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CircovirusCircoviridae InfectionsWasting SyndromePorcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting SyndromeSwine DiseasesSwineParvovirus, PorcineCircoviridaePorcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virusPorcine Reproductive and Respiratory SyndromeDNA, ViralGenome, ViralAntibodies, ViralColostrumViral VaccinesCapsid ProteinsWeaningViremiaPolymerase Chain ReactionAbortion, VeterinaryVirus SheddingGuinea PigsOpen Reading FramesSpecific Pathogen-Free OrganismsTorque teno virusMolecular Sequence DataSus scrofaAsymptomatic InfectionsReplication OriginChicken anemia virusLymph NodesDNA Virus InfectionsAntigens, ViralParvoviridae InfectionsVirus ReplicationPhylogenyInclusion Bodies, ViralAnimals, NewbornVaccines, InactivatedIn Situ HybridizationSequence Analysis, DNAPalatine TonsilBase SequenceVirologyCoinfectionCell LineViral Proteins
PCV2Postweaning multisysReproductive and Respiratory Syndrome VirusParvovirusPMWSTypePRRSVGenotypesDiseaseDiseasesViralDead pigsPCVDPathogenVaccinePrevalencePathogenesisDomestic pigsGenusStrainAmong pigsDiarrhea virusPathogensFarmsVaccinationSingle-stranded DNA virusesRespiratory tractInfectionsPigletsHumansColostrumWeanerIntranasallySevereLesionsAmplificationSusceptibleNasalColiCorpses
PCV234
  • Whereas 102/340 domestic pigs were immunoreactive for PCV2 antigen in at least one examined tissue, only 8/356 wild boars reacted positively. (vetline.de)
  • Similar findings could be found in qPCR: all domestic pigs showed viral DNA in at least one tissue, while in the examined tissues of 170 wild boars PCV2-DNA was not detectable. (vetline.de)
  • Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a single stranded DNA virus with one of the highest mutation rates among DNA viruses. (irta.cat)
  • The virulence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) isolated in Santa Catarina State by coinfection with porcine parvovirus (PPV) was investigated. (scielo.br)
  • PCV2 DNA was detected by a nested-PCR in all pigs of G2 and G4. (scielo.br)
  • These findings confirmed that pigs were successfully infected intranasally with PCV2. (scielo.br)
  • The presence of PCV2 DNA in tissue samples and the pathological lesions were more evident in pigs infected with both PCV2 and PPV than in pigs infected with PCV2 alone. (scielo.br)
  • Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) and type 2 (PCV2) are two genotypes of porcine circovirus. (scienceopen.com)
  • PCV2 systemic disease (PCV2-SD), which is historically known as post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), PCV2 reproductive disease (PCV2-RD), porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and subclinical infection. (hipra.com)
  • Moderate to hight amounts of PCV2 within the lesions in lymphoid and other tissues of affected pigs. (hipra.com)
  • The aim of this study was to acquire a better understanding of PRRS disease by comparing gene expression changes that occur in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) of pigs infected with either PRRSV, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), or swine influenza A virus (IAV). (usda.gov)
  • The study identified and compared gene expression changes in the TBLN of pigs following infection by PRRSV, PCV2, IAV, or sham inoculation. (usda.gov)
  • Porcint circovirus 2 (PCV2) är ett ubikvitärt virus och etiologiskt agens för bland annat porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). (slu.se)
  • Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a ubiquitous virus and causal agent of porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). (slu.se)
  • Not only is PCV2 found in domestic pigs all around the world but it has also been shown to infect wild boar. (slu.se)
  • PCV2 is, in this study, used as a model for disease transmission dynamics because it is spread among pigs throughout the world, has some genetic variation and has been found in both domestic and wild pigs. (slu.se)
  • The aims of this study were to investigate the disease transmission dynamics in the livestock- wildlife interface in Uganda with PCV2 as a model, as a part of the EID surveillance, and to estimate the prevalence of PCV2 in domestic pigs in Uganda. (slu.se)
  • Ninety-one domestic pigs around Murchison Falls national park were sampled and analyzed with SybrGreen RT-PCR for three different PCV2 genogroups, SG1, SG2 and SG3. (slu.se)
  • Weanling crossbred pigs were used in a 5-week trial to evaluate the effects of biotin and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) challenge on serum cytokine concentrations and humoral immunoresponse. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The results showed that CGIA did not cross-react with positive sera of viruses, such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SIV), showing high specificity. (elis.sk)
  • We also investigate the distribution of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes and Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) genogroups 1 and 2 in combination with this novel PBo-likeV. (slu.se)
  • Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a member of the genus Circovirus and family Circoviridae , is a closed, small, circular, and single-stranded DNA virus, and it is a crucial swine pathogen of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • PCV2 was detected in 21 pig fecal, 43 pig oral or water, 3 bioaerosol, and 4 worker nasal wash samples. (cdc.gov)
  • These results demonstrate the need for future research in strengthening viral surveillance at the human-animal interface, specifically through expanded bioaerosol sampling efforts and a seroepidemiological study of individuals with exposure to pigs in this region for PCV2 infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Porcine circovirus strain 2 (PCV2) was initially identified as the causative agent of post weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome in weanling pigs, which is characterized by severe weight loss and lymphadenopathy. (caister.com)
  • Subsequently, a wide range of clinical syndromes such as reproductive failure, respiratory signs and diarrhea were associated with PCV2 infections and are now recognized as a part of porcine circovirus associated diseases or PCVAD. (caister.com)
  • The current study aims to control influenza A in pigs by simultaneously targeting influenza A as well as the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a virus that pigs are highly susceptible to, which suppresses the animal's immune system and increases the risk of influenza A infection. (advancedsciencenews.com)
  • The nanovaccine also significantly reduced infection in pigs' respiratory tract and blocked the transmission of influenza A between animals used in the study, demonstrating its dual protection against influenza A and PCV2. (advancedsciencenews.com)
  • Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important pathogen affecting swine industry worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pigs have far higher uptake of vaccines than cattle and sheep, with 90% of all eligible pigs being vaccinated for Porcine Circovirus (PCV2) and around 70% for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae . (ruma.org.uk)
  • In this study, two novel B cell epitopes S1D5 (residues 744-759) and S1D6 (residues 756-771) of PEDV were displayed on capsid (Cap) protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression system. (authorea.com)
  • Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary cause of porcine circovirus disease, and ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced oxidative stress promotes PCV2 replication. (oncotarget.com)
  • These data indicate that pig SelS blocks OTA-induced promotion of PCV2 replication by inhibiting the oxidative stress and p38 phosphorylation in PK15 cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • PCV2, the causal agent, is found in pig herds worldwide and is known as a tough virus. (msd-animal-health.ie)
Postweaning multisys2
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus6
Parvovirus2
  • For example, concurrent infection with porcine parvovirus or PRRS virus, or immunostimulation lead to increased replication of PCV-2 and more severe disease in PCV-2-infected pigs. (wikipedia.org)
  • In conjunction with PMWS, co-infections of PCV-2 with porcine parvovirus or PRRSV are being discussed. (laboklin.com)
PMWS4
  • Based on these findings, six wild boars and 69 domestic pigs were assumed to be affected by PMWS. (vetline.de)
  • Over 24% of all tissues recovered from PMWS-affected animals had all viruses present and 25% of tissues recovered from non-PMWS-affected pigs were positive for all 4 viruses. (slu.se)
  • Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is associated with the so-called post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). (laboklin.com)
  • PCVD (Porcine Circovirus Disease) is the name that now describes what was previously known as PMWS (Post-weaning multisystemic wasting disease). (msd-animal-health.ie)
Type11
  • The DNA sequence for Porcine circovirus type 2 strain MLP-22 is 1726 base pairs long. (wikipedia.org)
  • Molecular Investigation of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Infection in Pigs in Namibia. (iaea.org)
  • We report identifying a novel circovirus infecting humans, tentatively named human circovirus type 1 (HCirV-1), and its role in causing liver damage in a solid organ transplant recipient. (cdc.gov)
  • Pasteurella multocida type A (PmA) is considered a secondary agent of pneumonia in pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pasteurella multocida capsular type A ( P. multocida type A) is one of the most common agents associated with bronchopneumonia in pigs [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to Ross [ 6 ], the difficulty of reproducing the disease in the absence of infectious or noninfectious cofactors is a major limitation to demonstrating the primary role of P. multocida type A in pneumonic lesions in pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This model is useful for studying the pathogenicity of other P. multocida type A isolates in the specific pig host. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the capacity of eight P. multocida type A field strains to cause disease in healthy pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Net sales of NexGard®, a flea and tick prevention for dogs, increased 9.2 percent (currency-adjusted) to 644 million EUR, while Ingelvac Circoflex®, a vaccine used to protect pigs against porcine circovirus type 2, rose 8.7 percent to 127 million EUR. (lifesciencesbc.ca)
