AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Retinal DystrophiesMuscular DystrophiesRetinal DegenerationMyotonic DystrophyPigment Epithelium of EyeLeber Congenital AmaurosisMuscular Dystrophy, DuchenneRetinitis PigmentosaPigments, Biologicalcis-trans-IsomerasesElectroretinographyCorneal Dystrophies, HereditaryRetinal PigmentsEye ProteinsFundus OculiMuscular Dystrophy, AnimalPedigreeRetinal DiseasesFuchs' Endothelial DystrophyConsanguinityLaurence-Moon SyndromeGenes, RecessivePhotoreceptor Cells, VertebrateEye Diseases, HereditaryRetinaPeripherinsBlindnessPhotoreceptor CellsMuscular Dystrophy, FacioscapulohumeralMutationDystrophinDNA Mutational AnalysisDark AdaptationMicrophthalmosBardet-Biedl SyndromeFluorescein AngiographyVisual AcuityNight BlindnessRetinal Cone Photoreceptor CellsLipofuscinMacular DegenerationAlstrom SyndromeRetinal Rod Photoreceptor CellsRetinal Pigment EpitheliumBile PigmentsPhenotypeGenes, DominantMuscular Dystrophy, Emery-DreifussRod OpsinsChoroid DiseasesMice, Inbred mdxSyndromeRhodopsinUsher SyndromesOptic Atrophy, Hereditary, LeberMutation, MissenseRats, Mutant StrainsNeuroaxonal DystrophiesOptic Atrophies, HereditaryExonsCodon, NonsenseOptic Disk DrusenSarcoglycansTomography, Optical CoherenceKidney Diseases, CysticVisual FieldsMolecular Sequence DataHeteroduplex AnalysisGenetic LinkageOphthalmoscopyVisual Field TestsExomeChromosome MappingMuscular Dystrophy, OculopharyngealLightAge of OnsetDystroglycansHomozygoteRod Cell Outer SegmentReflex Sympathetic DystrophyVision DisordersHeterozygoteBase SequencePolymorphism, Single-Stranded ConformationalFrameshift MutationNerve Tissue ProteinsAbnormalities, MultipleUtrophinVitelliform Macular DystrophyLod ScorePigmentationCarrier ProteinsIntermediate Filament ProteinsMuscle, SkeletalHaplotypesMembrane ProteinsVision, OcularGenetic TestingIntellectual DisabilityProteins
RetinitisVitelliform macular dAtrophyDetachmentCone-rod dystrPattern dystrophyForms of retinalEpithelial cellsPhotoreceptorsOcclusionMutationsIRDsMaculopathySubretinalOuter retinalHuman embryonic cellsPigmentaryRPE65ChoroidalChoroidOptical coherenceDiseasesInherited retinal diseaseGeneticTearAreas of retinalLesionsVisual acuityBlood vesselsBlindnessAbnormalitiesAutosomal dominantSevere rod-coneGene therapyMultimodalNeuronsPhenotypeTransplantationPigmentationEFEMP1Photoreceptor layerCellsPatients
Retinitis11
Vitelliform macular d11
Atrophy8
  • Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a group of genetic diseases seen in certain breeds of dogs and, more rarely, cats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Generalized PRA is the most common type and causes atrophy of all the neural retinal structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Central progressive retinal atrophy (CPRA) is a different disease from PRA involving the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and is also known as retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy (RPED). (wikipedia.org)
  • Macular dystrophies (MDs) are a group of inherited retinal disorders that cause significant visual loss, most often as a result of progressive macular atrophy. (bmj.com)
  • Choroideremia and gyrate atrophy are examples of this type of dystrophy. (rnib.org.uk)
  • Fundus findings ranged from a normal appearance to white dots at the level of the RPE or a retinal atrophy with vessel attenuation which was seen at a later stage. (arvojournals.org)
  • Funduscopy revealed severe retinal pigment epithelial atrophy and minimal retinal pigmentation. (rphope.org)
  • Other eye damage and side effects linked to Elmiron include diagnoses of retinopathy, retinal maculopathy, retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, and macular retinopathy have also been linked in studies of patients with chronic exposure to Elmiron. (wilentz.com)
Detachment4
  • Retinal tears put us at great risk of developing a retinal detachment, which is a separation of the retina from the wall of the eye. (gbretina.com)
  • A retinal detachment due to a retinal tear is surgical problem that is often reparable by either scleral buckling or vitrectomy surgery. (gbretina.com)
  • SD-OCT revealed bilateral macular detachment and regular hyperreflective elevation of retinal pigment epithelium inferior-nasal to the fovea in the left eye (Figure 3). (octclub.org)
  • They can also disrupt the layers of the retina and may lead to retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED). (rvaf.com)
