Physiological and cellular cell membrane setting the membrane potential. Medical search. Frequent questions

Copper ions bind to biomolecules (e.g., peptides and proteins) playing an essential role in many biological and physiological pathways in the human body. (mdpi.com)
Their experiments in immune cells and amoeba show that an abundance of negative charges lining the interior surface of the membrane can activate pathways of lipids, enzymes and other proteins responsible for nudging a cell in a certain direction. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Banerjee had a hunch that a general biophysical property, such as electrical charge, rather than a specific molecule, could be stimulating and organizing the activities of enzymes and other proteins related to cell movement. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Alternatively, along the cells' resting membrane surface, the electrical charge increased, which contributes in recruiting more positively charged proteins. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
7] "These membrane proteins are involved in several physiological activities including transepithelial ion absorption and secretion, cell volume regulation, and setting intracellular Cl concentration below or above its electrochemical potential equilibrium. (medscape.com)
To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)
In cellular signaling, the monomeric small GTPases (small G proteins) are known to play an important role in diverse molecular processes. (encyclopedia.pub)
RAS family proteins are membrane-associated, small GTPases that have the function of transmitting a multitude of cellular signals [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
RAS family proteins mediate extracellular signals, transduced through their receptors, with multiple signaling pathways, and consequently regulate a wide array of cellular processes [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
RAS family proteins play a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by signaling through a set of molecular pathways [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Those molecular functions of RAS family proteins exhibit an essential role that co-occurs in the repeated pattern of physiological change during the ovarian cycle. (encyclopedia.pub)
However, vegetation use multiple mechanisms to increase their tolerance to freezing temps, such as accumulation of compatible osmolytes (soluble sugars, glycine betaine, and proline) and improved levels of antioxidants and soluble proteins in cell cytoplasm [2]C[3]. (researchensemble.com)
A set of cold-induced proteins have also received particular attention. (researchensemble.com)
It really is proposed that DHNs can defend proteins and membranes from unfavorable structural adjustments due to dehydration. (researchensemble.com)
Ca constitutes a structural element in membrane architecture: electrostatic bridges formed by Ca and components of the membrane lipid layer allow anchoring and stationarity of integral proteins. (cultifort.com)
Changes in the redox state of cells affect proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in different ways. (hindawi.com)
Exosomal markers include microRNAs like miR-21 and miR-141, plus various proteins that belong in functional groups such as tetraspanins (CD9, CD63 and CD81), heat shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp73 and Hsp90) and membrane transporters (GTPases) ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
LCP is a highly viscous bicontinous lipidic liquid crystalline phase providing a more stable native-like membrane environment for crystallization of membrane proteins. (ibpc.fr)
This robust approach for crystallizing membrane proteins is lately under development in the laboratory thanks to the arrival of automatic mesophase dispensing robots making LCP crystallogenesis more accessible (figure 1b, crystallization platform link). (ibpc.fr)
Crystallizing Membrane Proteins Using Lipidic Mesophases. (ibpc.fr)
2004 ). A robotic system for crystallizing membrane and soluble proteins in lipidic mesophases. (ibpc.fr)
The communication at each stage occurs via cell signalling-an information network of messenger proteins, ion channels and lipids. (bmj.com)
Various recent studies suggest that membrane channel proteins, named aquaporin (AQPs), by affecting stomatal conductance behavior could be involved in plant responses to stress conditions. (ac.ir)
Neurons are highly polarized cells that face the fundamental challenge of compartmentalizing a vast and diverse repertoire of proteins in order to function properly1. (stanford.edu)
Neuronal polarity requires sorting and maintaining a unique set of proteins to the neuron's distinct axonal and somatodendritic domains. (stanford.edu)
The composition of these complexes and the interactions among proteins determine important characteristics like cell type specificity, biological half life, cellular localization, specificity of function or the pharmacological profile. (logopharm.com)
Membrane proteins not only represent more than 60% of known drug targets but also have a high potential to serve as diagnostic or therapeutic markers. (logopharm.com)
We have consequently optimized isolation and mass spectrometric sequencing of integral membrane proteins from native sources with highest sensitivity. (logopharm.com)
Specifically, we are interested in post-translational modifications, changes to a protein after it's produced, which add an incredible level of diversity to the underlying proteins within a cell and can control a diverse array of processes, including protein stability, interactions, and activity. (upenn.edu)
Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
The main aim of our research is to understand the molecular details and physiological roles of the multitude of water channel-like proteins present in plants and animals. (lu.se)
While many studies have been focused on the membrane structure, the dynamics of such systems are crucial for the function of the membrane including membrane bound proteins. (lu.se)
Native membrane derived polymer-supported lipid bilayers (nSLBs) are poised to bridge the gap between live cell experiments and traditional model membrane architectures that by offering a combination of accessibility by surface sensitive analytical instrumentation and a composition which more closely resembles cellular membranes by displaying a diversity of endogenous membrane proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. (lu.se)

