• Generally, T and B lymphocytes serve as effector cells and memory cells in the immune system. (pediaa.com)
  • Effector cells are the T and B lymphocytes of the immune system that serves in normal immune function. (pediaa.com)
  • Generally, there are two types of T lymphocytes: cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Moreover, memory T cells are T lymphocytes that also recognize previously encountered antigens. (pediaa.com)
  • Unlike B lymphocytes, T cells do not produce antibodies. (pediaa.com)
  • B and T lymphocytes serve as effector cells and memory cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Effector cells refer to relatively short-lived activated cells that defend the body in an immune response while memory cells refer to long-lived lymphocytes capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production. (pediaa.com)
  • In general, effector T cells either kill infected cells or help B lymphocytes to produce antibodies against antigens while effector B lymphocytes produce antibodies against pathogens. (pediaa.com)
  • This tissue is composed of splenic nodules, which are similar to the lymphatic nodules in lymph nodes and are packed with lymphocytes (T lymphocyte cells and B lymphocyte cells). (healthjade.net)
  • This pulp contains numerous red blood cells, which impart its color, plus many lymphocytes and macrophages. (healthjade.net)
  • The immune system is comprised of various continuously circulating cells (T and B lymphocytes, and antigen-presenting cells present in various tissues). (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • Using this approach, we have cloned a novel apoptotic gene from human Jurkat T lymphocytes. (deathbase.org)
  • Mch2 beta, 1.4 kb) were detected in Jurkat T lymphocytes and other cell lines. (deathbase.org)
  • One cell suspensions of thymocytes, LN cells, spleen cells, PBL, and little intestine intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL) had been prepared as defined (26, 27). (tech-strategy.org)
  • PBMC stimulated with 1 μg/mL of aCD3 and 3 ug/ml of aCD28 for 2 days were treated with Tocris cell activation cocktail 500x (Catalog # 5476 ) and Brefeldin A (Catalog # 1231/5 ) for 3 hours or naïve PBMC lymphocytes. (rndsystems.com)
  • It contributes to T cell homeostasis by promoting the Fas-induced death of naïve CD4+ T cells but not activated CD4+ memory lymphocytes (8). (rndsystems.com)
  • The main function of plasma B cells is to secrete antibodies in humoral immune response and to activate cytotoxic and helper T cells to generate a cell-mediated immune response. (pediaa.com)
  • secreted version: antibodies) and T cell receptor (TCR), respectively. (nature.com)
  • The effector functions of the immune system comprise antibodies and complement-dependent mechanisms within body fluids and the mucosa, as well as tissue-bound effector mechanisms executed by T cells and monocytes/macrophages. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • Following antigen stimulation, specific B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies into the surroundings. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • T cells provide protection to infection by cytokine-mediated mechanisms or through production of antibodies. (omicsonline.org)
  • Experiments with B cell deficient mice have demonstrated that B cells and antibodies are essential for complete clearance of parasites from blood of the host [2]. (omicsonline.org)
  • Of interest, MM-derived MVs were enriched with the biologically active form of CD147, a transmembrane molecule previously shown by us to be crucial for MM cell proliferation. (oncotarget.com)
  • In summary, this study demonstrates the significance of MV shedding and MV-mediated intercellular communication on malignant plasma cell proliferation, and identifies the role of MV-enriched CD147 in this process. (oncotarget.com)
  • Furthermore to adding to the pathogenesis of many diseases, cholesterol can be exploited by pathogens because of their proliferation and entrance within web host cells. (cancercurehere.com)
  • A normal immune response usually involves the response and proliferation of numerous B cell clones, bearing ABS with varying degrees of specificity for the different epitopes contained within the antigen. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • Even so, S phase entry and proliferation are not increased in Casp6 KO B cells. (deathbase.org)
  • In addition, overexpression of recombinant Mch2 alpha, but not Mch2 beta, induces apoptosis in Sf9 insect cells. (deathbase.org)
  • It drives resting T cells to proliferate and induces IL-2 and IL-2 R alpha synthesis (1, 2). (rndsystems.com)
  • Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. (oncotarget.com)
  • Tissue-resident memory T cells occur in tissues while virtual memory T cells occur in clonal expansion events. (pediaa.com)
  • It is characterised as a pre-malignant disease that lacks symptoms but is associated with bone marrow biopsy showing the presence of an abnormal number of clonal myeloma cells, blood and/or urine containing a myeloma protein, and a significant risk of developing into a malignant disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • 60% plasma cells in bone marrow OR Involved/Uninvolved light chain ratio>100) Treatment for multiple myeloma is focused on therapies that decrease the clonal plasma cell population and consequently decrease the signs and symptoms of disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • T and B cells develop from a common stem cell type, then mature in the thymus (T cells) or the bone marrow (B cells), which are called primary (or central) lymphoid organs. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • Helper T cells, on the other hand, contain CD4+ receptors that recognize antigens presented with the MHC class II molecules . (pediaa.com)