  • Thirty-two weanling pigs from a free PRRSV, SIV, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) and Mycoplasma spp. (chula.ac.th)
  • [ 3 ] Porcine islet cells of Langerhans have been injected into patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus . (medscape.com)
PRRSV8
  • However, the intracellular changes that occur in pigs following viral respiratory infections are still scantily understood for PRRSV, as well as, other viral respiratory infections. (usda.gov)
  • The results showed that PRRSV, IAV, and PCV-2 infections followed a clinical course typical of experimental infection of young pigs with these viruses. (usda.gov)
  • The protective immunity of the modified live virus vaccine was evaluated in pigs born from seropositive sows, vaccinated at 1 day of age, upon inoculation with a PRRSV-1 isolate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The efficacy of the attenuated PRRSV-1 vaccine in 1-day-old pigs seropositive to PRRSV prior to a PRRSV-1 challenge was demonstrated by improvement of clinical, virological and immunological variables. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With the current experimental design, maternal immunity did not interfere with the development of a protective immune response against a PRRSV-1 challenge, after vaccination of 1 day-old pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PRRSV usually becomes endemic in infected herds and clinical disease is then observed in highly susceptible groups like weaned pigs in which passive immunity has waned, or naïve pigs introduced into the herd such as gilts and young boars [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The detection rates of PCV4 and PRRSV were 8.00% (12/150) and 12.00% (18/150) respectively, and a case of co-infection with PCV4 and PRRSV was found in the lung tissue of a suckling pig with respiratory symptom. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pigs in the PRRSV and Co-infection groups were challenged intranasally with the Thai isolate HP-PRRSV at 0 day post HPPRRSV challenge (dphc) and pigs in the SIV and Co-infection groups were inoculated intratracheally with the pdmH1N1 SIV at 6 dphc. (chula.ac.th)
Genotypes2
  • 2021. Three different genotypes of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) identified in pigs and warthogs in Namibia. (iaea.org)
  • The diversity of genotypes brought more potential dangers to the pig industry. (biomedcentral.com)
Disease16
  • Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD) - Have we won the war in Europe? (thepigsite.com)
  • Authorities are investigating why the pigs were dumped into the river and what caused them to die, according to the Shanghai Agriculture Committee, but a "sometimes-fatal pig disease" associated with porcine circovirus has been detected in at least one of the carcasses, the AP adds. (time.com)
  • The disease is common among pigs but doesn't affect humans or other livestock. (time.com)
  • Reports in local Chinese media did reveal that thousands of pigs were killed by the disease earlier this month. (time.com)
  • The hypothesis that some PmA strains are primary pathogens and cause disease in pigs without any co-factor was confirmed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Porcine Circovirus: Is Clinical Disease Just the Tip of the Iceberg? (pig-world.co.uk)
  • Consequently no conclusions regarding disease transmission between wild and domestic pigs could be made. (slu.se)
  • PRRS is an acronym (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome) for a viral disease characterized by two overlapping clinical presentations, reproductive impairment or failure in breeding animals, and respiratory disease in pigs of any age. (iastate.edu)
  • It was referred to as swine mystery disease (SMD) or swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) before porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) became the generally agreed-upon name. (iastate.edu)
  • African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and severe infectious disease that seriously endangers the global porcine industry. (elis.sk)
  • The disease is characterized by reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory disorders in pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Circovirus infections mainly occur in pigeons aged 6 weeks to 12 months (young pigeon disease syndrome). (laboklin.com)
  • After the introduction of the pandemic H1N1 swine influenza virus (pdmH1N1 SIV) in Thai swine farms in 2009, a mild clinical outcome was observed and its role in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is questionable. (chula.ac.th)
  • PCVD is generally seen in pigs from 6 to 14 weeks of age and was previously considered unlikely in pigs over 16 weeks of age although recent reports have described disease shortly after weaning and in heavy pigs. (msd-animal-health.ie)
  • As a feature of PCVD immunosuppression pigs may also show signs of secondary bacterial or superimposed viral or fungal infections such as PRRS, E. coli enteritis, Salmonellosis and Haemophilis Parasuis (Glässers Disease). (msd-animal-health.ie)