Completely, this study provides evidence that are involved in the cryoprotection of the plasma membrane during freeze-induced dehydration in loquat fruitlets. (researchensemble.com)
Freezing injury is usually caused by cellular dehydration, and the plasma membrane is the main site of freezing injury [1]. (researchensemble.com)
component in cell walls and in maintaining plasma membrane integrity. (cultifort.com)
MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
Overexpression of a plasma membrane aquaporin in transgenic tobacco improves plant vigor under favorable growth conditions but not under drought or salt stress. (ac.ir)
Therefore, endocytic removal of polarized receptors that diffuse into the AIS serves as a membrane-clearance mechanism thatis likely to work in conjunction with the known AIS diffusion-barrier mechanism to maintain neuronal polarity on the plasma membrane. (stanford.edu)
HvPIP1;6, a Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Plasma Membrane Water Channel Particularly Expressed in Growing Compared with Non-Growing Leaf Tissues. (lu.se)

Diverse signal recognition receptors and signal transduction pathways were defined which regulate cellular functions, metabolism and development. (mdpi.com)
Furthermore, these pathways are essential for cellular dynamics and build a highly regulated cellular signalling network. (mdpi.com)
Therefore, the understanding of the diverse signalling molecules, signal recognition mechanisms and signal transduction pathways is fundamental for the insight into physiological and pathophysiological processes. (mdpi.com)
Research may be complicated by the fact that the acute phase of HPV, which lasts seconds to minutes to match ventilation to perfusion on a breath-to-breath basis, in contrast to sustained HPV, which lasts minutes to hours, may result from different cellular pathways. (ersjournals.com)
The cell thus reinforces its cellular structure while activating anabolic pathways such as mTOR to counter the ensuing degradation. (allmaxnutrition.com)
The ovarian cycle is a highly orchestrated, and complex developmental process that depends on functional interactions and critical signaling pathways that communicate between the ovarian microenvironment elements, including the oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells, and surrounding stromal components, including vascular and immune cells [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
To further identify the potential signaling pathways after the knockdown of LINC00958 in Ishikawa cells, we performed the KEGG and GO analyses (Figure 2). (researchsquare.com)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated as consequence of oxidative metabolism, activate signal transduction pathways, which contribute to cellular homeostasis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Their multi‑functional cargo have been indicated to regulate a vast number of biological pathways in target cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
A number of direct and indirect radiation interaction pathways can produce damage to the DNA of irradiated cells. (cdc.gov)

Cellular signalling is the base for the extra- and intracellular communication. (mdpi.com)
Insulin-induced β-cell hyperpolarization was sufficient to abolish intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) oscillations measured in pancreatic islets exposed to 10 mmol/l glucose. (diabetesjournals.org)
The first intracellular, light-evoked responses recorded in the vertebrate retina were slow, negative going changes in membrane potential that lasted for as long as the light stimulus was present (Fig. 1). (org.es)
However, later intracellular marking techniques, in which dyes were injected from the electrode tips into the cytoplasm of the recorded neuron, revealed that horizontal cells, second order neurons postsynaptic to cones, were the source of the S-potentials (3, 4). (org.es)
ROS may induce intracellular calcium increase and subsequent contraction of PASMCs via direct or indirect interactions with protein kinases, phospholipases, sarcoplasmic calcium channels, transient receptor potential channels, voltage-dependent potassium channels and L-type calcium channels, whose relevance may vary under different experimental conditions. (ersjournals.com)
Positively charged CTAC could actively target mitochondria by interacting with the negatively charged mitochondria membrane, and then lead to the dysfunction of mitochondria by decreasing mitochondrial potential and intracellular ATP levels, resulting in the necrosis and apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. (rsc.org)
There exists an exchange of molecules and ions in and out of the cell wall, as well as in and out of membrane-bounded intracellular compartments such as the nucleus, ER, and mitrochondria. (wikibooks.org)
They are derived by a targeted mechanism from the cell endocytic compartment and are formed and stored within the intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs). (spandidos-publications.com)
Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. (lookformedical.com)

