AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
ProtoplastsPlant CellsCaulimovirusPlantsTobaccoPlants, ToxicPlants, Genetically ModifiedArabidopsisPlant LeavesPlant ProteinsPlant RootsGenes, PlantMolecular Sequence DataBase SequencePlant ShootsPlant ExtractsPlants, MedicinalDNA, PlantPlant DevelopmentPlant StemsGenome, PlantPlant Growth RegulatorsArabidopsis ProteinsPlants, EdiblePlant StructuresPlant EpidermisCell WallPlant ImmunityFabaceae
IsolationRegenerationMesophyll protoplastsSpeciesSomaticCallus2023ViabilityTransformationGeneticsGenomesCRISPREnzyme mixture2018LeafEnzymaticIncubationProteinsTakebeVascular plantsMethodsTranslocationPlasmolysisBiotechnologicalMoleculesTissue cultureMutantsMolecularTrichodermaRiceBiologyReplicateFusionWidelyTransgenic plantsGenomeRecombinantTissuesPhysiologyExplantsGenetically modifiedCottonBotanyStrainShootSynthesisBreedingProteinInfectionCellVirologyFeral plants2002Virus vectorsSequencesCytoplasmicCellsInvolvesMethodEvidentStudiesCulture
Isolation12
  • Jayadhar were used for protoplast isolation. (isgpb.org)
  • This article presents a bring on the isolation techniques of protoplasts and how they are cultured in labs for the regeneration of plants. (plantcelltechnology.com)
  • However, among all these sources, the mesophyll tissues of the expanded leaves are the most preferred source of the protoplast isolation. (plantcelltechnology.com)
  • This method of protoplast isolation is a tedious process and only helps in the isolation of only a few protoplasts. (plantcelltechnology.com)
  • However, still, the technique is preferred by some labs because of the deleterious effects of the enzymes used in the enzymatic approach to protoplast isolation. (plantcelltechnology.com)
  • It's the most widely used technique of protoplast isolation. (plantcelltechnology.com)
  • In this method, both macerozymes and cellulase are used at the same time for complete protoplast isolation. (plantcelltechnology.com)
  • Efficient Isolation and Gene Transfer of Protoplast in Korean Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr. (scirp.org)
  • Simple protoplast isolation system for gene expression and protein interaction studies in pineapple (Ananas comosus L. (scirp.org)
  • Explants from different in vitro seedling parts were evaluated on the suitability of protoplast isolation and viability. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Pectinases as well as cellulases were essential for the isolation of protoplasts. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Wu, F. and Hanzawa, Y. (2017) A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses. (csun.edu)
Regeneration9
  • In the case of plant cells, protoplasts may be regenerated into whole plants first by growing into a group of plant cells that develops into a callus and then by regeneration of shoots (caulogenesis) from the callus using plant tissue culture methods. (wikipedia.org)
  • Growth of protoplasts into callus and regeneration of shoots requires the proper balance of plant growth regulators in the tissue culture medium that must be customized for each species of plant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike protoplasts from vascular plants, protoplasts from mosses, such as Physcomitrella patens, do not need phytohormones for regeneration, nor do they form a callus during regeneration. (wikipedia.org)
  • In protoplast culture, protoplasts isolated from any plant part, including root, shoot, leaves, or embryo, is cultured in an artificial media under artificial conditions favoring cell division and plant regeneration. (plantcelltechnology.com)
  • In vitro regeneration protocols were standardized for different high value commercial ornamental plants and endangered medicinal plants viz. (yspuniversity.ac.in)
  • Use of mutagenesis, tissue culture, plant regeneration. (greenfacts.org)
  • To identify the optimal conditions for shoot and root regeneration for 'Florida Radiance', Sweet Sensation® 'Florida127' and 'Florida Brilliance', explants were grown on a range of media with varying compositions of plant growth regulators. (ufl.edu)
  • 2008) specifically regarding in vitro germination of the caryopses and plant regeneration from nodal segments of both the germinated seedlings and tissue-cultured clone plants [4]. (scirp.org)
  • 2016). Unfortunately, grapevine plant regeneration from protoplasts has yet to be optimized. (oregonstate.edu)
Mesophyll protoplasts2
Species9
  • Protoplasts from different species are induced to fuse by using an electric field or a solution of polyethylene glycol. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protoplasts of different species are generally fused to produce hybrid plants. (plantcelltechnology.com)
  • Effects of cultural factors on the yield, viability and division of protoplasts were investigated in Lupinus mutabilis Sweet containing a high protein content as well as a reasonable oil content which may make this species an alternative crop to soybean in Turkey. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • However, techniques applied in this study may help other researchers, especially those studying protoplast culture of recalcitrant plant species, as well as further studies on this species. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Today, there are literally thousands of different cultivated varieties (cultivars) of individual species of crop plants. (jrank.org)
