• This review summarizes key aspects of tetraspanin proteins, with a focus on the functional relevance and structural features of these proteins and how they are organized into a novel type of membrane microdomain. (nih.gov)
  • Even the entry of pathogens can be governed by fusion, as many bilayer-coated viruses have dedicated fusion proteins to gain entry into the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the last steps in the fusion process is overseen by a set of proteins called SNAREs. (nature.com)
  • B.ll.2 Interaction of Ca" Channels with Synaptic Vesicle Proteins Neurotransmitter release is to form a synaptic core complex (SNARE), which mediates vesicle docking and membrane fusion. (addresources.org)
  • He discovered the complex of SNARE proteins, the GTPAse-switch mechansim and reconstituted vesicle budding and fusion in a cell-free system. (liysf.org.uk)
  • Experiments with these methods (in collaboration with Ed Chapman of this department) have indicated which proteins form the fusion pore and which proteins control their opening and expansion. (wisc.edu)
  • The discovery of membrane fusion shows the means by which proteins and other materials are transported within and between cells. (talkingpointsmemo.com)
  • The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane. (utoronto.ca)
  • I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • I further investigated membrane proteins and the targeting of tail-anchored proteins at Sheffield Hallam University. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Autophagy depends on core autophagy proteins which contribute to the initiation of autophagosome formation, the lipidation of the autophagosomal membrane protein Atg8/LC3/GABARAP, the fusion of the autophagosome to the lysosome, and finally, the degradation of the autophagosome with its cargo within the lysosomal lumen [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • A particular long-term interest of the group is the development of novel technologies to facilitate both fundamental and applied research on biomembranes and membrane proteins. (uni-freiburg.de)
  • We study exocytosis using simultaneous recording of multiple biophysical parameters that change during and after fusion of granule/vesicle and plasma membranes: For instance (1) capacitance (admittance), (2) fluorescence of vesicular fusion proteins used as reporters for, e.g., intravesicular pH and (3) amperomeric detection of small molecule release can be combined to probe the sequence of events in this ubiquitous and pivotal cellular reaction. (uni-freiburg.de)
  • Exocytosis, fertilization of an egg by sperm and transport of waste products to the lysosome are a few of the many eukaryotic processes that rely on some form of fusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The history of the field will be briefly reviewed, focusing on exocytosis and membrane fusion. (sfn.org)
  • Finally, the enrichment of tetraspanins within secreted vesicles called exosomes, coupled with hints that tetraspanins may regulate vesicle fusion and/or fission, suggests exciting new directions for future research. (nih.gov)
  • Transport occurs in membrane-bounded containers called vesicles, and several protein families have evolved to mediate the budding of a vesicle from the donor compartment, and its transport to and fusion with the target organelle. (nature.com)
  • These have been suggested to be the core machinery that mediates the fusing of two membranes, as well as ensuring that vesicles deliver their cargo to the right compartment 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • Our research focuses broadly on the function of nerve terminals, both how their neurotransmitter-filled vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and how their excitability regulates the entry of Ca2+ to trigger membrane fusion. (wisc.edu)
  • Calcium ions entering the cell initiate a signaling cascade that causes small membrane-bound vesicles, called synaptic vesicles, containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. (utoronto.ca)
  • The calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft. (utoronto.ca)
  • Remarkably, different channels on the same acidic vesicles can couple to different downstream physiology. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Secretion was independent of recombinant size and was mediated via structurally defined membrane vesicles (50-150nm). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ca 2+ is vital for muscle contraction, fusion, and release of storage vesicles. (mhmedical.com)
  • Here, incoming signals effect the release of transmitters from stores known as 'vesicles', which fuse with the adjoining cell membranes in order to transmit the signal. (charite.de)
  • We have now found that synaptotagmin is capable of pulling the synaptic vesicles closer to the membrane within a matter of milliseconds. (charite.de)
  • They were surprised to find that this not only slowed the process of fusion, but also resulted in vesicles and membranes remaining farther apart. (charite.de)