  • [ 5 ] and pig neuronal cells have been transplanted into patients with Parkinson (Parkinson's) disease and Huntington (Huntington's) disease . (medscape.com)
Diseases5
  • This pig pathogen is associated to many diseases, globally called porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) and has been a threat to pig industry since its discovery in the early 90's. (irta.cat)
  • China outlaws the sale of pigs that have died from particular diseases, but it was discovered farmers were offloading contaminated pork to slaughterhouses and subsequently ending up in markets. (time.com)
  • Dog circovirus should be considered in the differential diagnosis in case of diarrhoea/vomiting, fatigue, hepatic diseases, haemorrhage and vasculitis. (laboklin.com)
  • Similarly, an infection with canine circovirus can further complicate other infectious diseases. (laboklin.com)
  • He points out that more than 50 vaccines are currently available for both cattle and pigs to treat a wide range of bacterial, viral and protozoal diseases, and almost 30 for sheep [1]. (ruma.org.uk)
Viral1
  • Co-infection of both human and avian viruses within the same pig can lead to genetic reassortment, which results in mixing of influenza viral segments, and new influenza A strains. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Dead pigs7
  • Nearly 3,000 dead pigs have been found floating in Shanghai's main waterway, the Chinese city's government said on March 11. (time.com)
  • The outpouring of dead pigs comes on the heels of a recent crackdown in the illegal trade of contaminated pork, according to the AP. (time.com)
  • In March 2013 more than 16000 dead pigs were removed from Huangpu, the main river of Shanghai. (marketingtochina.com)
  • The thousands of dead pigs may represent an encouraging step forward in Chinese public health. (wlu.edu)
  • As of March 16th the total number of dead pigs near Shanghai had reached 12,566 according to the huffington post. (wlu.edu)
  • Furthermore, Jiaxing has reportedly retrieved 3,601 dead pigs from their streams. (wlu.edu)
  • Some of the dead pigs even tested positive for the porcine circovirus and the common diarrhea virus. (wlu.edu)
PCVD2
  • PCVD has been associated with Porcine Dermonephrotic Syndrome (PDNS) and reproductive failure and infection is presented clinically by mortality, ill- thrift (wasting), paleness, dyspnoea (difficulty breathing), intermittent diarrhoea and visibly enlarged lymph nodes. (msd-animal-health.ie)
  • The damage caused by PCVD depends on the amount of virus in growing pigs. (msd-animal-health.ie)
Pathogen3
  • The role of PmA as a primary pathogen was investigated by challenging pigs with eight field strains isolated from pneumonia and serositis in six Brazilian states. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the major pathogen that causes diarrhea and high mortality in newborn piglets, with devastating impact on the pig industry. (bvsalud.org)
  • When it comes to nutritional interventions, I have two approaches I can take: directly interfering with the pathogen's ability to colonize the pig, or improving the immune system's response to the presence of the pathogen. (canadianhogjournal.com)
Vaccine4
  • its Ingelvac Circoflex product (against Porcine Circovirus 2) can be freshly mixed with an M. hyo vaccine. (pigprogress.net)
  • Hence, PEDV strain HN2021 of subgroup G2a presents a promising vaccine candidate for the control of recurring porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) in China. (bvsalud.org)
  • What's more, the purified chimeric VLPs homemade vaccine induced a stronger humoral and cellular immune responses compared to the unpurified recombinant protein in pigs. (authorea.com)
  • Millions of children have been injected with a vaccine that contains a pig virus that wasn t supposed to be in the vaccine. (tlat.net)
Prevalence1
  • The domestic pig samples were all negative for SG1 and SG2 but for SG3 a point prevalence of 77% was found. (slu.se)
Pathogenesis2
Domestic pigs2
  • For the first time a nationwide survey of wild boars (n = 356) and domestic pigs (n = 340) was carried out in Germany by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). (vetline.de)
  • Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus 2 in Wild Boar and Domestic Pigs in Ukraine. (devindrown.com)
Genus1
Strain2
  • In contrast to ELISA results, only 2/16 vaccinated pigs developed neutralizing antibodies detectable by a SNT that used a subtype 1 MA-104 adapted strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even in the absence of SN antibodies, vaccinated pigs were protected from challenge with a heterologous strain. (biomedcentral.com)
Among pigs1
  • PCV-3 (first described in 2015) causes a wide range of problems, and may be widespread among pigs. (wikipedia.org)
Diarrhea virus1
  • Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe watery diarrhea with dehydration and high mortality in pigs, bringing huge economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. (authorea.com)
Pathogens1
  • Surveillance for respiratory and diarrheal pathogens at the human-pig interface in Sarawak, Malaysia. (cdc.gov)
Farms3
  • In this study we detail the detection and genetic analysis of a novel porcine boca-like virus (PBo-likeV) in archival sera and tissue samples from pigs from farms in Great Britain. (slu.se)