However, understanding exactly how such molecular and cellular actions of ACh translate into modulation of the network activity of neuronal ensembles in vivo has been challenging, in part due to the vast complexity of native circuits. (springer.com)
RAS protein plays a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by molecular pathway signaling. (encyclopedia.pub)
Lymnaea provides a highly tractable model system that is well established in the learning and memory field for its uses in behavioral, electrophysiological, molecular and cellular network experimentation, allowing for both in vivo and in vitro approaches 14 . (nature.com)
Under the influence of abiotic stress plant change their molecular and physiological fine tuning and try to cope up and maintain the molecular and physiological disturbance which obtained from stress environment. (scielo.br)
Fluorescence imaging is an indispensable method for analysis of diverse cellular and molecular processes, enabling, for example, detection of ions, second messengers, or metabolites. (jneurosci.org)
Investigating the potential molecular mechanisms associated with white spot virus resistance in Carcinus maenas. (exeter.ac.uk)
So far, this has been achieved only against a very limited number of organic toxicants and pathogens, thanks to the advent of technologies such as CANARY [4] and the Molecular Recognition through Membrane Engineering [5]. (siftdesk.org)
Viral titers in ferret nasal wash specimens and nasal turbinate tissue correlated positively with peak titer in Calu-3 cells, whereas additional phenotypic and molecular determinants of influenza virus virulence and transmissibility in ferrets varied in their association with in vitro viral titer measurements. (cdc.gov)
if immediate recombination does not occur, these can manifest as some type of molecular, cellular, or organic system alteration. (cdc.gov)
In addition we have recently started to explore the structure and molecular function of pain receptors from animals, i.e. transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, and their activation by temperature and various ligands. (lu.se)
Molecular Membrane Biology 2013, 30 (3):246-260. (lu.se)

Uses for flow cytometry include: Cell counting Cell sorting Determining cell characteristics and function Detecting microorganisms Biomarker detection Protein engineering detection Diagnosis of health disorders such as blood cancers Measuring genome size A flow cytometry analyzer is an instrument that provides quantifiable data from a sample. (wikipedia.org)
Then, a survey is given about ATP1A2 mutations implicated in migraine cases as documented in the literature with focus on mutations that were described to completely destroy enzyme function, or lead to misfolded or mistargeted protein in particular model cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
HMGB1 is an abundant protein, 10 6 molecules per cell [ 7 ], which has been postulated as a redox sensor [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred through a series of protein complexes, known as the electron transport chain, located within the inner mitochondrial membrane. (24insight.com)
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest integral membrane protein family in the human genome and are involved in many important signal transduction processes. (ibpc.fr)
Affinity tags can reduce merohedral twinning of membrane protein crystals. (lu.se)
DeMarini, and Chapter 20, by Rice and cell death determine the size protein in several signal ing path- and Herceg). (who.int)
Mounting evidence suggests that the genetic disorders/mutation and diseases change not only the protein expression patterns but also membranes themselves. (lu.se)

ABSTRACT Potassium channels are critical for life, playing a variety of physiological roles including control of solute balance, cell volume, and cellular excitability. (unthsc.edu)

In excitable cells potassium channels are involved in setting membrane potential and modulation of action potentials. (unthsc.edu)
This depolarization was thought of as excitation, and if the excitation was large enough, action potentials, or nerve spikes, were generated to transfer signals down the length of the nerve-cell axon. (org.es)
S-potentials, however, were not depolarized by light, but rather hyperpolarized, and did not fire action potentials, even with the brightest light stimuli. (org.es)

The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
The availability of free energy is one of the factors that determine if a molecule will move across a membrane, the other being the permeability of the molecule in the lipid bilayer. (wikibooks.org)
Exosomes are small lipid bilayer-surrounded extracellular vesicles released from cells into the extracellular space or biological fluids ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Solute transport on the sub 100 ms scale across the lipid bilayer membrane of individual proteoliposomes. (lu.se)

The findings, described in the October issue of Nature Cell Biology , advance biologists' understanding of cell movement and potentially can help explain biological processes associated with movement, such as how cancer cells move and spread beyond the original site of a tumor and how immune cells migrate to areas of infection or wound healing. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Osmosis is very important in biological systems because many membranes are semipermeable. (wikibooks.org)
The KEGG and GO analyses indicated 'Human T − cell leukemia virus 1 infection' and 'Hippo signaling pathway' were the main affected biological processes. (researchsquare.com)
The biological functions of HMGB1 are diverse in normal cells and during the start and progression of cancer. (hindawi.com)
This can perform volume imaging on cryogenic samples using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) module without the need for extraneous contrast enhancing reagents, thus preserving the native cellular architecture for biological samples. (upenn.edu)
How to integrate all this information with biological and physiological networks? (slideshare.net)
Mammalian cells are a unique tool for in vitro toxicity assays, since they represent, with a fairly high degree of accuracy, the actual biological targets of many environmental pollutants or other compounds with proven or suspected toxicity. (siftdesk.org)
Recent years have seen strong research efforts on the lipid component of biological membranes. (lu.se)
In my talk, I will show you some examples how such biological cues influence the dynamic properties of membranes. (lu.se)

Cellular responses can be placed in different phases after salt application. (rehabsociety.org.hk)
Before the morphological source of these responses became clear, they were called simply S-potentials (1). (org.es)
For long stimuli, the S-potential only changes in duration but the amplitude remains constant (2 leftmost responses in Fig. 1B). (org.es)
A growing body of research now indicates that early physiological injury responses are also required to initiate a regenerative program, and that these differ in regenerative and non-regenerative contexts. (frontiersin.org)
Oxidative stress produces DNA damage and also induces responses, which could help the cell to restore the initial equilibrium. (hindawi.com)
Chemotaxis is one of the most basic cell physiological responses. (wikidoc.org)
Mechanotransduction refers to the process by which the body converts mechanical loading into cellular responses. (bmj.com)
These cellular responses, in turn, promote structural change. (bmj.com)
Both the cell line and the mode of measurement affected the observed in vitro cellular responses, with each cell type providing a unique pattern. (siftdesk.org)