  • Outside the biofilm research area, this work should also prove relevant to any investigators interested in microbial physiology and metabolism. (nsf.gov)
  • Recent data suggest important roles of endo-lysosomal Ca2+ channels, the Two-Pore Channels (TPCs) and the TRPML channels (mucolipins), in different aspects of immune-cell function, particularly impacting membrane trafficking, vesicle fusion/fission and secretion. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The researchers are planning to conduct further experiments in the hope of establishing whether these mutations also affect the speed of vesicle fusion and, consequently, the speed at which nerve cells communicate. (charite.de)
  • Presynaptic calcium and control of vesicle fusion. (ac.ir)
  • Her results demonstrated that slow-growing bacteria could be efficiently destroyed by targeting their lipid membranes and led to a pending patent application. (harvard.edu)
  • Na+ ions enter the cell, further depolarizing the presynaptic membrane. (utoronto.ca)
  • Fusion of a vesicle with the presynaptic membrane causes the neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft, the extracellular space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, as illustrated in Figure 7.19 . (utoronto.ca)
  • When the presynaptic membrane is depolarized, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and allow Ca2+ to enter the cell. (utoronto.ca)
  • The release of neurotransmitter at inhibitory synapses causes inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) , a hyperpolarization of the presynaptic membrane. (utoronto.ca)
  • Are the presynaptic membrane particles the calcium channels? (ac.ir)
  • Substances can be transported from one membrane-encased compartment to another, but the compartments maintain their unique identities. (nature.com)
  • In short, the distance between the synaptic vesicle and the membrane is a major barrier to rapid fusion," explains the article's corresponding author, Prof. Dr. Christian Rosenmund of the Institute of Neurophysiology and the NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence. (charite.de)
  • Shuwen Chang, Thorsten Trimbuch, Christian Rosenmund: Synaptotagmin-1 drives synchronous Ca2+-triggered fusion by C2B-domain-mediated synaptic-vesicle-membrane attachment. (charite.de)
  • Changes in cytosolic Ca 2+ (whether released from intracellular stores or entering via membrane Ca 2+ channels) can modulate effector targets, often by interacting with the Ca 2+ -binding protein calmodulin . (mhmedical.com)
  • Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic pathway in which cellular constituents are engulfed by autophagosomes and degraded upon autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. (nature.com)
  • The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Using the mutational analysis of recombinant subviral particles of tick-borne encephalitis virus, we provide direct experimental evidence that the initiation of fusion is crucially dependent on the protonation of one of the conserved histidines (His323) at the interface between domains I and III of E, leading to the dissolution of domain interactions and to the exposure of the fusion peptide. (rupress.org)
  • 2018. Variable effects of C-terminal fusions on FLS2 function - not all epitope tags are created equal . (hutton.ac.uk)
  • Whatever the mechanism of calcium-induced fusion, the initial interaction is clearly electrostatic, since zwitterionic lipids are not susceptible to this effect. (wikipedia.org)
  • DI-fusion Effects of the calcium channel agonist, BAY K 8644, on. (ac.be)
  • In collaboration with Martin Thanbichler's group at the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, she discovered two compounds, DCAP and divin, from a high-throughput small molecule screen and determined that they perturb the organization of bacterial membranes and cell division. (harvard.edu)
  • This report serves as a unique hypothesis-generating resource for future studies on bacterial biofilm physiology. (nsf.gov)
  • Fusion is also an important mechanism for transport of lipids from their site of synthesis to the membrane where they are needed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two principal fusion mechanisms are identified: the stalk mechanism, starting with the appearance of a stalk between approaching membranes, and the adhesion mechanism which involves bilayer reorganization as a result of a tight junction of the membranes. (tau.ac.il)
  • It is shown that, within the framework of the stalk mechanism, there exists a possibility of either the formation of a stalk of a finite radius, or complete fusion. (tau.ac.il)
  • However, emerging evidence suggests that autophagy is a primary mechanism of cell death (autophagic cell death, ACD) and implicates ACD in several aspects of mammalian physiology, including tumor suppression and psychological disorders. (nature.com)
