Physiology chromosome in vitro oocyte maturation techniques. Medical search. Frequent questions

At puberty the number of oocytes decreases even more to reach about 60,000 to 80,000 per ovary, and only about 500 mature oocytes will be produced during a woman's life, the others will undergo atresia(degeneration). (wikipedia.org)
To prove the ability of mature oocytes to develop into embryos, 900 oocytes were processed for fertilization in vitro. (sciencegate.app)
Conclusion: FSH supplementation significantly improves oocyte maturation and yields mature oocytes for future embryo development in vitro. (sciencegate.app)

Usage of melatonin during in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures has been found to improve oocyte quality, survival, and fecundity. (jrhm.org)
These protease-induced decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 likely cause increased levels of bioavailable (or free) IGFs that stimulate steroidogenesis and mitogenesis in developing dominant follicles, which ultimately prepare the follicle(s) and oocyte(s) for successful ovulation and fertilization. (bioone.org)
Quality control in human in vitro fertilization. (shengsci.com)
The implementation of suitable quality control (QC) is not only required for the accreditation of a human in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratory, but is also fundamental to its success. (shengsci.com)
11 Among women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer in the United States, deliveries per oocyte retrieved decreased from 36.9 percent among women under the age of 35 years to 20.5 percent among women between the ages of 38 and 40 years and to 10.7 percent among women between the ages of 41 and 42 years. (ldysinger.com)
On the one hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are mandatory mediators for essential cellular functions including the function of germ cells (oocytes and spermatozoa) and thereby the fertilization process. (hindawi.com)
However, these techniques have to be carried out very carefully as they, if applied wrongly, bear risks of generating ROS damaging the germ cells and preventing fertilization. (hindawi.com)
This has been shown for intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and ICSI, and increased incidences of chromosomal abnormalities, minor and major birth defects, or early childhood cancers, particularly in the male offspring, have been linked to these procedures [ 8 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) refers to cases in which women have had three failed in vitro fertilization (IVF) attempts with good quality embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
Although there is no accepted formal definition for recurrent implantation failure, Orvieto suggests that it is after three failed in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles with good quality embryos transferred [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro maturation rate of Bligon goat oocytes supplemented with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and their ability for further embryonic development after in vitro fertilization. (sciencegate.app)
Oocytes are highly specialized cells that undergo the unique processes of meiosis and fertilization and execute a molecular program for development [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Hence, to date, an effective and simple proxy of oocyte quality parameters has not been established yet making difficult for an accurate assessment of the female gamete quality before fertilization. (biomedcentral.com)
In the oocyte, mitochondria play a central role in cellular metabolism providing energy for successful cytoplasm and nucleus maturation, fertilization, embryo development, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis initiation. (biomedcentral.com)

Maintenance of meiotic arrest also depends on the presence of a multilayered complex of cells, known as a follicle, that surrounds the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
Removal of the oocyte from the follicle causes meiosis to progress in the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
Within the follicle, the maintenance of oocyte meiotic arrest is primarily attributed to high cytoplasmic concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). (bvsalud.org)
The oocytes compete with one another to become the dominant follicle and eventually ovulate to be released as an egg capable of being fertilized. (medscape.com)
With ovulation the secondary oocyte (or ovum) is expelled from the follicle on the ovary surface. (pediagenosis.com)
The oocyte is surrounded by cumulus cells (also termed the corona radiata) from the follicle and spermatozoa must break through this outer layer to reach the oocyte itself (Figure 10.3). (pediagenosis.com)
Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) of cows derived from follicle aspiration were divided into three groups. (sciencegate.app)

The decline in the number of oocytes begins at 20 weeks' gestation when the female fetus has approximately 6-7 million oogonia (largest lifetime endowment). (medscape.com)
Decline in the Number of Oocytes from Birth to Menopause. (ldysinger.com)

Oogenesis consists of several sub-processes: oocytogenesis, ootidogenesis, and finally maturation to form an ovum (oogenesis proper). (wikipedia.org)
Second Polar Body (Discarded afterward) + Ovum Oocyte meiosis, important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division, occurs completely without the aid of spindle-coordinating centrosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Diagram showing the reduction in number of the chromosomes in the process of maturation of the ovum . (wikipedia.org)

Oogonia enter meiosis during embryonic development, becoming oocytes. (wikipedia.org)
The results showed a decrease in oocyte numbers in the transplanted OT, abnormal endocrine function of ovarian grafts, as well as dysfunctional mitochondria and DNA damage in the oocytes, which could adversely affect subsequent embryonic development. (bvsalud.org)

It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation. (wikipedia.org)
The succeeding phase of ootidogenesis occurs when the primary oocyte develops into an ootid. (wikipedia.org)