Insulin is known to regulate pancreatic β-cell function through the activation of cell surface insulin receptors, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and -2, and activation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. (diabetesjournals.org)

To analyze solid tissues, a single-cell suspension must first be prepared. (wikipedia.org)
The scope of the special issue is to summarize and enlarge the knowledge in signalling processes and networks in diverse cells and tissues. (mdpi.com)
Here, we summarize structural and functional data about the Na + ,K + -ATPase available to date and an overview is provided about the particular properties of the α 2 isoform that explain its physiological relevance in electrically excitable tissues. (frontiersin.org)
Calcium is implicated in more than thirty economically important physiological disorders of crops basically due to maldistribution of the element in organ tissues (Shear, 1975). (cultifort.com)
Several experiments indicate that the increase of calcium in the cell walls of plant tissues reduces the presence or severity of diseases (Villegas et al. (cultifort.com)
A common problem is that experiments are often performed on animals, cells, or tissues that are already exhibiting neurodegenerative properties, potentially masking any early-stage symptoms of Aβ treatment. (nature.com)
This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. (lookformedical.com)
Tissues and Cells. (lu.se)

Therefore, authors are invited to submit original research and review articles which address the progress and current standing of cellular signalling processes. (mdpi.com)
In both processes, rapid proliferation gives rise to new tissue, cell fate has to be specified within that tissue, and distinct positional identities have to be established to generate a properly patterned structure. (frontiersin.org)
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate a number of physiological and pathological processes, including gene transcription and translation, chromatin modification, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, and oncogenic and tumor-suppressive signals in cancer 6 . (researchsquare.com)
Regulation of cellular Ca is an essential function, performed by a set of complex processes collectively termed Ca homeostasis. (cultifort.com)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT FLIM is an indispensable method for analysis of cellular processes. (jneurosci.org)
Our hope is that through our work, we will not only provide insight into the processes underlying disease, but also provide new therapeutic strategies which can be used in a clinical setting to ultimately improve patient outcomes. (upenn.edu)
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION . (lookformedical.com)
A sufficiently high speed of measurement, low cost and ease-of-use, to satisfy high throughput requirements: most currently available methods for measuring toxic effects on mammalian and other cell types are associated with either optical (dye-based) [2] or electric (impedance spectrometry) [3] working principles implemented in multi-step processes, which demand several hours before enough data are collected. (siftdesk.org)

In forming a distal, lateral synaptic network, horizontal cells enrich not only their own physiology but that of presynaptic and postsynaptic partners. (org.es)
The actions of horizontal cells propagate forward in the retina, can be identified in the physiology of retinal ganglion cells, and in visual perception. (org.es)
Since validation of candidates usually requires substantial time and resources, we set up a different strategy to obtain more reliable data from native source material close to physiology. (logopharm.com)
Plant and Cell Physiology 2007, 48 (8):1132-1147. (lu.se)
check the tag ADOLESCENCE HN - 2008 BX - Nutrition in Adolescence FX - Adolescent Nutrition Physiology MH - Peritoneal Stomata UI - D054048 MN - A01.047.025.600.700 MN - A10.810 MS - Natural openings in the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus in the PERITONEUM, delimited by adjacent mesothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)

Thus, we hypothesized that pericytes regulate β-cells through the production of BM components. (nature.com)
We further found that the pericytic laminin isoforms differentially regulate mouse β-cells. (nature.com)
Scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine say that a key to cellular movement is to regulate the electrical charge on the interior side of the cell membrane, potentially paving the way for understanding cancer, immune cell and other types of cell motion. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Additionally, reproductive hormones regulate RAS activity in the cellular physiological function of ovarian follicles during pre-ovulatory maturation and ovulation. (encyclopedia.pub)

Commonly used radio- and chemotherapies are prooxidant strategies that alter cancer cells through ROS modulation and induce cell death [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)

Previously, we have demonstrated that small networks of cultured hippocampal neurons exhibit persistent activity in response to brief stimuli applied to single cells [ 26 ], reminiscent of reverberatory activity in the hypothetical cell assembly proposed by Donald Hebb as a network basis of "online" working memory [ 27 ]. (springer.com)

The multi‑dimensional nature of their roles in cellular homeostasis, cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication at the level of the organism, as well as their actions on the holobiome (intra‑/interspecies interaction), have garnered the interest of a large number of researchers. (spandidos-publications.com)
The profound roles of exosomes in homeostasis, stress and several pathological conditions, in conjunction with their selective and cell‑specific composition/function, allude to their use as promising circulating clinical biomarkers of systemic stress and specific pathologic states, and as biocompatible vehicles of therapeutic cargo. (spandidos-publications.com)
YbeY-dependent sRNAs have central roles in modulating cellular response to HU stress. (biomedcentral.com)