  • Many plant species have been transformed by this procedure, which is most useful for dicotyledonous plants. (jrank.org)
  • Species that cannot yet be regenerated from protoplasts are clear candidates for transformation by this method. (jrank.org)
  • Bamboo plants that belong to the Poaceae family, which contains more than 1500 species, have been exploited for a range of uses, such as food, medicine, charcoal products, and housing materials, especially in Asia [1] [2]. (scirp.org)
  • Many of these techniques can be used to insert genes from an unrelated species into a plant or animal as traditional genetic engineering does and the resulting products, with their novel genes would be regarded as GMOs. (theecologist.org)
Somatic1
Callus5
  • The variation in size was more evident in callus derived protoplasts. (isgpb.org)
  • Callus derived protoplast yield was highest followed by tender leaves and ieast in hypocotyl segments. (isgpb.org)
  • Protoplast viability test based on Evan's blue staining indicated that per cent of nonviable protoplasts was more from hypocotyl explants followed by cotyledonary leaf and least in callus. (isgpb.org)
  • Protoplasts derived from different explants did not show any cell division but callus derived protoplasts cultured on MS liquid medium +2.5 gil glucose+O.1 mgll NAA developed cell wall and microcolonies after 12-15 days of incubation. (isgpb.org)
  • Shoots are differentiated in callus and then plantlets are regenerated leading to the forming of a whole plant. (plantcelltechnology.com)
20231
Viability3
Transformation3
  • Protoplasts are widely used for DNA transformation (for making genetically modified organisms), since the cell wall would otherwise block the passage of DNA into the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first step is to develop and optimize a tissue culture and transformation system (protocols to introduce foreign DNA to new plants) for UF strawberry lines, so that new plants can be regenerated from cells containing introduced DNA. (ufl.edu)
  • The translocation of CPPs into plant protoplasts might open up a new method for transformation of plant cells.Next, the cell-penetrating ability of the novel peptide YTA2 was characterized and it was established that chemical coupling between YTA2 and the protein cargo is not needed for the transport of the cargo over the cellular membrane in vitro. (avhandlingar.se)
Genetics1
  • My research currently focuses on the evolution of the flowering gene network in Arabidopsis and soybean, taking an interdisciplinary approach encompassing molecular genetics, genomics, biochemistry, population genetics and systems biology, with an ultimate goal of plant improvement for higher adaptation to diverse and changing environments. (csun.edu)
Genomes1
  • A variety of techniques have been used to examine plant viral genomes, the functions of virus-encoded proteins, plant responses induced by virus infection and plant-virus interactions. (springer.com)
CRISPR3
  • Gene editing, the most popular being the CRISPR/Cas9 system, holds enormous promise for the development of accelerated breeding programs focused on the release of improved plant materials. (oregonstate.edu)
  • 2018). The development of methodology for CPP-mediated delivery of a CRISPR/CAs9 system to a regenerable grapevine plant material will then be a game-changer because it will align with the pursuit of generating edited grapevine material that is GMO-free. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 for more than ten years has dramatically opened new perspectives for advancing fundamental knowledge and genetic improvement in plant sciences and breeding. (oregonstate.edu)
Enzyme mixture2
  • Protoplasts were isolated in the enzyme mixture consisting of 5 per cent cellulase, 5 per cent pectinase, 7.5 per cent mannitol and inorganic salts (pH-5.S). Cotton protoplasts originating from different explants varied in size and shape. (isgpb.org)
  • The leaf segments are put into an enzyme mixture for protoplasts' release. (plantcelltechnology.com)
20181
  • In March 2018, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) released a statement that they will not regulate plants modified through genome editing. (oregonstate.edu)
Leaf2
Enzymatic4
Incubation1
  • The incubation period of protoplast sources in enzymes depends on the type of enzymes used to prepare the solution. (plantcelltechnology.com)
Proteins7
  • citation needed] Additionally, protoplasts of plants expressing fluorescent proteins in certain cells may be used for Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), where only cells fluorescing a selected wavelength are retained. (wikipedia.org)
  • The proteins synthesized in protoplasts infected with strain V5 of brome mosaic virus have been studied. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Synthesis of proteins in tobacco protoplasts infected with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This overview considers these technologies and how they have been used to identify novel viral and plant proteins or genes involved in disease and resistance responses, as well as defense signaling. (springer.com)