However, as the oocyte grows, these proteins are synthesized, and meiotic arrest becomes dependent on cyclic AMP. (wikipedia.org)
In the oocyte, cyclic GMP prevents the breakdown of cyclic AMP by the phosphodiesterase PDE3, and thus maintains meiotic arrest. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, understanding the pathways regulating oocyte meiotic arrest and resumption will provide detailed insight into female reproductive system and provide a theoretical basis for further research and potential approaches for novel disease treatments. (bvsalud.org)

This study was conducted to evaluate in vivo and in vitro development of in vitro-matured equine oocytes fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (bioone.org)

The paper "Formation of Genetically Mosaic Mouse Embryos and Early Development of Lethal (t12/t12)-Normal Mosaics," by Beatrice Mintz, describes a technique to fuse two mouse embryos into a single embryo. (asu.edu)
and the development of embryos after in vitro fertilisation. (bvsalud.org)
The blastocyst stage of oocyte developed embryos was reached by 12.43±2.15% and 22.28±4.86% of the control and treatment groups, respectively. (sciencegate.app)
ABSTRACT We aimed to assess the effects of melatonin in the in vitro production of bovine embryos. (sciencegate.app)
Our experiment was further divided into two: the first was to assess the effect of different concentrations of melatonin (treatments) on the maturation rate of COCs, and the second was to assess the effects of melatonin treatments on the in vitro production of bovine embryos. (sciencegate.app)

In germ cells, meiosis is arrested at the diplotene stage of prophase in meiosis I (MI) after synapsis and recombination of homologous chromosomes, which cannot be segregated. (bvsalud.org)
As a result of spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation, male germ cells differentiate to become fully functional spermatozoa. (biomedcentral.com)

As follicles grow, they acquire receptors for luteinizing hormone, a pituitary hormone that reinitiates meiosis in the oocyte and causes ovulation of a fertilizable egg. (wikipedia.org)

The secondary oocyte was paused partway through meiosis II (see Chapter 9). (pediagenosis.com)

Oogenesis starts with the process of developing primary oocytes, which occurs via the transformation of oogonia into primary oocytes, a process called oocytogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
During estrus phase in animals or the menstrual cycle in humans, the resumption of meiosis occurs in certain oocytes due to a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. (bvsalud.org)
Prior to the onset of menopause (10-15 y), menstrual cycles shorten and rapid follicular loss occurs because more oocytes are being recruited. (medscape.com)
Female infants have 6 to 7 million oocytes at 20 weeks of gestation, when progressive atresia occurs, resulting in 1 to 2 million oocytes at birth, approximately 25,000 at the age of 37 years, and 1000 at the age of 51 years, the average age of natural menopause in the United States. (ldysinger.com)

In vivo development was assessed after transfer of injected oocytes to the oviducts of recipient mares. (bioone.org)
This review focuses on the differential responses of cell types to ATZ toxicity, testicular effects of ATZ in both in vitro and in vivo models and chemopreventive strategies, so as to highlight the current state of the art on the toxicological outcomes of ATZ exposure in several experimental model systems. (frontiersin.org)
In the companion article, we emphasize effective experimental design based on the in vivo physiology of the rhesus macaque, whereas this article emphasizes considerations for gene annotation and data interpretation using gene microarray platforms from Affymetrix. (gene-quantification.de)
However, DFMO had been mainly without effect of these inside vitro or even in vivo assays. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)

The two cells that result from this division are the definitive oocyte and the second polar body. (pediagenosis.com)
The second polar body receives little cytoplasm, allowing the definitive oocyte to maintain its size. (pediagenosis.com)
Aceto-orcein staining was conducted to evaluate the maturation of oocytes based on the achievement of metaphase II phase that is indicated by the presence of metaphase plate and/or first polar body. (sciencegate.app)

It has been hypothesized that in gonadal dysgenesis various deletions on the X chromosome cause such rapid atresia of oocytes 5 that few girls with this condition reach puberty with functioning ovaries. (ldysinger.com)
However, it is also possible that such genetic defects result in a smaller complement of oocytes during gonadal development. (ldysinger.com)

This is a very important process in mammalian reproduction as hundreds of sperm reach the egg at the same time and dispermy would create an embryo with three haploid sets of chromosomes (triploidy) that would be extremely unlikely to survive. (pediagenosis.com)

In principle it contains a diploid set of chromosomes. (pediagenosis.com)
With fertilisation the diploid number of chromosomes has been restored by combining chromosomes from the father and the mother. (pediagenosis.com)

Results: The results indicated that FSH supplementation significantly increased oocyte maturation rate (65.21±7.26 vs. 43.25±6.23%) as indicated by extrusion of PB1 and homologous chromosome pairing and lined in the equator. (sciencegate.app)

Mammalian oocytes are maintained in meiotic prophase arrest for a very long time-months in mice, years in humans. (wikipedia.org)
The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)