Cone-rod dystr3
  • Family 3 (FAM3) consisted of a large family with a diagnosis of RP and an overall dominant pedigree, but the proband had phenotypically cone-rod dystrophy. (molvis.org)
  • In some cases, RP is characterized by cone-rod dystrophy, in which the decrease in visual acuity predominates over the visual field loss. (asperbio.com)
  • The ATP-binding cassette transporter type A4 (ABCA4) gene is one of these genes and has been linked to Stargardt disease type 1 (STGD1), fundus flavimaculatus, cone-rod dystrophy (CRD), and pan-retinal CRD. (bvsalud.org)
Pattern dystrophy6
  • The aim of this review was to provide an update on MDs, including Stargardt disease, Best disease, X-linked r etinoschisis, pattern dystrophy, Sorsby fundus dystrophy and autosomal dominant drusen. (bmj.com)
  • This review provides an update on monogenic MD and discusses the the most common subtypes, including Stargardt disease (STGD), Best disease (BD), X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS), autosomal dominant drusen (ADD), Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD) and pattern dystrophy (PD). (bmj.com)
  • Another 2019 study conducted by three ophthalmologists from Kaiser Permanente found that long term use of Elmiron caused retinal damage in 25% of their patients taking an average of 5,000 pills annually over a 15-year period, and that Elmiron toxicity may mimic macular degeneration, pattern dystrophy, and other well-known retinal conditions. (wilentz.com)
  • Pattern dystrophy is a type of dry age-related macular degeneration that involves mostly the very center of the macula. (rvaf.com)
  • There are several types of pattern dystrophy. (rvaf.com)
  • Unlike typical dry macular degeneration where the buildup of material is below the retinal pigment epithelium, in pattern dystrophy, the buildup of material is above the pigment epithelium and directly beneath the retina (see asterisks on image). (rvaf.com)
Forms of retinal1
Epithelial cells2
  • We are particularly interested in studying the outer retina, consisting of photoreceptor neurons, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and choriocapillaris blood vessels. (nih.gov)
  • The researchers turned human embryonic cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells, which are destroyed by these two diseases, and transplanted these cells into the retinas of the 18 study subjects. (acsh.org)
Photoreceptors7
  • Tam's multimodal imaging uses adaptive optics-a technique that employs deformable mirrors to improve resolution-to view live cells in the retina, including the light-sensing photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, and blood vessels in unprecedented detail. (nih.gov)
  • POTIGA can cause retinal abnormalities with funduscopic features similar to those seen in retinal pigment dystrophies, which are known to result in damage to the photoreceptors and vision loss. (drugs.com)
  • Long-term exposure to intense visible light in the blue range adjacent to the UV range may also pose a hazard to retinal photoreceptors and the pigment epithelium, which takes part in the photoreceptor renewal process. (cet.org)
  • Currently, 270 genes have been associated with IRDs, most of them altering the function of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. (bvsalud.org)
  • The current state of the art in gene therapy involves the delivery of various types of viral vectors into the subretinal space to effectively transduce diseased photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conditions such as retinal dystrophies cause irreversible blindness due to destruction of these photoreceptors, either directly or as a result of pathology. (uominnovationfactory.com)
  • However, despite the loss of outer retinal photoreceptors, inner retinal neurons, including bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells, can survive and retain their ability to send visual information to the brain. (uominnovationfactory.com)
Occlusion2
  • Based on the prognosis of the retinal vein occlusion, current treatment modalities offer an excellent chance at recovery of vision. (gbretina.com)
  • Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion. (slackbooks.com)
Mutations9
  • In this report, we describe using NGS to identify multiple disease-causing mutations that contribute concurrently or independently to retinal dystrophy in three relatively small families. (molvis.org)