  • Autophagy/macroautophagy is a lysosome-dependent catabolic process characterized by increased formation of double-membrane autophagosomes for the sequestration of cytoplasmic components and subsequent degradation after autophagosome fusion with lysosomes 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • She elucidated the roles of the lipid kinases that synthesize PIP2 and its precursor, PI4P, in response to hypertonic and oxidative stress, during membrane signaling, phagocytosis and autophagy. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Her research improves understanding of these essential lipids' roles in cell survival, organelle remodeling, membrane trafficking, and autophagy. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • One of the key lessons I took away from Physiology," she reflects, "was that the fusion of biochemistry, microscopy and computational techniques is a powerful approach to quantitatively investigate fundamental biological problems. (harvard.edu)
  • This fusion pore spans both the vesicle and plasma membranes and in many ways behaves like an ion channel. (wisc.edu)
  • Plasma membrane polarization during mating in yeast cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Endocytic recycling and slow diffusion on the plasma membrane were shown to facilitate polarized surface distribution of Snc1p (Valdez-Taubas, J., and H.R. Pelham. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, we provide evidence that the lipid bilayer at the mating projection is more condensed than the plasma membrane enclosing the cell body, and that sphingolipids are required for this lipid organization. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The molecular organization of differentially curved caveolae indicates bendable structural units at the plasma membrane. (leibniz-fmp.de)
  • Insulin release involves the packaging of insulin in small (diameter approximate to0.3 mum) secretory granules, the trafficking of these granules to the plasma membrane, the exocytotic fusion of the granules with the plasma membrane and eventually the retrieval of the secreted membranes. (lu.se)
  • Evidence from a variety of secretory tissues, including pancreatic islet cells suggests, however, that the secretory granules can be functionally divided into distinct pools that are distinguished by their release competence and/or proximity to the plasma membrane. (lu.se)
  • Here, we found that polarization of Fus1p, a raft-associated type I transmembrane protein involved in cell fusion, does not depend on endocytosis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These studies have shown that divalent cations play a critical role in the fusion process by binding to negatively charged lipids such as phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. (wikipedia.org)
  • This certainly seems to be the spirit of Question 11 from the second paper of 2015, which asked for a comparison of the anatomy and physiology of skeletal and smooth muscle. (derangedphysiology.com)
  • https://books.google.com/books?id=rnt7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=fusion+starrs+ca+login? (addresources.org)
  • Trying to guess the examiners' minds from the way this syllabus item is positioned (in the "musculoskeletal" section), we can infer that the detailed anatomy and physiology of cardiac muscle is probably intended for the cardiovascular section , and what they wanted from us here is more of a comparison of the ultrastructural elements that distinguish the three muscle types. (derangedphysiology.com)
  • According to the stalk hypothesis of fusion, a highly curved bridge must form between the two bilayers for fusion to occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using the expression for the elastic energy of the stalk it was possible to find the value of the spontaneous curvature of its membrane, Ks, at which the existence of a stalk is in principle possible. (tau.ac.il)
  • The energy barrier of the hydrophobic interaction and the elastic energy barrier, which have to be overcome by the membranes to form the stalk are analysed. (tau.ac.il)
  • We construct biohybrid screening devices based on arrays of single biological nanopores in free-standing microbilayers, develop advanced methods of membrane protein reconstitution and also study the interaction of fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots) with synthetic and biological membranes. (uni-freiburg.de)
  • Depending on whether hemifusion or full fusion occurs, the internal contents of the membranes may mix at this point as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • Generation of a nerve impulse (action potential) of a sensory neurone occurs as a result of a stimulus such as light, a particular chemical, or stretching of a cell membrane by sound. (medscape.com)
  • I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • It has been hypothesized that conserved histidines in the class II fusion protein E of these viruses function as molecular switches and, by their protonation, control the fusion process. (rupress.org)
  • This surprising result raises the possibility that the transduction channel is a membrane protein distinct from TMC1 and TMC2 that only becomes functional as the transduction channel once other key molecules, like the TMCs and tip-link cadherins, are expressed. (silverchair.com)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'On the theory of membrane fusion. (tau.ac.il)