In Drosophila melanogaster, 16 interconnected cells form a germline cyst, where one cell differentiates into an oocyte, while the rest become nurse cells that supply the oocyte with mRNAs, proteins, and organelles through intercellular cytoplasmic bridges named ring canals via microtubule-based transport. (bvsalud.org)

Because the granulosa cells and oocyte are connected by gap junctions, cyclic GMP also decreases in the oocyte, causing meiosis to resume. (wikipedia.org)
Cycle fecundability decreases as the number of oocytes decreases. (medscape.com)
The number of oocytes decreases to approximately 2-3 million at birth and decreases again to 300,000 by the time of puberty. (medscape.com)

Further, melatonin and its receptors play a significant role in antioxidant defense mechanism of ovary for follicular growth and maturation. (jrhm.org)
After the onset of puberty and menses, the female human ovary recruits at least 30-50 oocytes during each menstrual cycle. (medscape.com)
In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)

To provide a comprehensive understanding of the recently uncovered regulatory network involved in oocyte development and maturation, the progress of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of oocyte nuclear maturation including meiosis arrest and meiosis resumption is summarized. (bvsalud.org)
Additionally, the advancements in understanding the molecular cytoplasmic events occurring in oocytes, such as maternal mRNA degradation, posttranslational regulation, and organelle distribution associated with the quality of oocyte maturation, are reviewed. (bvsalud.org)
Despite several recent studies investigating molecular markers related to oocyte quality, methods currently available for their determination pose various technical challenges and limitations. (biomedcentral.com)
Many investigations have been designed to gain new insights into the mechanisms underlying oocyte quality based on a differential analysis applied to molecular, biochemical, transcriptomic, or proteomic data. (biomedcentral.com)
Nevertheless, the complexity of the techniques applied to assess gene expression and protein profile is a major bottleneck for the use of molecular markers in the oocyte quality assessment [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Next, 600 oocytes were then stained with 1% aceto-orcein to examine maturation based on changes in the configuration of chromosomes and nuclear membrane breakdown. (sciencegate.app)

Extensive research has unraveled a niche for melatonin that is of great significance for the female reproductive physiology. (jrhm.org)
Therefore, in future, melatonin can be implicated as preferable therapeutic especially in IVF and assisted reproductive techniques. (jrhm.org)
The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were distributed among treatments at concentrations of 0, 10-1, 10-3 and 10-5 µMol/L melatonin. (sciencegate.app)

Polytene chromosomes are structures found in highly specialized tissues in some animal and plant species, which are amplified through successive cycles of endoreduplication, finally producing several copies of each chromosome. (scielo.br)

The number and quality of a woman's oocytes declines with age. (medscape.com)

Our laboratory investigates X-chromosome Inactivation, and how this epigenetic process contributes to female-biased autoimmunity. (upenn.edu)
We are investigating how female lymphocytes maintain X-chromosome Inactivation, which is an epigenetic process responsible for equalizing gene expression between sexes. (upenn.edu)

Male European seabass, already predominant (~ 70%) in cultured stocks, show a high incidence (20-30%) of precocious sexual maturation under current aquaculture practices, leading to important economic losses for the industry. (biomedcentral.com)
In seabass aquaculture, the high incidence (20 to 30%) of precocious sexual maturation in males during the first year of life places a critical restraint to production parameters. (biomedcentral.com)

It is commonly believed that, when oocytogenesis is complete, no additional primary oocytes are created, in contrast to the male process of spermatogenesis, where gametocytes are continuously created. (wikipedia.org)
Abnormal spermatogenesis in men with Y-chromosome microdeletions suggests that genes important for spermatogenesis have been removed from these individuals. (bioone.org)

The DNA condenses into chromosomes, and paternal and maternal chromosomes become aligned together on the equator of the cell. (pediagenosis.com)
AN - PRENATAL NUTRITION is also available HN - 2008 BX - Mother Nutrition BX - Nursing Mother Nutrition FX - Maternal Nutrition Physiology DH - Prenatal Nutrition DI - 052506 MN - SP6.021.082 MS - Nutrition of FETUS and mother during PREGNANCY. (bvsalud.org)

In the endoreduplication cycle, the chromatid number is duplicated, but they do not segregate, and after various endoreduplication cycles, larger and thicker chromosomes are produced, called polytenics. (scielo.br)

Depending on the specific species, oocytes can remain arrested for extended periods of time, ranging from months to even years. (bvsalud.org)
In many species, only one oocyte is specified among a group of interconnected germline sister cells. (bvsalud.org)
When in vitro experimental models are exposed to ATZ, they are faced with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity and decreased growth rate at dosages that may vary with cell types. (frontiersin.org)
In view of the known modulation of reproductive development by swimming exercise in other teleost species, we aimed at investigating the effects of sustained swimming on reproductive development in seabass males during the first year of life in order to determine if swimming could potentially reduce precocious sexual maturation. (biomedcentral.com)
Several physiological parameters, such as viability, mitochondrial activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels have been also reported as useful markers of oocyte quality in marine invertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)