  • Retinal gene-targeted NGS in the fourth affected family member revealed compound heterozygous mutations in USH2A (p. (molvis.org)
  • 1 n.p.) identified three retinal dystrophy genes ( PRPH2 , PRPF8 , and USH2A ) with disease-causing mutations in varying combinations among the affected family members. (molvis.org)
  • There are currently 20 retinal genes whose mutations cause the phenotype of LCA, accounting for about 70% of the cases, while the genes underlying the remaining 30% of patients await discovery. (aao.org)
  • For example, patients with mutations in CRB1 , LRAT , CEP290, or RPE65 may have VA better than 20/50 and may actually be diagnosed later in early childhood, and sometimes designated as having early-onset childhood retinal dystrophy or early-onset severe childhood retinal dystrophy, rather than LCA. (aao.org)
  • Purpose: To report novel variants and characterize the phenotype associated with the autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy caused by mutations in the lecithin retinol acyltransferase ( LRAT ) gene. (rphope.org)
  • Methods: A total of 149 patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) or early onset retinal dystrophy were screened for mutations in LCA-associated genes using an arrayed-primer extension (APEX) genotyping microarray (Asper Ophthalmics). (rphope.org)
  • LRAT mutations cause a severe, early childhood onset, progressive retinal dystrophy. (rphope.org)
  • Phenotypic similarities to the retinal dysfunction associated with RPE-specific protein 65 kDa mutations, another visual cycle gene, suggest that LRAT deficiency may show a good response to novel therapies. (rphope.org)
IRDs6
  • IRDs such as RP are called rod-cone dystrophies because the retinal rod cells are affected more than the retinal cone cells, but the whole retina is ultimately affected. (rnib.org.uk)
  • Introduction: Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) can be caused by variants in more than 280 genes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) affect an estimated 1 in every 2000 people, this corresponding to nearly 2 million cases worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
  • LCA/EOSRD form part of a spectrum of inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) that cause severe visual loss at an early age. (gene.vision)
  • Inherited retinal diseases-or IRDs-are a group of diseases that can cause severe vision loss or even blindness. (ophthalmologybreakingnews.com)
  • Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are the second commonest cause of severe visual impairment in childhood and the most frequent in the working age population, and there are several hundred known responsible genes. (ophthalmologybreakingnews.com)
Maculopathy1
  • The study concluded, "a novel and possibly avoidable maculopathy associated with chronic exposure to [Elmiron]," leading the researchers to issue a warning that long-term Elmiron use could lead to retinal damage. (wilentz.com)
Subretinal3
  • and suspicious features, including subretinal fluid and orange pigment. (firebaseapp.com)
  • Sayman Muslubas I, Arf S, Hocaoglu M, Giray Ersoz M, Karacorlu M. Best disease presenting as subretinal pigment epithelium hyperreflectivite lesion on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: Multimodal imaging features. (octclub.org)
  • Gene therapies are typically delivered to target retinal cells by subretinal (SR) or intravitreal (IVT) injection. (ophthalmologybreakingnews.com)
Outer retinal2
  • No outer retinal changes were visible outside areas with sub-RPE deposits. (escholarship.org)
  • Optical coherence tomography identified disrupted retinal lamination, outer-retinal debris, and an unidentifiable photoreceptor layer in two cases. (rphope.org)
Human embryonic cells1
  • And in more stem cell news , researchers from UCLA found that human embryonic cells could be used to improve vision in patients who were legally blind due to age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt s macular dystrophy, both eye disorders affecting the retina. (acsh.org)
Pigmentary2
  • If retinal pigmentary abnormalities or vision changes are detected, POTIGA should be discontinued unless no other suitable treatment options are available and the benefits of treatment outweigh the potential risk of vision loss. (drugs.com)
  • A retinal dystrophy belonging to the group of pigmentary retinopathies. (nih.gov)
RPE657