  • Generally, helper T cells recognize antigens presented in antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. (pediaa.com)
  • The main function of helper T cells is to activate other cells in the immune system to mount an immune response. (pediaa.com)
  • Depending upon the cytokines secreted by the Helper T cells, they are classified into two subpopulations: Th1 and Th2 cells. (omicsonline.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • These large cells may be free, or fixed in various tissues. (healthjade.net)
  • Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • [12] He suggested that the potentialities of individual cells via tissue culture as well as that the reciprocal influences of tissues on one another could be determined by this method. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the LAT family plays important roles in the development and function of normal tissues, they are frequently increased in cancer cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The older, more fragile red blood cells may rupture during this passage, and the resulting cellular debris is removed by phagocytic macrophages in the venous sinuses. (healthjade.net)
  • DR6 is broadly expressed by developing neurons, and is required for normal cell body death and axonal pruning both in vivo and after trophic-factor deprivation in vitro. (deathbase.org)
  • B cells from Casp6 knockout (Casp6 KO) mice examined ex vivo have more cells in G(1) than wild-type B cells, and mitogen-induced G(1) entry of Casp6 KO B cells is much faster than that of wild-type B cells. (deathbase.org)
  • The lifespan of most cells is genetically determined, but some cell-culturing cells have been "transformed" into immortal cells which will reproduce indefinitely if the optimal conditions are provided. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genetic variety contained within the B-cell population is ensured by a process of continuous diversification of the genetically identical B-cell precursors. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • The condition, uncovered in a series of studies over the past 10 years, is marked by the accumulation of genetically abnormal white blood cells, which may become cancerous or contribute to inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • These genetically dominant blood cells are called clones. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Memory B cells are clones of parent B cells that previously worked as antigen-presenting B cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Therefore, they detect the same antigen that the parent B cell encountered. (pediaa.com)
  • Effector cells defend the body in response to an immune response while memory cells recognize and mount an immune response to a previously encountered antigen. (pediaa.com)
  • Memory cells, on the other hand, recognize and mount immune responses against a previously recognized antigen. (pediaa.com)
  • The antigen-specific activation of B and/or T cells involves their staggered interaction with other cells in a contact-dependent manner and by soluble factors. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • Like B cells, T cells have receptors that bind specifically to their steric counterparts on antigen epitopes. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • B cells are characterized by antigen specificity. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • The type of B-cell response induced is determined by the amount and type of bound antigen recognized. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • Burnet's clonal selection theory, formulated in 1957, states that every B-cell clone is characterized by an unique antigen specificity, i.e., it bears a specific antigen receptor. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • When a given antigen enters an organism, it binds to the B cell which exhibits the correct receptor specificity for that antigen. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • Filaments anchored to connective tissue Endothelial cell Flaplike minivalve Fibroblast in loose connective tissue (b) Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended tubes in which adjacent endothelial cells overlap each other, forming flaplike minivalves. (slidetodoc.com)
  • We explored whether LPL affects (a) lipoprotein transport across bovine aortic endothelial cells or (b) lipoprotein binding to subendothelial cell matrix (retention). (jci.org)
  • In 1907 the zoologist Ross Granville Harrison demonstrated the growth of frog embryonic cells that would give rise to nerve cells in a medium of clotted lymph . (wikipedia.org)
  • 28 from 3 embryonic stem [Ha sido] clones) sent the Ha sido cell genome. (tech-strategy.org)
  • To counteract DNA damage, mammalian cells have evolved partially overlapping DNA repair systems to remove DNA lesions and restore their DNA back to its native form 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • Our data suggest that Mch2 is a Ced-3/interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme-like cysteine protease and could be another important mediator of apoptosis in mammalian cells. (deathbase.org)
  • IL-2 is expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, gamma δ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils (1-3). (rndsystems.com)