  • Professor Rothman has also received many awards for his research on vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion, including the King Faisal International Prize for Science, the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, the Gairdner Foundation International Award, the Lounsbery Award of the National Academy of Sciences, EB. (liysf.org.uk)
  • In the midst of her doctoral research, Eun attended a summer Physiology Course at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, MA, where her interests began to veer away from application-driven research toward investigating basic questions in biology. (harvard.edu)
  • Also, in 2002, three scientists who made early contributions to gene research won the Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology so the Nobel committee may feel it has already covered the area. (talkingpointsmemo.com)
  • Her basic research is focused on regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Additionally it was helpful to review the construction of famous works by established authors which deal with insulin physiology, of which the most celebrated would have to be George Cahill's 1971 lecture, Physiology of Insulin In Man . (derangedphysiology.com)
  • It does this by acting like a double-sided sticky tape, forming a bridge between the vesicle and the membrane," says Prof. Rosenmund, further explaining that fusion can only occur once this bridge has been formed. (charite.de)
  • A comparative database of mitochondrial physiology may provide the key for understanding the functional implications of mitochondrial diversity from mouse to man, and evaluation of altered mitochondrial respiratory control patterns in health and disease ( Gnaiger 2009 ). (mitophysiology.org)
  • Fusion is involved in many cellular processes, particularly in eukaryotes since the eukaryotic cell is extensively sub-divided by lipid bilayer membranes. (wikipedia.org)
  • These conformational changes are activated by specific triggers, allowing fusion to occur at the right time and at the right place in the viral life cycle. (rupress.org)
  • 2019. Juxta-membrane S-acylation of plant receptor-like kinases is likely fortuitous and does not necessarily impact upon function . (hutton.ac.uk)
  • In membrane biology, fusion is the process by which two initially distinct lipid bilayers merge their hydrophobic cores, resulting in one interconnected structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, how a complex LHCGR protein, embedded within the membrane lipid bilayer, could be secreted as soluble receptor remained unexplained. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is proposed that fusion mechanisms should be classified according to the primary act involving a change in the membrane structure. (tau.ac.il)
  • We have adapted the classical ideas of single ion channel mechanisms to the study of the fusion pore. (wisc.edu)
  • The entry of enveloped viruses into host cells involves a fusion step between the viral and a cellular membrane. (rupress.org)
  • The team decided to reduce the speed of fusion by removing synaptotagmin from the equation. (charite.de)
  • Alternatively, if only one leaflet from each bilayer is involved in the fusion process, the bilayers are said to be hemifused. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are four fundamental steps in the fusion process, although each of these steps actually represents a complex sequence of events. (wikipedia.org)
  • One role on these ions in the fusion process is to shield the negative charge on the surface of the bilayer, diminishing electrostatic repulsion and allowing the membranes to approach each other. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the fusion process, the lipid head group is not only involved in charge density, but can affect dehydration and defect nucleation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This topic also remains controversial, and even if there is a curved structure present in the fusion process, there is debate in the literature over whether it is a cubic, hexagonal or more exotic extended phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you have any questions related to the process of portal login for fusion starrs ca, you can report it directly to rhb. (addresources.org)
  • Dr. Shuwen Chang, a researcher at the Rosenmund Lab and the study's first author, was meant to use the new electron microscopy-based method for the direct visualization of the vesicle-membrane fusion process. (charite.de)
  • As it all happens so quickly, we were looking for ways to slow down the process of fusion," says Dr. Chang. (charite.de)
  • AN - check the tag INFANT HN - 2008 FX - Child Nutrition FX - Infant Nutrition Physiology FX - Milk FX - Milk, Human DH - Adolescent Nutrition DI - 052508 MN - SP6.021.067 MS - Nutrition of persons 10 through 19 years of age. (bvsalud.org)
  • We measure the flux through single fusion pores with amperometry and the conductance of single fusion pores by performing phase-lock measurements with a patch clamp amplifier. (wisc.edu)