  • Study: This cross-sectional study took place in Sarawak, Malaysia among 11 pig farms, 2 abattoirs, and 3 animal markets in June and July of 2017. (cdc.gov)
  • To further understand the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of PEDV field strains, in this study the complete genomes of four PEDV variants (HN2021, CH-HNYY-2018, CH-SXWS-2018, and CH-HNKF-2016) obtained from immunized pig farms in central China between 2016 to 2021 were characterized and analyzed. (bvsalud.org)
Vaccination6
  • Vaccination had a positive impact on rectal temperatures since the percentage of pigs that had fever at least once after challenge was reduced to 31% in vaccinated animals, and control pigs had significantly higher rectal temperatures than vaccinated pigs 3 days post-challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the vaccinated group, 9/16 pigs (56%) experienced an increase in ELISA S/P ratio from the day of vaccination to 67 days post-vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All vaccinated pigs were seropositive before challenge, indicating the development of an antibody response following vaccination even in the face of MDAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vaccination is already much higher in pigs, but improving how vaccines are stored, handled and administered could boost results significantly. (ruma.org.uk)
  • Vaccination for Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), known as Blue Ear, is also common. (ruma.org.uk)
  • This is why - for pigs - the #VaccinesWork campaign will be encouraging producers to look at what could be stopping them and their employees making the most of their vaccination programmes. (ruma.org.uk)
Single-stranded DNA viruses2
  • Porcine circovirus (PCV) is a group of four single-stranded DNA viruses that are non-enveloped with an unsegmented circular genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Porcine circoviruses are small, single stranded DNA viruses belonging to the Circoviridae family. (caister.com)
Respiratory tract1
  • Coinfections and their molecular consequences in the porcine respiratory tract. (nih.gov)
Infections2
  • experimental infections of colostrum deprived piglets and examination of pig foetal material. (scienceopen.com)
  • Subclinically infected pigs tend to be more susceptible to co-infections due to their compromised immune system. (msd-animal-health.ie)
Piglets1
  • Biotin affects the immune response of piglets inoculated with porcine " by CHEN HONG, ZHANG KEYING et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Humans1
  • Conclusions: This study demonstrates that nucleic acids from a number of targeted viruses were present in pig oral secretions and pig fecal samples, and that several viruses were detected in bioaerosol samples or in the nasal passages of humans with occupational exposure to pigs. (cdc.gov)
Colostrum1
  • The results of virus and antigen distribution following experimental infection of colostrum deprived pigs with pig circovirus (PCV) by oral/nasal and intravenous routes are reported. (scienceopen.com)
Weaner1
  • Weaner and grower pigs show mainly varying degrees of respiratory distress, and up to 20% of pigs may die. (biomedcentral.com)
Intranasally2
  • Pigs can become infected by eating raw tissues from viremic animals, and transplacental infection in pregnant sows intranasally exposed 3 weeks prior farrowing was also confirmed. (hipra.com)
  • Eight groups of eight pigs each were intranasally inoculated with different strains of PmA (1.5 mL/nostril of 10e7 CFU/mL). (biomedcentral.com)
Severe1
Lesions1
  • The pathological lesions seen in G2 and G4 pigs were: enlargement of lymph nodes, mild to moderate lymphoid cell depletion, affecting lymphoid follicles in lymphoid organs and presence of infiltration by eosinophils in lymph nodes. (scielo.br)
Amplification1
  • The HP strains can cause necrotic bronchopneumonia, fibrinous pleuritis and pericarditis in pigs and can be identified by PCR amplification of the gene pfh A2. (biomedcentral.com)
Susceptible1
  • Pigs play an important role in influenza virus ecology and are involved in interspecies transmission, as they are susceptible to infection with both avian and human influenza A viruses. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Nasal2
  • Pig feces, pig oral secretions, bioaerosols, and worker nasal wash samples were collected and analyzed via rPCR and rRT-PCR for respiratory and diarrheal viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Results: In all, 55 pig fecal, 49 pig oral or water, 45 bioaerosol, and 78 worker nasal wash samples were collected across 16 sites. (cdc.gov)
Coli2
  • This year, breakout sessions included information about Streptococcus suis ( Strep suis) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the nursery, along with a veterinary practitioner's perspective on circovirus in the present and future. (canadianhogjournal.com)
  • The site of colonization of E. coli in the pig is the small intestine, where it binds specific receptors on enterocytes - the cells lining the interior surface of the small intestine. (canadianhogjournal.com)
Corpses1
  • The last thing China needs is pig corpses infecting a significant clean water supply. (wlu.edu)