  • To refine the genotype-phenotype correlation in a subset of patients with Leber's Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) or early onset retinal dystrophies (EORD) who have RPE65 gene defects. (arvojournals.org)
  • The results indicate that the recovery of combined or residual cone responses might be associated with a mild form of RPE65 -related early onset flecked retinal dystrophy with new compound heterozygous variants. (molvis.org)
  • At the present time, however, little is known about RPE65 -related FAP and/or flecked retinal dystrophy in the Japanese population. (molvis.org)
  • This report presents information on two unrelated Japanese patients who exhibit early onset flecked retinal dystrophy with compound heterozygous variants in the RPE65 gene. (molvis.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical and genetic features of RPE65 -related early onset flecked retinal dystrophy. (molvis.org)
  • The RPE65 protein is expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and is involved in the visual cycle. (ophthalmologybreakingnews.com)
  • Voretigene neparvovec -rzyl is now available for the treatment of confirmed biallelic RPE65 mutation-associated retinal dystrophy. (msdmanuals.com)
Choroidal9
  • Choroidal dystrophies (also known as RPE dystrophies) mainly affect how the rod and cone cells work, but they also affect the choroid and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) which both lie underneath the retina. (rnib.org.uk)
  • A choroidal nevus is a benign, pigmented spot in the choroid, one of the outer layers of our eye. (gbretina.com)
  • Choroidal nevi are pigmented spots in the back of the eye. (firebaseapp.com)
  • A choroidal nevus is a growth that arises from pigmented cells in the choroid. (firebaseapp.com)
  • A choroidal nevus (or benign neoplasm of the choroid) is a grayish-brown pigmented lesion with slightly blurred margins. (firebaseapp.com)
  • Slit lamp biomicroscopy image of the left eye shows pigmented lesion (asterisk) A definitive diagnosis of conjunctival naevus, primary A choroidal nevus is a flat, benign and brown-green colored area at the back of the eye, often seen in the pigmented layer beneath the retina called the choroid. (firebaseapp.com)
  • 22 Jan 2018 Enhanced depth imaging (EDI)-OCT of choroidal nevus shows smooth-surface topography, chronic overlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) 3 May 2019 Small pigmented choroidal lesions may be choroidal nevus or choroidal surface features (orange pigmentation, drusen, and retinal pigment 27 May 2016 Clinical and ultrasound findings suggest a choroidal nevus that has remained stable over a decade of Pigmented lesion next to optic disc. (firebaseapp.com)
  • 1 Sep 2011 These cells, along with the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, Fundus photograph of a benign gray choroidal nevus in the inferior arcade tive treatment of a likely central retinal the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). (firebaseapp.com)
  • fundus image of choroidal nevus showing a well-demarcated melanocytic nevus 28 Oct 2019 The main dermoscopic features seen in both congenital and acquired melanocytic nevi are pigment network, aggregated globules, and diffuse The disease is characterized by pigment accumulation along the distribution of retinal veins. (firebaseapp.com)
Choroid2
Optical coherence3
  • To investigate retinal microstructure of patients affected with malattia leventinese (MLVT) and mutation in the EFEMP1 gene using high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT). (escholarship.org)
  • Purpose To report the morphologic data of adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AFVD) provided by third-generation optical coherence tomography (OCT 3). (tau.ac.il)
  • Optical coherence tomography scanning may also demonstrate some preservation of central macular thickness and structure surrounded by areas of retinal thinning. (ophthalmologybreakingnews.com)
Diseases7
  • Retinal dystrophies are a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous collection of eye diseases disturbing the function of photoreceptor cells and subsequently leading to loss of vision. (molvis.org)
  • Tam is using multimodal imaging on a variety of other rare retinal diseases and more common ones including age-related macular degeneration. (nih.gov)
  • Altogether, inherited retinal diseases affect around 1 in 4000 people or over 2 million people worldwide. (cera.org.au)
  • But for most inherited retinal diseases, there is no potential medicine, surgery or ability to cure vision loss. (cera.org.au)