  • These approaches include analysis of spatial and temporal responses by plants to infection, and techniques that allow the expression of viral genes transiently or transgenically in planta, the expression of plant and foreign genes from virus vectors, the silencing of plants genes, imaging of live, infected cells, and the detection of interactions between viral proteins and plant gene products, both in planta and in various in vitro or in vivo systems. (springer.com)
  • We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • We have generated a novel tool for the expression of recombinant proteins in plants and for the functional analysis of virus and plant genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Takebe1
Vascular plants3
  • 1. Bryophyta (non-vascular plants, lower plants): They lack a vascular system for the internal conduction of water, minerals and food (lower plants), and depend on direct contact with surface water. (tripod.com)
  • 2. Tracheophyta (vascular plants, higher plants): This group consists of plants that have a vascular system, i.e., xylem and phloem (water/mineral and food-conducting tissues, respectively). (tripod.com)
  • Vascular plants first appeared in Silurian (439-409 Mya). (tripod.com)
Methods3
  • Most recently, the potential for plant breeding has advanced significantly, with the advent of methods for the incorporation of genes from other organisms into plants via recombinant DNA-techniques. (jrank.org)
  • Two methods have been developed for direct gene transfer into plant cells-electroporation and biolistics. (jrank.org)
  • Because of the GMO's poor acceptance, there is a need to identify new methods to deliver gene-editing components to the plants without inserting "foreign DNA" in the targeted plant genome. (oregonstate.edu)
Translocation2
  • The last criterion elucidated the coincidenceof PthXo1 translocation with induced expression of the PthXo1 target gene in protoplasts of Nipponbare and the coincidenceof AvrXa10 translocation with induced expression of the AvrXa10 target gene in protoplasts of IRBB10. (ias.ac.in)
  • Theseresults provide an experimental avenue for real-time monitoring of bacterial T3 effector translocation into plant cells with apathological consequence. (ias.ac.in)
Plasmolysis1
Biotechnological1
  • The research has focused to address various basic and applied researchable issues of production, protection and genetic improvement in horticulture and forest crops of sub-tropical regions through biotechnological interventions and impart trainings for the capacity building on plant tissue culture and other biotechnological aspects to students/farmers/entrepreneurs.The department also received research grant from different funding agencies like DST, NMPB, DEST and RKVY. (yspuniversity.ac.in)
Molecules2
  • In plant cells, their use in agriculture begins to gain more attention with relative success to deliver different molecules in normal plant cells containing cell walls. (oregonstate.edu)
  • 2016) also suggested that H2O2 molecules play dual roles in plant physiological and developmental processes. (researchgate.net)
Tissue culture8
  • In tissue culture labs it's used to regenerate a whole plant providing suitable artificial medium and environmental conditions. (plantcelltechnology.com)
  • Replicate plant cells or protoplasts that are placed under identical conditions of tissue culture do not always grow and differentiate to produce identical progeny (clones). (jrank.org)
  • Large scale commercial production of endangered medicinal plants, important ornamentals and fruit crops using tissue culture technique. (yspuniversity.ac.in)
  • Gottlieb Haberlandt is known as the father of plant tissue culture. (digglicious.com)
  • What is in vivo plant tissue culture? (digglicious.com)
  • Plant tissue culture is an in-vitro culture of plant cells, tissues or organs which will form a complete plant. (digglicious.com)
  • Plant tissue culture works on the basis of totipotency. (digglicious.com)
  • 23.2 Tissue culture techniques A wide range of synthetic media such as Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, Linsmaier-Skoog (LS) medium, Schenk-Hilderbrandt (SH), woody plant medium (WPM), and the Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium are used in the plant tissue culture. (digglicious.com)
Mutants3
  • Nevertheless, all mutants accumulated to similar levels in inoculated oat protoplasts after a 24 hr period. (usda.gov)
  • Protoplasts of auxotrophic mutants of the parent strain Rh.c./1 obtained after UV irradiation of the spores were subjected to electrofusion. (edu.pl)
  • Electrofusion of protoplasts of auxotrophic mutants of the Rh.c./1 strain produced 19 fusion products whose lipase biosynthesis capacity in a liquid medium culture was higher than that of the parent strains. (edu.pl)
Molecular5
  • This review details the anatomy, development, physiology, and molecular characteristics of the Lemnaceae to introduce them to the broader plant research community. (osti.gov)
  • The complexity of molecular interactions between a virus and its plant hosts has been, and continues to be, a significant barrier to the development of better control measures. (usda.gov)
  • The department has well equipped laboratories for carrying out research based on Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology related aspects. (yspuniversity.ac.in)
  • Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • The top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. (nature.com)
Trichoderma2
  • Microencalpsulation and protoplast fusion studies on Trichoderma sp. (yspuniversity.ac.in)
  • Protoplast fusion enhances antagonistic activity in Trichoderma sp Nat & Science 10(5):100-106. (scielo.br)
Rice1
  • The feasibility of the BlaM reporter in rice protoplasts wasevaluated by three criteria. (ias.ac.in)
Biology1
  • Their tiny size, rapid growth by clonal propagation, and facile uptake of labeled compounds from the media were attractive features that made them a well-known model for plant biology from 1950 to 1990. (osti.gov)
Replicate1
  • Additional evidence suggested that strain ND18 and the non-pathogenic variants generated in the study are either unable to move cell-to-cell or unable to replicate efficiently in intact oat plant leaves. (usda.gov)
Fusion1
  • Protoplasts may also be used for plant breeding, using a technique called protoplast fusion. (wikipedia.org)
Widely1
  • [1] Indigenous to Europe and the Middle East, [2] the plant is now widely spread and cultivated in many regions of the world. (wikipedia.org)
Transgenic plants2
  • Plant cells that have been transformed by the plasmid can be selected on media containing the antibiotic, and then cultured to generate new, transgenic plants. (jrank.org)
  • Unfortunately, the generation of transgenic plants is, in most cases, necessary to conduct the gene editing. (oregonstate.edu)
Genome3
  • and for revealing potentially novel strategies in plant defense and genome maintenance. (osti.gov)
  • 3. Davies, J.W. and Hull, R. (1982) Genome expression of plant positive-strand RNA viruses. (springer.com)
  • This results in integrating bacterial-related sequences in the plant genome, making the engineered materials labeled Genetically Modified Organisms. (oregonstate.edu)
Recombinant1
  • Plant viruses are useful expression vectors because they can mount systemic infections allowing large amounts of recombinant protein to be produced rapidly in differentiated plant tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Tissues2
  • Biolistics refers to the bombardment of plant tissues with microprojectiles of tungsten coated with the DNA intended for transfer. (jrank.org)
  • In vitro culture is a method applied for the growth and development of plant cells, tissues, and organs that uses a nutritive culture medium under controlled sterilized conditions. (digglicious.com)
Physiology1
  • Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology. (csun.edu)
Explants1
  • In this culture, the explants are obtained from an in-vitro derived plant and introduced into a laboratory where they proliferate. (digglicious.com)
Genetically modified1
  • But, as yet largely unnoticed is that the European Commission is considering whether the gene-editing of plants and animals, for example in agriculture, be exempted from regulation or even falls outside the scope of EU law governing genetically modified organisms (GMOs). (theecologist.org)
Cotton1
  • Protoplast studies in cotton (Gossypium Spp. (isgpb.org)
Botany1
  • Priority will be given to proposals dealing with field studies in systematic botany and plant ecology, but proposal for research in other areas of botany will also be considered. (botany.org)
Strain1
  • The results indicate that the C-2261 to A-2261 nucleotide substitution (P-724 to T-724) by itself is sufficient to enable strain ND18 to infect oat plants, although poorly. (usda.gov)
Shoot1
  • 2) Since the obtained shoots of a 1-month-old culture box showed growth variation, we distinguished shoot types based on plant height, i . e ., short (less than 5 cm), medium (ca. 5 - 10 cm), and tall (more than 10 cm). (scirp.org)
Synthesis1
Breeding5
  • Plant breeding began when early humans saved seeds and planted them. (jrank.org)
  • With gene editing, the final product can match that obtained by conventional plant breeding, but in a much shorter timeframe. (ufl.edu)
  • Based on policy discussions, it is possible that the first-generation plants containing the edited genes will not require extensive regulation, and these tools will be extremely valuable in the long-term efforts of every strawberry breeding program. (ufl.edu)
  • It covers a range of new laboratory techniques that, just as older genetic engineering techniques, can change the genetic material (usually DNA) of a living organism, for example a plant or an animal, without breeding. (theecologist.org)
  • The artificial provision of bioavailable oxygen might be effective in rescuing the germplasm in aged seeds in plant breeding and in crop production. (researchgate.net)
Protein1
  • Delivering a Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) like the protein Cas9 complexed to an RNA molecule to intact plant cells could be a very innovative solution for accepting the gene-editing technology for many crops. (oregonstate.edu)
Infection4
Cell15
  • Protoplast (from Ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos) 'first-formed'), is a biological term coined by Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protoplasts differ from spheroplasts in that their cell wall has been completely removed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protoplasts can be made by degrading cell walls with a mixture of the appropriate polysaccharide-degrading enzymes: During and subsequent to digestion of the cell wall, the protoplast becomes very sensitive to osmotic stress. (wikipedia.org)
