M). (selectbiosciences.com)
Further, a drop in plasma EGFR mutations to undetectable at treatment cycle 3 was associated with significantly longer OS compared to any detectable plasma EGFR mutations. (selectbiosciences.com)
Finally, it seems appropriate to consider the "sodium channel syndrome" (mutations in the gene of the α subunit of the sodium channel, SCN5A gene) as a single clinical entity that may manifest in a wide range of phenotypes, to thus have a better insight on these cardiac syndromes and potential outcomes for their clinical treatment. (bvsalud.org)

The function of PM transporters is finely regulated at the cellular level, in response to physiological or stress signals that promote, via α-arrestin-assisted ubiquitination, their endocytosis and vacuolar/lysosomal degradation, and in some cases recycling to the PM. Importantly, transporter oligomerization and specific interactions with membrane lipids are emerging as important players in transporter expression, function and turnover. (uoa.gr)

This gene subfamily is constitutively active at physiological resting membrane potentials in excitable cells, including smooth muscle cells, and has been particularly linked to the human pulmonary circulation. (ersjournals.com)
Name physiological mechanisms where transport is operational? (fsu.edu)
Asthma is present in 10% to 15% of the adult population, induced BHR and airway inflammation, and thus far, the and it is estimated that up to 15% of all cases in industrialized physiological role of IgE in the airways has not been fully settings are associated with workplace exposure (Bauer et al. (cdc.gov)

PKC-mediated phosphorylation of the C-terminal section of KRas4B regulates its association with the plasma membrane. (moonphase2018.com)

At first, the cell type of origin for S-potentials was not really known other than that microelectrode tips were somewhere in the outer retina. (org.es)
Gram-negative bacteria not only have different factors of virulence and generate products and sub-products that are toxic to apical and periapical tissues, but also contain endotoxin in the outer membrane of their cell wall. (bvsalud.org)

Moreover, R62D NLS decreases neuronal motility similar to the cytoplasmic R62D actin mutant although R62D NLS has no access to cytoplasmic actin dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
Thus, herein we provide first evidence that neuronal motility not only depends on cytoplasmic actin dynamics but also on the availability of actin to modulate nuclear functions such as gene transcription. (jneurosci.org)
Here, we show that KRas, but not HRas, acutely translocates from the plasma membrane (PM) to the Golgi complex and early/recycling endosomes in response to neuronal activity. (rupress.org)

Another electrical property is conductivity, which is characterized by a conduction and activation process, where the action potential, by the all-or-nothing law, travels throughout the heart. (bvsalud.org)

Mitophagy is part of a cellular quality control mechanism, which is implicated in degen-erative disease, especially neurodegendegen-erative disease. (1library.net)
We illustrate where such mechanisms of pattern formation arise in biological systems from cellular to tissue scales, with an emphasis on morphogenesis. (mpi-cbg.de)
3,8-9 In fact, there is a great interest in the understanding of its structure and its mechanism of action, particularly of the molecular pathways involved in its recognition and cellular signaling, 10-15 as well as the forms of its inactivation 3,16 . (bvsalud.org)
The mechanisms of cellular excitability and propagation of electrical signals in the cardiac muscle are very important functionally and pathologically. (bvsalud.org)

Another design strategy was developed using gammaretroviruses backbone where 2 domains were substituted with HIV epitopes in the N-terminal part of the ectodomain and the membrane proximal external region (MPER) respectively. (europa.eu)

A feed-forward pathway drives LRRK2 kinase membrane recruitment and activation. (stanford.edu)

We aimed to determine the signaling pathway regulating cell metabolism and the mechanism related to the regulation of human tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in gastric cancer (GC). (cancerindex.org)
Macroautophagy is the process of isolation membrane production, sealing, and degradation through the lysosomal pathway. (1library.net)
The model predicts that following activation of the Wnt pathway, an epithelial cell in the primary carcinoma must attain a threshold level of membrane-bound Dvl to convert to the mesenchymal-like phenotype and maintain that phenotype once it has migrated away from the primary tumor. (biomedcentral.com)

However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
These results suggest the use of cell free DNA in plasma to assess EGFR mutation status may be a feasible alternative in those patients for whom a tumor biopsy cannot be obtained. (selectbiosciences.com)
However, for some cells within a tumor, with the loss of adhesion and the acquisition of an invasive phenotype, they are able to invade the extracellular matrix around the tumor, penetrate the basement membrane of the blood vessel, and travel via the blood stream to other locations in the body where they ultimately form a metastasis [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Thus, the aim of this work is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, its mechanism of action, and to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin's recognition by the immune system and cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, as well as to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in its recognition by the immune system and in cell activation. (bvsalud.org)