Cancer cells demand high energy production to sustain their pathological increase in proliferation rate. (hindawi.com)
Diffuse alveolar damage characterized by edema, inflammation, hyaline membrane formation, or pulmonary hemorrhage is the pathological hallmark. (medscape.com)

18 The oxidative burst mounted during early plant infection disrupts the cellular redox homeostasis 19 of fungal phytopathogens. (rehabsociety.org.hk)
Mitochondrion is a common membrane-coated organelle that participates in energy conversion, homeostasis of calcium, cell signaling and cell death. (rsc.org)
Exosomes, via their cargo or surface composition, are signals/mediators of systemic homeostasis and stress for specific cell-to-cell or tissue-to-tissue communication ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
When the genetic information containing the "blueprint" for these substances is disrupted, cell homeostasis is disrupted, resulting in a wide-range of immediate and/or delayed toxicological effects. (cdc.gov)

To test this idea, Banerjee and Devreotes used a biosensor, a fluorescently-labelled, positively-charged peptide to survey the inner lining of the membrane of human immune cells, called macrophages, which engulf invading cells, and a single-celled, soil dwelling amoeba, called Dictyostelium discoideum . (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Metabolically active cells, neutrophils, and macrophages from the immune system produce high levels of ROS. (hindawi.com)
To investigate the simultaneous presence of macrophages, CRP, membrane attack complex C5b-9 (MAC), and oxidised low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in atherectomy specimens from patients with different coronary syndromes. (bmj.com)

Mitochondria play an important role in supplying cellular energy, cell signaling and governing cell death. (rsc.org)
1 It has become increasingly evident that mitochondria play a key role in the generation, proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. (rsc.org)
2 Mitochondria of cancer cells are different from those of normal cells in many ways. (rsc.org)
4 The mitochondrial membrane potential of cancer cells (∼−220 mV) is more negative than that of normal cells (∼−160 mV). 5 Therefore, mitochondria have been regarded as a novel target for cancer therapy. (rsc.org)
9 Although the design of nanoparticles with triphenylphosphonium cation (TPP, the mitochondrion-targeting moiety) offers potential for mitochondrion-targeting therapeutics, it is still a challenge to actively deliver therapeutic agents to mitochondria due to the selective permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. (rsc.org)
Mitochondria are remarkable and intricately structured organelles that reside within the cells of eukaryotic organisms, and they play a fundamental role in the production of cellular energy. (24insight.com)
Often referred to as the "powerhouses of the cell," mitochondria are a subject of great interest and scientific study due to their multifaceted functions, intriguing evolutionary history, and association with various diseases. (24insight.com)
Mitochondria have a distinct double-membrane structure that sets them apart from other cellular organelles. (24insight.com)
The most well-known function of mitochondria is the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which serves as the primary energy currency in cells. (24insight.com)
A key focus, indole, was shown to inhibit the parasite in vivo and in vitro by decreasing the host mitochondria function and the membrane potential of parasite mitosomes. (bvsalud.org)

A membrane receptor reagent and assay is disclosed in which liposomes are bound to an evanescent wave emitting surface. (google.com)
Furthermore, all ACh-induced cellular and network changes were blocked by muscarinic, but not nicotinic receptor antagonists. (springer.com)
Due to their desirable size and HSA receptor-mediated transcytosis, CTAC@MSNs-HSA show great cellular uptake and enhanced accumulation in the cytoplasm. (rsc.org)
Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. (lookformedical.com)
BT-474 cells, obtained expression of the receptor has important implications for their biology from American Type Culture Collection, were maintained in RPMI 1640 and therapy (1). (lu.se)

A Dictyostelium amoeba, with decreases in green color indicating a reduction of negative surface charge along the inner membrane where the signaling network that drives protrusion formations to move the organism is activated. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
They found that when and where the cells formed protrusions, there was a corresponding reduction of negative electrical charge along the inner membrane. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Collaborating with Pablo Iglesias, Ph.D. , and his research team in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, the researchers built a computational model to demonstrate how small changes in electrical charges on the inner membrane affect cell signaling activities. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
These electron transfers generate a flow of protons across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient. (24insight.com)