  • This means cell wall digestion and protoplast storage must be done in an isotonic solution to prevent rupture of the plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protoplast is defined as naked plant cells or plant cells without a cell wall. (plantcelltechnology.com)
  • It involves the use of two enzymes, pectinase, and cellulase, First, pectinase separates cells from middle lamella, and then cellulase separates the protoplast from the rest of the cell wall. (plantcelltechnology.com)
  • Although the majority of the protoplasts subsequently entered into synchronous mitosis and cell division, a proportion of the remainder developed into large polyploid cells. (nebraska.edu)
  • Galbraith, DW , Mauch, TJ & Shields, BA 1981, ' Analysis of the initial stages of plant protoplast development using 33258 Hoechst: reactivation of the cell cycle ', Physiologia Plantarum , vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 380-386. (nebraska.edu)
  • All of the signaling components for the BL response exist in guard cells, and guard cell protoplasts (GCPs) swell in response to BL 12 . (nature.com)
  • Pieces of DNA may enter through these temporary pores, and sometimes protoplasts will be transformed as the new DNA is stably incorporated (i.e., able to be transmitted in mitotic cell divisions). (jrank.org)
  • The cell wall is an integral component of plant cells. (oregonstate.edu)
  • A plant cell wall's structure and composition are complex, tissue-specific, and vary over time, making a pretty complicated structure to be crossed. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Transcription occurs from a nonintegrated, circular minichromosome in the nucleus of the plant cell, and virion DNA is synthesised in the cytoplasm by reverse transcription of the 35S RNA transcript (4, 5). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • What occupies the space between the cell wall and the shrunken protoplast in the plasmolysed cell? (neetprep.com)
  • It is the ability of a plant cell to form the complete plant through dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. (digglicious.com)
Virology1
  • 1. Hull, R. (2002) Matthews' Plant Virology , 4th ed. (springer.com)
Feral plants2
  • Outside of its native range, areas where peppermint was formerly grown for oil often have an abundance of feral plants, and it is considered invasive in Australia, the Galápagos Islands , New Zealand, [20] and the United States [21] in the Great Lakes region, noted since 1843. (wikipedia.org)
  • In some cases, however, feral plants vigorously compete with crops as weeds, challenging food security. (weizmann.ac.il)
20021
  • Bhatla SC, Kiessling J, Reski R (2002): Observation of polarity induction by cytochemical localization of phenylalkylamine-binding receptors in regenerating protoplasts of the moss Physcomitrella patens. (wikipedia.org)
Virus vectors1
  • Early vectors suffered from limitations such as instability and low yields, but this has been addressed by the genetic modification of vector sequences and by delivering virus vectors into plant cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens [ 39 , 40 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequences1
  • Chloroplasts (photosynthesis) in green plants and algae originated as free living bacteria related to the cyanobacteria [the chloroplastic DNA is more similar to free-living Cyanobacteria DNA than to sequences from the plants the chloroplasts reside in]. (tripod.com)
Cytoplasmic1
  • Often a normal protoplast of the plant is also fused with a protoplast without a nucleus (enucleated protoplast) to form a cybrid or cytoplasmic hybrid. (plantcelltechnology.com)
Cells4
  • Advantage has been taken of the natural ability of Agrobacterium to transfer plasmid DNA into the nuclei of susceptible plant cells. (jrank.org)
  • Agrobacterium cells with a genetically-modified plasmid, containing a gene for the desired trait and a marker gene, usually conferring antibiotic resistance, are incubated with protoplasts or small pieces of plant tissue. (jrank.org)
  • 2014). In grapevine, initial studies to deliver the RNP are to date mostly limited to "naked" plant cells (protoplasts) (Malnoy et al. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Recent studies have demonstrated CPP's efficacy to penetrate intact plant cells (Numata et al. (oregonstate.edu)
Involves1
  • Electroporation involves the use of high-voltage electric pulses to induce pore formation in the membranes of plant protoplasts. (jrank.org)
Method1
  • The gene encoding Bt, as well as genes conferring resistance to viral diseases, have been introduced into plants by this method. (jrank.org)
Evident1
  • RL-induced stomatal opening is not evident in epidermal peels of Arabidopsis plants 16 , 21 , but opening is conspicuous in the intact leaves. (nature.com)
Studies1
  • Propelled by rapid advances in genomic technologies, recent studies with duckweed again highlight the potential of these small plants to enable discoveries in diverse fields from ecology to chronobiology. (osti.gov)
Culture4