Photoreceptor cells bearing cilia. Medical search. Frequent questions

The retina is the light-sensitive layer of shell tissue of the eye and it contains photoreceptors cells called rods and cones . (basepaws.com)
In the degenerative PRA, cats are born with normally developed retina, but the photoreceptor cells eventually start deteriorating. (basepaws.com)
However, to fulfill this promise, a remaining challenge is to induce human iPSC to recreate in vitro key structural and functional features of the native retina, in particular the presence of photoreceptors with outer-segment discs and light sensitivity. (nature.com)
However, it is still unclear to what extent hiPSC may be capable of recapitulating in vitro the cellular and molecular features of the native retina, especially regarding photoreceptor differentiation and functional maturation. (nature.com)
The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses and is supported by an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
The vertebrate retina is inverted in the sense that the light-sensing cells are in the back of the retina, so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the photosensitive sections of the rods and cones. (wikipedia.org)
therefore, the optic nerve must cross through the retina en route to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
[6] In contrast, in the cephalopod retina, the photoreceptors are in front, with processing neurons and capillaries behind them. (wikipedia.org)

There are two types of cilia, motile and non-motile or primary cilia (also called sensory cilia). (bbsuk.org.uk)
Eukaryotic flagella have far more proteins than motile cilia and share some of their motion and control mechanisms. (risingacademy.org)
Motile cilia remove materials such as dirt, dust, microorganisms, and mucus using their regular undulation to ward off illness. (risingacademy.org)
These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia . (lookformedical.com)
Among the lophotrochozoans, Mollusca is the most speciose phylum and exhibits extremely diverse body plans and adaptative capacities ranging from worm-like spicule-bearing aplacophorans and sessile bivalved clams to highly motile squids (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)

Mutations in BBS genes cause changes in the proteins that are needed for the correct functioning of a particular part of the cell called a primary cilium. (bbsuk.org.uk)
We found that the three injury models share a common core of DEG encompassing genes involved in cell proliferation, the Wnt signaling pathway and genes that are enriched in fibroblasts. (bvsalud.org)

Dr. Bo Chen's research focuses on mechanistic and therapeutic studies of retinal degenerative diseases caused by loss of photoreceptors or retinal ganglion cells, such as age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma. (nih.gov)

Examples of other ciliopathies include Alström Syndrome, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, Polycystic Kidney Disease, some forms of Retinitis Pigmentosa, Nephronophthisis, Joubert Syndrome and Meckel Syndrome, which have overlapping symptoms, all caused by defects in cilia proteins. (bbsuk.org.uk)
The scientific community is trying to understand exactly what roles the BBS proteins play in cilia formation and function. (bbsuk.org.uk)
These proteins include dynein, a molecular motor that can cause flagella to bend, and propel the cell relative to its environment or propel water or mucus relative to the cell. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Selected proteins can operate normally thanks to cilia. (risingacademy.org)
Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons , that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons . (lookformedical.com)

The basal body, an intracellular granule that starts from the centrioles and is located in the cell cortex, is related to the axoneme. (risingacademy.org)
However, unlike centrioles, cilia and flagella feature a centre pair of microtubules, leading to the term "9 + 2 axoneme" for the total structure. (risingacademy.org)

Some studies have suggested a role for this protein in maintaining centriole-nucleated sensory organelles termed primary cilia, and AS is now considered to belong to the growing class of human genetic disorders linked to ciliary dysfunction (ciliopathies). (springer.com)
This protein maintains cilium , a structure in rod photoreceptors which connects the outer segment of the cell with its cell body. (basepaws.com)
Although their photoreceptors contain a protein, retinochrome, that recycles retinal and replicates one of the functions of the vertebrate RPE, cephalopod photoreceptors are likely not maintained as well as in vertebrates, and that as a result, the useful lifetime of photoreceptors in invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
A flagellum (plural, flagella ) is a long, whip-like projection or appendage of a cell composed of microtubules (long, slender, protein tubes) and used in motility. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
One protein (flagellin), which bears no resemblance to tubulin or dynein, makes up the bacterial flagellum, a specialised component of the extracellular cell wall. (risingacademy.org)

In a multicellular organism, cilia or flagella can also extend out from stationary cells that are held in place as part of a tail goes into a layer of tissue. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Biologist D.E. Nilsson has independently theorized about four general stages in the evolution of a vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
How fast a circular patch of photoreceptor cells can evolve into a fully functional vertebrate eye has been estimated based on rates of mutation, relative advantage to the organism, and natural selection. (wikipedia.org)
Even with these pessimistic values, the vertebrate eye could still evolve from a patch of photoreceptor cells in less than 364,000 years. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, it has recently been shown that mouse and human ES cells can develop into a three-dimentional (3D) optic cup in culture that remarkably resembles the embryonic vertebrate eye 20 , 21 . (nature.com)

Therefore, the therapeutic use of appropriate populations derived from stem and progenitor cells has been considered for cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, primarily Parkinson's disease, and brain injuries. (ehu.eus)
Some approaches involve the use of stem cells, progenitor cells, and novel materials. (nih.gov)
During development, the heart grows by addition of progenitor cells to the poles of the primordial heart tube. (bvsalud.org)