  • Ophthalmologists should keep in mind that in some genetic retinal diseases the eyes are especially light sensitive. (cet.org)
  • First reliable positive results of retinal diseases treatment were achieved in the middle 1980ies in Leningrad (Saint Petersburg). (antiaging-peptides.com)
  • In the clinical 2 practice this preparation turned out to be highly effective in the treatment of the aftereffects of retinal veins thrombosis, glaucoma, haemorrhagic retinopathies, retinal sun and laser burns and many other diseases. (antiaging-peptides.com)
Inherited retinal disease2
  • RP is a type of inherited retinal disease. (cera.org.au)
  • Currently, there may be a possible treatment for a very rare inherited retinal disease caused by a specific gene. (cera.org.au)
Genetic5
  • An inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) is a genetic eye condition which affects the light sensitive cells in the retina at the back of your eyes, which over time, stops them from working. (rnib.org.uk)
  • Initial genetic analysis was performed on one family member with traditional Sanger single gene sequencing and/or panel-based testing, and ultimately, retinal gene-targeted NGS was required to identify the underlying cause of disease for individuals within the three families. (molvis.org)
  • An abnormal development of the retina called retinal dysplasia is present at birth and may arise from trauma, genetic defect, or damage occurring while in the womb. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • To report genetic and clinical features of two unrelated Japanese patients with early onset flecked retinal dystrophy. (molvis.org)
  • An IRD is a genetic disorder- a change, or variant, in one or more genes that contribute to proper retinal function. (ophthalmologybreakingnews.com)
Tear1
  • Frequently a surgical urgency, a diagnosis of a retinal tear usually requires prompt in-office treatment with laser. (gbretina.com)
Areas of retinal1
  • Small areas of retinal dysplasia may not cause any signs, or they may interfere with vision. (merckvetmanual.com)
Lesions2
  • Malignant Pigmented Lesions as Compared to Histopathological Diagnosis female - Patients having pigmented lesions with suspicion of dysplastic nevus förvånande nog även i olika former av nevi (födelsemärken). (firebaseapp.com)
  • Studies have been conducted both on animals with modeled innate retinal degeneration, and on those with induced lesions (including laser ones). (antiaging-peptides.com)
Visual acuity2
  • Some patients with retinal abnormalities have been found to have abnormal visual acuity. (drugs.com)
  • POTIGA is a potassium channel opener indicated as adjunctive treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients aged 18 years and older who have responded inadequately to several alternative treatments and for whom the benefits outweigh the risk of retinal abnormalities and potential decline in visual acuity. (drugs.com)
Blood vessels1
  • This layer is very rich in blood vessels, and is pigmented. (firebaseapp.com)
Blindness3
  • Glen of Imaal Terrier - CRD3 results in gradual blindness with onset around 4 years of age (often detectable as retinal thinning as early as 3 years of age). (wikipedia.org)
  • That followed FDA approval in November to test human embryonic stem cells to treat people with a progressive form of blindness called Stargardt's macular dystrophy. (foxnews.com)
  • The typical phenotype of this condition is an early onset retinal dystrophy with some preservation of cone function but early loss of rod function, resulting in severe night blindness. (ophthalmologybreakingnews.com)
Abnormalities3
  • Abnormalities in the eye result from a disorder in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). (medscape.com)
  • Viral infections of the mother (for example, herpesvirus in dogs), especially during early fetal development, can result in many eye abnormalities with retinal dysplasia in puppies. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • The pattern of microstructural retinal abnormalities is similar but with a different extent in patients with variable phenotypes. (escholarship.org)
Autosomal dominant1
  • To date, 256 genes listed in RetNet have been associated with syndromic and non-syndromic retinal dystrophies, which can be inherited as an autosomal-recessive, autosomal-dominant, or X-linked trait ( RetNet ). (molvis.org)
Severe rod-cone1
  • Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the name given to a group of more severe rod-cone dystrophies that lead to greater sight loss in very early childhood, often detected at birth. (rnib.org.uk)
Gene therapy2
  • Despite recent advancements in gene therapy, there is still a lack of an effective treatment for this group of retinal conditions. (bvsalud.org)
  • The relative preservation in childhood of retinal structure and modest visual function opens up the possibility of restoring function by gene therapy in this subtype of IRD. (ophthalmologybreakingnews.com)
Multimodal1
  • The developments in high-resolution multimodal retinal imaging have also transformed our ability to make accurate and more timely diagnoses and more sensitive quantitative assessment of disease progression, and allowed the design of optimised clinical trial endpoints for novel therapeutic interventions. (bmj.com)
Neurons2
Phenotype1
  • It highlights the range of innovations in retinal imaging, genotype-phenotype and structure-function associations, animal models of disease and the multiple treatment strategies that are currently in clinical trial or planned in the near future, which are anticipated to lead to significant changes in the management of patients with MDs. (bmj.com)
Transplantation3
  • Fibrin hydrogels as a xenofree and rapidly degradable support for transplantation of retinal pigment epithelium monolayers. (mayo.edu)
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from patient fibroblasts could potentially be used as a source of autologous cells for transplantation in retinal disease. (nature.com)
  • This important proof-of-concept finding supports the development of personalized iPSC-based transplantation therapies for retinal disease. (nature.com)
Pigmentation1
  • Diagnosis is by funduscopy, which shows pigmentation in a bone-spicule configuration in the equatorial retina, narrowing of the retinal arterioles, a waxy pallor of the optic disk, posterior subcapsular cataracts, and cells in the vitreous. (msdmanuals.com)
EFEMP11
  • Retinal structure in EFEMP1 retinal dystrophy is reflected by morphological changes within the RPE/Bruch's membrane complex with accumulation of sub-RPE material associated with disrupted photoreceptor integrity. (escholarship.org)
Photoreceptor layer3
  • Examination with OCT disclosed an area of hyperreflectivity located between the retinal pigment epithelium layer and the photoreceptor layer, compatible in size with the yellowish elevated lesion. (tau.ac.il)
  • The hyperreflective line corresponding to the photoreceptor layer was elevated by the material and separated from the retinal pigment epithelium layer. (tau.ac.il)
  • Conclusions In AFVD, examination with OCT 3 demonstrates elevation of the photoreceptor layer by the material and supports the previous hypothesis that the material is located between the photoreceptor and the retinal pigment epithelium layer. (tau.ac.il)
Cells7
  • As other retinal disorders, PRA can be divided into either dysplastic disease, where the cells develop abnormally, and degenerative, where the cells develop normally but then degenerate during the dog's lifetime. (wikipedia.org)
  • As RP affects the retinal rod cells first, the first symptom you'll notice is that you don't see as well as people without a sight condition in dim light, such as outside at dusk, or at night. (rnib.org.uk)
  • For normal healthy eyes, the exposure to bright white light is a physiological situation and does not inflict any overt damage to the skin, visual cells and pigment epithelium. (cet.org)
  • The premise that motivates all the work in my lab, is that after the first few days of life most retinal cells are post-mitotic, and thus early detection and treatment of disease are paramount for preventing vision loss. (stanford.edu)
  • Both trials will test the safety and tolerability of retinal pigment epithelial, or RPE cells, which ACT makes from human embryonic stem cells. (foxnews.com)
  • Photosensitive pigments in the eye's rod and cone cells are responsible for converting light to an electrical signal. (uominnovationfactory.com)
  • Recent clinical trials evaluating allogeneic retinal grafts derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) show the procedure to be safe and potentially effective 1 . (nature.com)
Patients1
  • A follow-up study in 2019 of 10 patients demonstrated similar structural retinal damage from chronic exposure to Elmiron. (wilentz.com)