Sister chromatids from each chromosome are pulled towards either end of the cell, as observed during anaphase in the mitosis chapter (see Figure 6.4). (pediagenosis.com)

One thousand five hundred cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured for 24 h in tissue culture medium 199 supplemented with 50 IU/L FSH or without FSH (control). (sciencegate.app)
First, matured oocytes were evaluated its morphology based on the expansion of cumulus cells and PB1 extrusion. (sciencegate.app)

Materials and Methods: Experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, using Bligon goat ovaries obtained from local slaughterhouse around Yogyakarta. (sciencegate.app)

However, in this group, the use of the available techniques is controversial and should be considered experimental. (ldysinger.com)

As atresia continues, both the number and quality of oocytes fall below a critical level, and the rate of aneuploidy increases - a finding that is related at least in part to problems of the meiotic spindle 15 , 16 resulting in nondisjunction. (ldysinger.com)
Oocyte quality has been defined as the ability of oocytes to be fertilized and produce viable progeny. (biomedcentral.com)

Any factor interfering with this process may lead to impaired oocyte maturation, which in turn affects female reproductive function. (bvsalud.org)
X-chromosome Inactivation silences one X-chromosome in female cells, and this process is initiated and maintained by the long noncoding RNA Xist. (upenn.edu)
The spermatozoon determines the sex of the embryo by producing either an XY (male) or XX (female) pair of sex chromosomes. (pediagenosis.com)

The cyclic AMP is generated by the oocyte by adenylyl cyclase in the oocyte membrane. (wikipedia.org)
The granulosa cells produce a small molecule, cyclic GMP, that diffuses into the oocyte through the gap junctions. (wikipedia.org)

In addition, other corrective measures include sperm separation for assisted reproductive techniques. (hindawi.com)

This is the final maturation step of the spermatozoa. (pediagenosis.com)

1985) described polytene chromosomes as giant chromosomes produced by changes in the mitotic cycle during the interphase stage. (scielo.br)

In this paper some aspects of the occurrence of plant polytenes will be summarized along with the structure and function of these chromosomes. (scielo.br)

From one single oogonium, only one mature oocyte will rise, with 3 other cells called polar bodies. (wikipedia.org)
Translated Msps stimulates microtubule polymerization in the oocyte, causing more microtubule plus ends to grow from the oocyte through the ring canals into nurse cells, further enhancing nurse cell-to-oocyte transport by dynein. (bvsalud.org)
Because stromal cells can modulate the functionality of myeloid cells in vitro, targeting stromal-myeloid interactions has become an attractive potential therapeutic strategy. (pklab.org)
check the tag ADOLESCENCE HN - 2008 BX - Nutrition in Adolescence FX - Adolescent Nutrition Physiology MH - Peritoneal Stomata UI - D054048 MN - A01.047.025.600.700 MN - A10.810 MS - Natural openings in the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus in the PERITONEUM, delimited by adjacent mesothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)

The adenylyl cyclase is kept active by a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor known as GPR3 and a G-protein, Gs, also present in the oocyte membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Equatorial segment protein (ESP), a novel 349-amino acid concanavalin-A-binding protein encoded by a two-exon gene ( SP-ESP ) located on chromosome 15 at q22, has been localized to the equatorial segment of ejaculated human sperm. (bioone.org)

The progressive loss of oocytes from fetal life through menopause is a normal process. (ldysinger.com)
1 , 2 The mechanism underlying this process is poorly understood and involves multiple factors encoded by genes on the X chromosome, as well as on autosomes. (ldysinger.com)

In normal women, at approximately 37.5 years of age, an accelerated atresia of the oocytes begins 1 , 2 ( Figure 1 ). (ldysinger.com)

Anatomy5

Diseases1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes7

Disciplines and Occupations1

Mature oocytes3

Fertilization14

Follicle7

Decline in the number of oocytes2

Ovum3

Embryonic development2

Primary oocyte2

Meiotic arrest3

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Inj1

Embryos5

Germ cells2

Ovulation1

Meiosis II1

Occurs4

Vivo4

Polar Body3

Gonadal2

Haploid1

Diploid2

Homologous1

Prophase2

Proteins1

Decreases3

Ovary3

Molecular5

Nuclear1

Melatonin3

Highly specialized1

Woman's1

Epigenetic2

Aquaculture2

Spermatogenesis2

Maternal2

Cycles1

Species5

Mitosis1

Cumulus2

Laboratory1

Experimental1

Quality2

Female3

Cyclic2

Reproductive techniques1

Spermatozoa1

Cycle1

Plant1

Cells4

Protein2

Process2

Begins1