In the former case, transporters exit the ER packed in secretory vesicles and traffic via seemingly unconventional, rather than Golgi-dependent, sorting routes to their final destination, the plasma membrane (PM). Proper folding is a prerequisite for ER exit and further trafficking. (uoa.gr)

Moreover, we identify a distinct, N-terminal, higher affinity interaction interface between LRRK2 phosphorylated Rab8 and Rab10 termed 'Site #2', that can retain LRRK2 on membranes in cells to catalyze multiple, subsequent phosphorylation events. (stanford.edu)
33. How are local currents distinct from action potentials? (fsu.edu)

To inform both prevention and intervention measures, more research is warranted to determine if and how adenovirus might contribute to hepatitis risk and the potential roles of other pathogens and host factors. (cdc.gov)

These self/non-self recognition mechanisms underlie self-incompatibility and promote genetic variability in the species. (biomedcentral.com)

By contrast, selective autophagy is the process where-by isolation membranes are erected around"selected" subcellular cargo. (1library.net)

They span the membrane of cells, allowing the selective permeation of K + ions from one side of the membrane to the other, usually from the inside of the cell to the outside. (ersjournals.com)

A molecular understanding of membrane traffic has broad implications for our understanding of growth control in cancer, receptor trafficking errors in heart disease, regulation of insulin secretion in diabetes and synaptic vesicle biogenesis and transport in neurological disorders. (stanford.edu)

Furthermore, Ca2+ currents through the NMDA receptor modulate not just the membrane potential but act as an important second messenger system. (wikipedia.org)
This rejection mechanism is initiated by a ligand-receptor interaction and is genetically controlled by a single polymorphic locus, called the S -locus [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

update the BibBase URL in your page the same way you did when you initially set up this page. (upsc.se)
In fact, initially Svaetichin thought S-potentials arose from cones (1). (org.es)
The new software works on any OpenSPIM configuration comes with drift correction functionality, on-the-fly image processing, and gives users more options in the way time-lapse movies are initially set up and saved. (mpi-cbg.de)

This unique ability to turn unresponsive 'cold' tumors into responsive 'hot' tumors gives them great potential in GC therapy. (frontiersin.org)

INTERPRETATION: Adenovirus, alone or in combination with other factors, might play a potential role in acute hepatitis among immunocompetent children identified in this investigation, but the pathophysiologic mechanism of liver injury is unclear. (cdc.gov)

Porcine vascular endothelium is the first cell type that is in direct contact with human blood in xenotransplantation settings. (unimib.it)
Our data show that in the Drosophila follicle-cell epithelium stage-specific pH i - and V mem -gradients develop which result from the activity of several ion-transport mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to maintenance of membrane integrity, apoptotic cells can be discriminated from viable counterparts based on several morphological hallmarks, including cell contraction, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and actomyosin contraction-dependent membrane blebbing and apoptotic body formation. (nature.com)

Hence, this chapter summarizes the biological plausibility of EDCs exposure and elucidates the mechanism of action underlying EDCs affecting the regulatory circuits of the mammalian HPG axis and reproductive function. (intechopen.com)

Recent studies show that modulation of TASK-1 channels, either directly or indirectly by targeting their regulatory mechanisms, has the potential to control pulmonary arterial tone in humans. (ersjournals.com)

Our aim was to investigate the potential protective roles of new combinations of human genes against endothelial activation, inflammation and procoagulant changes in a relevant in vitro model of xenotransplantation. (unimib.it)

In a separate collaboration, measurement of plasma EGFR mutation levels every 4 weeks during erlotinib treatment provided evidence for initial treatment response, as well as disease progression and the emergence of the T790M resistance mutation as early as 11 months before clinical disease progression. (selectbiosciences.com)
Additionally, dynamic changes in plasma EGFR mutation levels may be predictive of clinical outcome, including disease progression and identification of specific resistance mechanisms. (selectbiosciences.com)
This consensus statement provides a brief history of AAS use, an update on the science of how we now understand AAS to be working metabolically/biochemically, potential side effects, the prevalence of use among athletes, and the use of AAS in clinical scenarios. (lww.com)

We provide invaluable resource and tools to identify potential new molecular players involved in pollen-stigma interaction. (biomedcentral.com)

We focus on the Rab GTPases that are master regulators of membrane trafficking. (stanford.edu)
Growth regulators are also involved, although the mechanisms of these complex and interactive processes require elucidation. (globalsciencebooks.info)