  • However, higher fractions and levels of RNA were found in cells with proviruses containing multiple drug resistance mutations, including those contributing to rebound viremia. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the team found examples where inherited variants led to the appearance of specific acquired mutations later in life or gave cells with such mutations a growth advantage over other cells. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Clonal hematopoiesis occurs when a single stem cell acquires mutations that cause it to produce far more than its share of new cells, including white blood cells. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • The team set out to learn which parts of the genome tend to be mutated in clones, which mutations are most harmful, and how clones arise and expand their numbers. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • The increased level of sensitivity allowed the team to find clones in more than 8,000 participants, many of whom had acquired similar mutations. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • These findings show that the vast majority of HIV-1 proviruses within expanded T cell clones, including intact proviruses, may be transcriptionally silent at any given time, implying that infected T cells may be able to be activated to proliferate without inducing the expression of the integrated provirus or, alternatelively, may be able to proliferate without cellular activation. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Er1 F/− EV cargo is taken up by recipient cells leading to an increase in insulin-independent glucose transporter levels, enhanced cellular glucose uptake, higher cellular oxygen consumption rate and greater tolerance to glucose challenge in mice. (nature.com)
  • The most persuasive roles for HSV and HCMV in human tumourigenesis are as mutagens, as activators of cellular transcription or in switching on the synthesis of host cell proteins not normally expressed in untransformed cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • These cells contain CD8+ receptors that recognize antigens presented with the MHC class I molecules . (pediaa.com)
  • Since they are a clone of a parent B cell, memory B cells contain the same B cell receptors as the parent B cell. (pediaa.com)
  • Conversely, web host cells want lipids for mounting a solid immune system response to infections through conserved design identification receptors (Castrillo et al. (cancercurehere.com)
  • Adaptive immune repertoires are composed by the ensemble of B and T-cell receptors within an individual, reflecting both past and current immune responses. (nature.com)
  • The diversity of T-cell receptors is also achieved by means of genetic rearrangement of V, D, and J segments. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • Exogenously attained LDL destined to LDL receptor is certainly internalized on the plasma membrane (PM) and it is carried through the endocytic pathway towards the past due endosomesClysosomes, where cholesterol esters inside the LDL primary are hydrolyzed by acidity lipases. (cancercurehere.com)
  • Recent advances in single-cell sequencing enable recovery of the complete adaptive immune receptor sequences in addition to transcriptional information. (nature.com)
  • However, the T-cell receptor is never secreted, and instead remains membrane-bound. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • The body faces a large number of different antigens in its lifetime, necessitating that a correspondingly large number of different receptor specificities, and therefore different B cells, must continuously be produced. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • Since epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib (GEF) have been reported to induce the apoptosis of several cancer cell lines, in the present study, we examined whether the cytotoxic effects of GEF are further enhanced under amino acid starvation (AAS) culture conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • CD3 and CD3 are two highly related components of the T cell receptor (TCR)CCD3 complex which is essential for the assembly and transmission transduction of the T cell receptor on mature T cells. (tech-strategy.org)
  • The receptor for IL-2 consists of three subunits that are present on the cell surface in varying preformed complexes (5-7). (rndsystems.com)
  • This clone proliferates and may slowly evolve into more aggressive sub-clones that cause smouldering multiple myeloma. (wikipedia.org)
  • The observation of this intercellular communication and that MM cells modify the microenvironment is highly suggestive that one of the first biologically relevant changes necessary for progression of MGUS or SMM to MM is for a member(s) of the clone to evolve and acquire the molecular changes needed to reprogram its immediate microenvironment into a supportive, growth-promoting microenvironment. (oncotarget.com)
  • Long-term activation of protein kinase c causes chronic Na/H antiporter stimulation in cultured proximal tubule cells. (jci.org)
  • Upon recognition, cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis and degranulation in infected cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Unlike neuronal cell body apoptosis, which requires caspase 3, we show that axonal degeneration requires caspase 6, which is activated in a punctate pattern that parallels the pattern of axonal fragmentation. (deathbase.org)
  • Highest levels of HIV-1 RNA were found in the effector memory (EM) T cell subset. (frontiersin.org)
  • This subset of T cells play critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis and controlling excessive immune responses [ 5 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • Over many years, the mutants out-compete normal blood cells, either proliferating more rapidly or surviving longer. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • CD4 + T cells stimulate B cells to induce significant level of antimalarial antibody response and also help in the induction of CD8 + T-cell responses which help in arresting the growth of liver-stage parasites in the host. (omicsonline.org)