Introduction Attempted infection of plants by a nonpathogen or an avir- ulent strain of a pathogen elicits rapid collapse of the chal- The oxidative burst, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to microbial pathogen attack, is a ubiquitous early part of the resistance mechanisms of plant cells. (rehabsociety.org.hk)
We also discuss the more elusive potential mechanisms that link wounding to tissue growth and patterning. (frontiersin.org)
This in vitro model system, by virtue of its simplicity and accessibility, provides a unique opportunity for examining the network effects of neuromodulation, as well as the underlying cellular mechanisms. (springer.com)
The maintenance of the steady-state equilibrium between ROS generation and elimination is crucial for cell survival, while its loss causes cell death by different mechanisms triggered by oxidative damage. (hindawi.com)
Endocrinology, by definition, focuses on homeostatic, and cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication mechanisms. (spandidos-publications.com)
The resulting phenotypic data will be integrated across modalities, levels of organization, and genes to create a harmonized, integrated knowledge base needed to substantively advance our understanding of basic gene function and, ultimately, make robust inferences into potential shared and unique disease mechanisms. (nih.gov)
Two intrinsic timing mechanisms set start and end times for dendritic arborization of a nociceptive neuron. (stanford.edu)
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). (lookformedical.com)

In addition to providing biomechanical support to the islets, ECM components are required for β-cell development, proliferation, survival, and proper insulin secretion. (nature.com)
In the ovarian cycle, repeated patterns of specific cellular proliferation, differentiation, and transformation occur that accompany the formation and regression of the corpus luteum. (encyclopedia.pub)
In the ovarian cycle, repeated patterns of specific cellular proliferation, differentiation, and transformation occur that accompany the process of follicular development and the formation and function of the corpus luteum [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation , and cell proliferation . (lookformedical.com)
In response to mito- pendence between the key mecha- gens, cell proliferation is triggered by nistic characteristics. (who.int)
H - Ras cell proliferation are also linked with haematopoietic cel s. (who.int)

Here, we report that the precisely timed lin-4-lin-14 regulatory circuit triggers an initial dendritic growth activity, whereas the precisely timed lin-28-let-7-lin-41 regulatory circuit signals a subsequent developmental decline in dendritic growth ability, hence restricting dendritic arborization within a set time frame. (stanford.edu)
lin-4 and let-7 regulatory circuits are expressed in the right place at the right time to set start and end times for dendritic arborization. (stanford.edu)
Our results reveal a conserved endocytic clearance mechanism in the AIS to maintain neuronal polarity by reinforcing axonal and dendritic compartment membrane boundaries. (stanford.edu)
Neurons are highly polarized cells with extensive axonal and dendritic projections that send and receive signals over long distances. (stanford.edu)

They are an integral part of the later phase of the cellular stress response, i.e. the stress-induced senescence-like phenotype, as well as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. (spandidos-publications.com)

Still, the vast number of pollutants of interest has prohibited the rapid development of cell lines with selective biorecognition elements. (siftdesk.org)

Using in vitro and cellular techniques, we present a mVP40 assembly model highlighting two distinct oligomerization interfaces: the (N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD)) in mVP40. (uci.edu)
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. (lookformedical.com)
IMPORTANCE Both in vitro and in vivo models are employed for assessing the pandemic potential of novel and emerging influenza A viruses in laboratory settings, but systematic examinations of how well viral titer measurements obtained in vitro align with results from in vivo experimentation are not frequently performed. (cdc.gov)

The outer mitochondrial membrane acts as a protective barrier, while the inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded into structures called cristae. (24insight.com)
Within the inner mitochondrial membrane, there's a gel-like substance known as the mitochondrial matrix. (24insight.com)
This process, known as oxidative phosphorylation or cellular respiration, takes place within the inner mitochondrial membrane and involves a series of intricate biochemical reactions. (24insight.com)
The enzyme ATP synthase, also found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, utilizes this gradient to synthesize ATP. (24insight.com)

Horizontal cell actions are in turn tuned by neuromodulators released by other retinal neurons. (org.es)
Horizontal cells are second order neurons contacting photoreceptors directly all across the plane of the retina's outer plexiform layer. (org.es)
Now we know horizontal cells to be true neurons that make true, if unique, synapses and exhibit most of the structural and ultrastructural characteristics of neurons. (org.es)
A puzzling case is presented by cerebellar granule cells (GrC), the most numerous neurons of the brain 4 . (nature.com)
With whole-cell recording from single neurons, we found that ACh inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) while elevating neuronal firing in a dose-dependent manner. (springer.com)
Neurons called granule cells are thought to play a central role in hippocampal pattern separation. (elifesciences.org)

Consequently, the recruitment of immune cells during chronic inflammation increases oxidative stress (OS) in the microenvironment [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
These are as follows: sustained proliferative signalling, cell death resistance, replicative immortality, genome instability and increased mutations, tumour-promoted inflammation, insensibility to growth repressors, deregulation of cellular energetics, evasion of immune destruction, induction of metastasis, and promotion of angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
Conclusion-- TfR better estimates the prevalence of ID in preschoolers than do ferritin, ZP, and the TfR/ferritin index on the basis of multiple indexes in a high inflammation, resource-poor setting. (cdc.gov)

Remarkably, these functions change depending on its redox state and cellular compartment. (hindawi.com)