S-potentials, however, were not depolarized by light, but rather hyperpolarized, and did not fire action potentials, even with the brightest light stimuli. (org.es)
7. Natural Products Targeting Biosynthesis, Control, and Activity Bronopol of Ras Oncoproteins Natural products that have been identified as indirect Ras inhibitors with different mechanisms of action are explained in Section 7.1 and listed in Table 1 (NPs targeting Ras expression and rules) and Table 2 (NPs targeting Ras control), while Section 7.2 contains a brief description of NPs inhibiting Ras effectors. (moonphase2018.com)
capacity to fire an action potential? (fsu.edu)
changing the action potential shape change the information? (fsu.edu)
drug targets) would affect rates of action potential firing? (fsu.edu)
32. What are the classic principles of the action potential? (fsu.edu)

therefore, lack of visible lesions does not correlate with lack of potential infectivity. (medscape.com)

Both machine learning models correctly predicted development of SEI outcomes in a newly sequenced validation set of 16 cases (P = 1.5 × 10-5). (bvsalud.org)

Molecular mechanism events in the ovarian microenvironment, such as angiogenesis and apoptosis, are complex. (encyclopedia.pub)
Apoptosis is a fundamental homeostatic mechanism essential for the normal growth, development and maintenance of every tissue and organ. (nature.com)
Therefore, the shift from apoptosis to secondary necrosis is more graded than a simple binary switch, with the membrane permeabilization of apoptotic bodies and consequent limited release of DAMPs contributing to the transition between these states. (nature.com)

Under the principle of abductive reasoning through successive approximation on sporadic set of observations, roles of self gravity on identical astrophysical principles of larger mass have been conceptualized on some evidences detailed in Part I and II of the article. (webmedcentral.com)

Endothelial activation and injury has been demonstrated to be the basis of several inflammatory and immunological mechanisms occurring during the rejection of xenogeneic tissues. (unimib.it)

Since being first described in fish retinas, S-potentials have been recorded from retinal horizontal cells in all vertebrate classes. (org.es)

Normal plasma magnesium concentration is 1.7-2.1 mg/dL (0.7-0.9 mmol, or 1.4-1.8 mEq/L). (medscape.com)
The plasma magnesium concentration is kept within narrow limits. (medscape.com)

Within membrane bound volume of mass, build up and break down mechanism through anabolism and catabolism of metabolic energy causes a change in the amount of mass per unit volume at particular instant leading to contraction out of gravitational potential energy and relaxation due to inertia plus kinetic energy of metabolic activity, develops pressure with gain or release of temperature. (webmedcentral.com)

Candidate models for hazard identification investigate respira- ment of HMW asthma is associated with elevated tory allergic potential in rodents on the basis of serum IgE or immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, the predominance of Th2 cytokine fingerprinting in skin and skin-draining lymph nodes following dermal application of the chemical (Dearman, Skinner, and Humphreys 2003). (cdc.gov)

However, relatively few studies have focused on their metabolic features and mechanisms. (cancerindex.org)

Our goal is to convey a picture of pattern formation that draws attention to the principles rather than solely to specific molecular mechanisms. (mpi-cbg.de)
Specific farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors were developed, but this strategy collided with the activity of geranylgeranyl transferase (GGTase), permitting an alternative Bronopol way for Ras focusing on to the membranes [13]. (moonphase2018.com)

Transporter membrane traffic and function: lessons from a mould. (uoa.gr)
The cytoplasmic droplet then becomes known as excess residual cytoplasm, which can impair overall sperm function and produce higher levels of reactive oxygen species, potentially leading to male infertility. (biomedcentral.com)

It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). (frontiersin.org)

The exact mechanism by which alterations in fractional magnesium absorption occur has yet to be determined. (medscape.com)

They regulate the excitability of cells and contribute to their resting membrane potential [ 1 , 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)

Anatomy52

Organisms12

Chemicals and Drugs107

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes54

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science3

Health Care1

Proteins16

Intracellular7

Protein8

Translocation4

Depolarization2

Cytoskeletal3

Localization3

Receptors6

Leaflet1

Mutations3

Lipids1

Physiological3

Regulates1

Outer2

Neuronal3

Conduction1

Cellular4

Ectodomain1

Kinase1

Pathway3

Tumor3

Elucidate2

Golgi1

Distinct2

Pathogens1

Underlie1

Subcellular1

Selective1

Regulation1

Receptor2

Initially3

Tumors1

Unclear1

Cell3

Biological1

Humans1

Genes1

Clinical3

Interaction1

Regulators2

Action6

Lesions1

Newly1

Apoptosis3

Roles1

Tissues1

Vertebrate1

Concentration2

Bound1

Investigate1

Metabolic1

Specific2

Function2

Genome1

Alterations1

Excitability1