  • The normal adult spleen contributes to the homeostasis of the body by removing from the blood useless or potentially injurious materials (e.g., abnormal or "wornout" red blood cells and microorganisms) and by synthesizing immunoglobulins and properdin 2 . (healthjade.net)
  • Here, we recovered transcriptome and immune repertoire information for polyclonal T follicular helper cells following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, CD8+ T cells with binding specificity restricted to two distinct LCMV peptides, and B and T cells isolated from the nervous system in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. (nature.com)
  • The specificity of an antibody is determined by the amino acid sequence of the variable domains of the H and L chains, and this sequence is unique for each corresponding cell clone. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • Thus, only one ABS, or one specificity, derived from a single allele can be expressed on a single cell. (healthtipsdesk.com)
  • Interferons - small proteins produced by virally infected cells that help protect surrounding healthy cells. (slidetodoc.com)
  • Complement - group of 20 plasma proteins that provide a major mechanism for destroying foreign pathogens in the body. (slidetodoc.com)
  • Cells infected with this recombinant virus (gG-VAC) synthesized glycosylated proteins of 48K, 57K and 61K mol. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • proteins in HSV-1-infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Kumar V, Rakha A, Saroa R, Bagai U (2015) CD4+T Cells Expansion in P. berghei (NK-65) Infected and Immunized BALB/C Mice. (omicsonline.org)
  • In Casp6 KO mice compared with WT mice, serum levels of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b are increased and Ag-specific Ab responses are also enhanced along with increased percentages of syndecan-1(+) plasma cells. (deathbase.org)
  • In contrast to mice deficient in CH5424802 biological activity either CD3 or CD3 chains, early thymic development mediated by pre-TCR is completely clogged, and TCR-+ or TCR-+ T cells were absent in the CD3? (tech-strategy.org)
  • Since T cells normally take into account only an extremely small percentage of thymocytes and peripheral T cells, we evaluated T cell advancement in the tiny intestine, where T cells represent a significant population from the iIEL in wild-type mice. (tech-strategy.org)
  • mice, T cells had been once again nondetectable in the intestine (Fig. (tech-strategy.org)
  • The transformed cells are, however, all oncogenic in the host animal and in immunocompetent mice. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Here we comprehensively characterized the kinetics of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in VRP-vaccinated mice, and demonstrate that they predominantly target the nucleoprotein (NP). (cdc.gov)
  • By this model, persistent and rebound viremia originates from the occasional activation of a small fraction of the pool of latently-infected cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • We find that high glucose in EV-targeted cells triggers pro-inflammatory stimuli via mTOR activation. (nature.com)
  • Caspase 6 regulates B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells. (deathbase.org)
  • In this study, we show that Casp6 regulates B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells by modifying cell cycle entry. (deathbase.org)
  • Casp6 may regulate both B cell activation and differentiation by modifying requirements for G(0) B cells to enter G(1). (deathbase.org)
  • Normally, each of the body's 10,000 to 20,000 hematopoietic, or blood-forming, stem cells contributes roughly the same number of mature blood cells to the body's total. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Previous methods lacked the precision to detect clones unless they had expanded to at least 15 to 20 percent of white blood cells. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Fighting against the body's own cells that have changed due to an illness, for example cancerous cells. (healthjade.net)
  • 2013). These scholarly research claim that reducing lipid synthesis may provide to limit nutrition open to pathogens, benefitting host cells thus. (cancercurehere.com)
  • Fig.11 and ?and44 and em B /em , T cells were absent in the thymus and periphery of Compact disc3? (tech-strategy.org)
  • These findings reveal specific sequences of genetic events-some inherited, others acquired-that give rise to these abnormal blood cells," he said. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • The spleen also acts as the primary reservoir for platelets and as a filter for red blood cells (RBCs), removing damaged or malformed red blood cells from the circulation. (healthjade.net)
  • Instead of the typical 1/10,000th, or 0.0001 percent, of a person's total white cell count, the progeny of a single mutated stem cell might make up 2 percent, or 20 percent, or more than 90 percent of a person's white blood cells. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) are also involved in the mechanism of immune regulation against Plasmodium infection. (omicsonline.org)
  • IL-2 plays a central role in the expansion and maintenance of regulatory T cells, although it inhibits the development of Th17 polarized cells (9-11). (rndsystems.com)
  • Degrees of cholesterol in the cell are preserved through de synthesis in the ER novo, and uptake of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) produced from eating cholesterol. (cancercurehere.com)