While it is anticipated that assays should aim to characterize 100-250 genes, some phenotypes and assay formats may be more amenable to moderate scale screening against a subset (50-100) of the gene set. (nih.gov)
A Gene Selection Task Group within the SSPsyGene Consortium has initiated efforts to prioritize a set of ~100-250 genes associated with NPDs to be interrogated by all Assay and Data Generation Centers (ADGCs), the list of which can be found on the "Resources" tab of the SSPsyGene Consortium website operated by the UC Santa Cruz Data Resource and Administrative Coordinating Center (DRACC). (nih.gov)
The results of the study demonstrate the potential of bioelectric profiling as a tool for developing novel toxicity assays and associated biosensors with superior analytical capacity, speed of assay and the ability to respond to a broad spectrum of toxicants, at the same time satisfying the demand for increased cost-efficiency and ease of operation. (siftdesk.org)
Bioelectric assay methods based on mammalian cells have gained considerably in popularity over the past few years. (siftdesk.org)

The effects of insulin were reversed by tolbutamide, which decreased cell conductance to 0.5 ± 0.1 nS and shifted the current reversal potential to −25.2 ± 2.3 mV. (diabetesjournals.org)
In a recent work 17 , automatic optimization procedures were applied to GrC models yielding a family of solutions with maximum ionic conductance values falling within the range of physiological variability. (nature.com)

We believe that these early-stage disruptions are excellent targets for drug and clinical interference with AD and that more emphasis needs to be placed on pre-cell death studies. (nature.com)
Hypoxemia, new pulmonary opacities (unilateral or bilateral) on chest imaging, decreased lung compliance, and increased physiological dead space are telltale clinical signs. (medscape.com)
To obtain an independent test set, the remaining 11 of the 58 tumors were selected from an ongoing clinical trial and used here as a blinded sion via ER,3 however the details of the estrogen effect on down- test set. (lu.se)

Poor correlation between Caco-2 cells and artificial membrane (PAMPA) assays Note axis scales Balimane et al. (slideshare.net)
In a broader sense, higher eukaryotic cells have been recruited as biorecognition elements either in advanced cell-based biosensors (CBBs) or in cell-based assays (CBAs) [1]. (siftdesk.org)

The response of a plant to drought stress is positively related to physiological traits and gene expression. (ac.ir)
We show that certain viral titer measurements following infection of a human bronchial epithelial cell line are positively correlated with viral titers in specimens collected from virus-inoculated ferrets and employ mathematical modeling to identify commonalities between viral infection progression between both models. (cdc.gov)

Horizontal cells have now been studied by numerous investigators using anatomical, biochemical, pharmacological and electrophysiological techniques. (org.es)

their evolution from distinct cell lineages. (lu.se)

The one-word answer is "mechanotransduction", but rather than finishing there and limiting this paper to 95 words, we provide a short illustrated introduction to this remarkable, ubiquitous, non-neural, physiological process. (bmj.com)

The interactions with the various BM components differentially affect β-cells, although the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. (nature.com)
Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. (lookformedical.com)

The peri-islet membrane, which encapsulates the islets, separates the endocrine cells from the exocrine pancreas and serves as a barrier from immune cell infiltration to the islets. (nature.com)
Study: regulating electrical charge on the inner side of a cell membrane is a key to cell movement, with implications for understanding cancer, immune cell and other types of cell motion. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

The Na + ,K + -ATPase maintains the physiological gradients for Na + and K + ions and is, therefore, critical for the activity of ion channels and transporters involved neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter uptake or Ca 2+ signaling. (frontiersin.org)
The array of transporters expressed in any given cell defines the cell's function and effectiveness. (wikibooks.org)

Our cells are moving within our body more than we imagine," says Peter Devreotes, Ph.D. , the Isaac Morris and Lucille Elizabeth Hay Professor and Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Cell Biology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Tatsat Banerjee, a graduate student in Cell Biology and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Departments at Johns Hopkins and the lead author of the study, began to notice that negatively charged lipid molecules that line the inner layer of cell membranes were not uniform, as scientists previously thought. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
In the 1960s and 1970s, the revolution of modern cell biology and biochemistry provided a series of novel techniques which became available to investigate the migratory responder cells and subcellular fractions responsible for chemotactic activity. (wikidoc.org)
Cold Spring Harbor, NY -- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSHLP) announced the release of The Digital Cell: Cell Biology as a Data Science, available on its website in hardcover format. (cshlpress.com)

Calcium plays an important role in plant resistance to disease based on the protection of the cell wall from disintegrating enzymes secreted by pathogens. (cultifort.com)
To maximize the potential disease relevance, genes with a genome-wide significant excess burden of loss-of-function mutations in NPDs such as intellectual disability/developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia are the focus. (nih.gov)

Whereas α2 laminins promoted islet cell clustering, they did not affect gene expression. (nature.com)
However, there was not any clear relationship between physiological traits and expression of sunTIP7 gene in all six sunflower inbred lines. (ac.ir)

The cerebellar granule cells (GrCs) are classically described as a homogeneous neuronal population discharging regularly without adaptation. (nature.com)
Adult-born granule cells (ABGCs) are involved in certain forms of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. (elifesciences.org)
These cells, unlike the majority of nerve cells, can form at any time, and those that form in the mature brain are called adult born granule cells (ABGCs). (elifesciences.org)

HN - 2008 BX - Von Ebner's Glands MH - Cumulus Cells UI - D054885 MN - A05.360.319.114.630.535.200.500 MN - A06.407.312.497.535.300.500 MN - A11.436.300.500 MS - The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. (bvsalud.org)
HN - 2008 BX - Granulosa Cells, Cumulus MH - Coronary Sinus UI - D054326 MN - A07.231.908.194.500 MS - A short vein that collects about two thirds of the venous blood from the MYOCARDIUM and drains into the RIGHT ATRIUM. (bvsalud.org)

Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells. (lookformedical.com)
We present a novel approach for assessing pesticide toxicity on mammalian cells, by measuring the response patterns of four cell lines (two neuroblastoma and two fibroblast) to three different pesticide groups (carbamates, organophosphates, pyrethroids) at a broad range of concentrations. (siftdesk.org)

The oxygen sensing and signal transduction machinery is located in the pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) of the pre-capillary vessels, albeit the physiological response may be modulated in vivo by the endothelium. (ersjournals.com)

Together, rapidFLIM enabled the spatiotemporal visualization and quantification of neuronal Na + transients at unprecedented speed and independent from changes in cell volume. (jneurosci.org)

During this set, complete mechanical tension should be placed on the working muscles. (allmaxnutrition.com)
In the cell wall, accumulation is facilitated by binding with pectin polymers, particularly of the middle lamella, to form a cell wall network that increases mechanical strength (Gerasopoulos and Chebli, 1999). (cultifort.com)
Mechanotransduction is the physiological process where cells sense and respond to mechanical loads. (bmj.com)
To simplify this for patients, these same elements can be thought of as (1) the mechanical trigger or catalyst, (2) the communication throughout a tissue to distribute the loading message and (3) the response at the cellular level to effect the response-that is, the tissue "factory" that produces and assembles the necessary materials in the correct alignment. (bmj.com)

Cancer cells try to avoid the overproduction of reactive oxygen species by metabolic rearrangements. (hindawi.com)

However, it is unclear how ACh influences neural circuit dynamics by altering cellular properties. (springer.com)
With this Dynamics workshop, our goal is to bring together leading experts in the field of membrane dynamics, with a particular focus on neutrons and X-rays, but also complementary techniques including NMR, single molecule spectroscopy and computer modeling. (lu.se)

We sought to identify PKA phosphorylation sites in PLIN5 and assess their functional relevance in cultured cells and the livers of mice. (uci.edu)

Diffusion is the process by which molecules migrate over the cell membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (wikibooks.org)

Various environmental stresses lead to excessive production of ROS causing progressive oxidative damage and ultimately cell death. (rehabsociety.org.hk)

1999) was originally identified in mammalian phagocytes and later demonstrated in plant cells (Low and Merida, 1996). (rehabsociety.org.hk)

citation needed] A flow cytometer has five main components: a flow cell, a measuring system, a detector, an amplification system, and a computer for analysis of the signals. (wikipedia.org)
Feedback signals adjust the gain of photoreceptor synaptic output, both as seen in the horizontal cells themselves and in the adjacent, proximally projecting bipolar cells. (org.es)
But if this is not possible, oxidative stress finally activates signals that will lead to cell death. (hindawi.com)
Under these experimental conditions, the cells changed how they respond to input signals some time between 5 and 9 weeks after being born. (elifesciences.org)

All cells need to acquire the molecules and ions that they need from their surrounding extracellular fluid. (wikibooks.org)

Anatomy50

Organisms14

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs101

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science4

Health Care1

Proteins34

Plasma membrane7

Pathways10

Intracellular9

Molecular11

Protein9

Variety of physiological1

Action potentials3

Lipid bilayer4

Biological9

Responses9

Receptors1

Tissues8

Processes8

Physiology5

Regulate4

Modulation1

Stimuli1

Roles3

Pathological2

Homeostasis4

Macrophages3

Mitochondria10

Receptor5

Inner membrane4

Mechanisms8

Proliferation6

Dendritic4

Integral1

Selective1

Vitro3

Mitochondrial4

Neurons6

Inflammation3

Compartment1

Assay4

Conductance2

Clinical3

Assays2

Positively2

Anatomical1

Distinct1

Ubiquitous1

Mechanism2

Immune2

Transporters2

Biology4

Disease2

Gene2

Granule cells3

Granulosa cells2

Mammalian cells2

Pulmonary1

Neuronal1

Mechanical4

Reactive1

Dynamics2

Relevance1

Migrate1

Oxidative damage1

Identified in mammalian1

Signals4

Extracellular1