  • Morphological transformation studies have failed to demonstrate a viral oncogene, a virus-coded transforming protein or any sequence of DNA that uniquely transforms cells according to one-hit kinetics. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • 2017). Casp-1 also cleaves gasdermin D (GSDMD), producing its N-terminal pore-forming area active, resulting in cell rupture (Kayagaki et al. (cancercurehere.com)
  • Herein we present clear evidence that not only do both patient MM cells and human MM cell lines (HMCLs) release MVs, but that these MVs stimulate MM cell growth. (oncotarget.com)
  • In this spectrum of diseases, a clone of plasma cells secreting monoclonal paraprotein (also termed myeloma protein or M protein) causes the relatively benign disease of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. (wikipedia.org)
  • To examine the role of protein kinase C as a chronic regulator of proximal tubule Na/H antiporter activity, the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on the Na/H antiporter was studied in cultured proximal tubule cells. (jci.org)
  • The new gene encodes a approximately 34-kilodalton protein that is highly homologous to human CPP32, Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein CED-3, mammalian Ich-1 (Nedd2), and mammalian interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. (deathbase.org)
  • The silkworm larvae infected with the recombinant virus produced 3·6 mg of the fusion protein per larva and the infected BM-N cells produced 0·3 mg per ml of culture. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • IGF II was released from the fusion protein produced by BM-N cells infected with the recombinant virus by CNBr treatment, purified by extraction with guanidine-HCl, column chromatography and HPLC and the correct amino-terminal amino acid sequence confirmed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Recombinant IL-2 is widely used in cell culture for the expansion of T cells. (rndsystems.com)
  • was also a source of persistent viremia on ART, begging the question of how the AMBI-1 clone can survive despite infection with a replication-competent, actively-expressing provirus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Natural Treg cells during primary exposure to malaria enhanced Th1 memory responses and increased disease severity during re-infection. (omicsonline.org)
  • We hypothesized that only a small fraction of cells within the AMBI-1 clone are activated to produce virus particles during cell division while the majority remain latent despite division, ensuring their survival. (frontiersin.org)
  • Memory cells are the long-lived cells in the immune system that have the ability to recognize antigens previously recognized by the immune system. (pediaa.com)
  • Red blood cells can squeeze through the pores in these capillary walls and enter the venous sinuses. (healthjade.net)
  • Further and more rapid evolution causes the overtly malignant stage of multiple myeloma and can subsequently lead to the extremely malignant stage of secondary plasma cell leukemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Over the last decade, significant investigation in the MM field has demonstrated that the interaction of malignant PCs with BM stromal cells within the microenvironment is essential for survival of the PC clone [ 5 , 6 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the rate-limiting enzyme for hydrolysis of plasma lipoprotein triglycerides, is a normal constituent of the arterial wall. (jci.org)
  • Practical considerations such as the necessary cost and time required to generate and analyze each single-cell sequencing sample has been a limitation to performing large-scale experiments (i.e., with many samples). (nature.com)
  • The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the subcellular level, cholesterol comes after an elaborate pathway in cells (Ikonen, 2008). (cancercurehere.com)
  • Natural killer cells - lyse and kill cancer cells and virally infected cells before the adaptive immune system has been activated. (slidetodoc.com)
  • In Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (AS), T helper cells of host have been reported to be necessary for inducing a protective immune response against the blood stages of parasite [1]. (omicsonline.org)
  • A new study led by researchers at Harvard Medical School and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health has identified some of the first known inherited genetic variants that significantly raise a person's likelihood of developing clonal hematopoiesis, an age-related white blood cell condition linked with higher risk of certain blood cancers and cardiovascular disease. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • To do so, co-first authors Po-Ru Loh , assistant professor of medicine at HMS and Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Giulio Genovese , senior computational biologist in the McCarroll lab, developed a mathematical approach that let them identify clones early on, when they accounted for as little as 1 percent of a person's white blood cells. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • The main function of the effector cells is to mount an immune response to a particular pathogen. (pediaa.com)
  • The researchers were then able to figure out the specific ways that the inherited variants made people vulnerable to developing clones. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • We have developed a PCR approach to clone new apoptotic Ced-3/Ice-like cysteine protease genes. (deathbase.org)
  • the development of T cells, we generated a mouse strain having a disruption in both CD3 and CD3 genes (CD3? (tech-strategy.org)
  • It has also been reported that protective immunity can be transferred to naive hosts by transfer of immune CD4+ T cells [ 4 ]. (omicsonline.org)