However, even photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once from molecularly similar chemoreceptor cells. (wikipedia.org)
This sensory cell was proposed to be a chemoreceptor, and it innervates up to 30 different nematocytes [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Many cell types in the body rely on having a fully functional primary cilium. (bbsuk.org.uk)
Using a combination of chromatin biochemistry, computational modelling, atomic force microscopy (AFM), genetics, genomics and cell biology, Dr. Dalal and colleagues are investigating whether chromatin adopts alternate structural conformations in cancer cells, the functional consequences of large-scale chromosomal alterations upon the cancer epigenome, and identifying small molecules which can target these structures or processes. (elifesciences.org)

Eukaryote flagella are similar to cilia -another structure that extends out from the surface of cell and is used for movement-in that both are composed of nine pairs of microtubules (nine microtubule doublets) arranged around its circumference and one pair of microtubules (two microtubule siglets) running down the center, the 9 + 2 structure (Towle 1989). (newworldencyclopedia.org)

The flagellum of eukaryotes usually moves with an "S" motion and is surrounded by cell membrane . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Bacterial flagella are entirely outside the cell membrane (plasma membrane) and are normally visible only with the aid of an electron microscope . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Long, hair-like projections called flagella (plural: flagellum) protrude from the plasma membrane and are used to transport whole cells. (risingacademy.org)

Cilia primarily use a waving action to move substances across the cell, such as the ciliary esculator found in the respiratory tract. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Short, hair-like structures called cilia (plural: cilium) are used to transport materials or complete cells, like paramecia, along the surface of cells (such as the cilia of cells lining the Fallopian tubes, which transport the ovum into the uterus, or the cilia of cells lining the respiratory system, which capture particulate matter and transport it toward the nose). (risingacademy.org)

Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons, whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. (wikipedia.org)
Although the overlying neural tissue is partly transparent, and the accompanying glial cells have been shown to act as fibre-optic channels to transport photons directly to the photoreceptors, [7] [8] light scattering does occur. (wikipedia.org)

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great potential for the modelling of these diseases or as potential therapeutic agents. (nature.com)
In particular, the advent of human embryonic stem cells followed by reprograming technologies for generation of induced pluripotent stem cells have instigated studies into modeling human brain development and disease by providing a means to simulate a human tissue otherwise completely or largely inaccessible to researchers. (ehu.eus)
Since their discovery, stem cells have ushered in a new era in regenerative medicine. (ehu.eus)
In particular, due to the limited regenerative capacity of the adult nervous system, the therapeutic potential of stem cells has opened up new perspectives for development of treatment strategies for brain repair after injury or disease. (ehu.eus)
Stem cell therapy aims to use special regenerative cells (stem cells) to repopulate areas of damage that result from spinal cord injuries, with the hope of improving the ability to move ("motor outcomes") and to feel ("sensory outcomes") beyond the site of the injury. (regenerativemedicine.net)
The authors went on to use their analysis to explore the effects of bias (whether the experimenters knew which animals were treated and which untreated), the way that the stem cells were cultured, the way that the spinal injury was generated, and the way that outcomes were measured. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The structural similarity of cilia and eukaryote flagella, and the substantial differences between flagella in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, is such that some authorities group cilia and eukaryote flagella together and consider cilium simply a special type of flagellum-one organized such that many flagella (cilia) may work in synchrony (Patterson 2000). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Dr. Heike Kroeger received an undergraduate degree in Biochemistry from Free University Berlin in Germany and earned her PhD in Structural Medicine and Cell Biology at Cambridge University, UK. (nih.gov)

In Protozoa - a diverse group of single-celled, microscopic or near-microscopic protist eukaryotes that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals-those organisms with flagella ( flagellates ) are generally placed in the phylum Zoomastigina (or Mastigophora), whereas those with cilia (ciliates) are placed in phylum Ciliophora. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

In the dysplastic form of the disease, the kitten is born with abnormally developed rods and cones which leads to an early onset of blindness. (basepaws.com)
This mutation results in a defective gene product which leads to the abnormal development of retinal photoreceptor cells and early onset blindness. (basepaws.com)
Many forms of blindness result from the dysfunction or loss of retinal photoreceptors. (nature.com)

However, flagella are longer and typically occur singly or in pairs, or at least much smaller numbers than cilia, which occur in large numbers (Towle 1989). (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Moreover, the photoreceptors in our hiPSC-derived retinal tissue achieve advanced maturation, showing the beginning of outer-segment disc formation and photosensitivity. (nature.com)

They therefore represent a more realistic cellular environment for modeling the cell biology and pathology of the nervous system. (ehu.eus)

Moreover, the photoreceptors in our preparations begin to develop outer-segment discs and reach the stage of photosensitivity. (nature.com)

The excretory system includes a lateral canal and a single or pair of protonephridia with flame cells or bulbs. (microbenotes.com)
The sides of the body proper bear numerous gill-slits which remain partly covered by the lateral folds of the body. (androbose.in)

The anterior end of a rotifer bears a ciliary organ known as the corona. (eol.org)

ZO-2 and ZO-3 are ubiquitously expressed within epithelial tight junctions, and unlike ZO-1, which is also expressed at cell junctions of cardiac myocytes, ZO-2 is not expressed in nonepithelial tissue. (thermofisher.com)

Stem cell technologies have opened up new avenues in the study of human biology and disease. (ehu.eus)
Research in BMC Biology now implicates the ancient opsin-mediated transduction pathway in the neuronal control of stinging cell discharge. (biomedcentral.com)
He serves on the Editorial Boards of Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology and Genome Biology. (elifesciences.org)

Cilia are long thin, hair-like projections that stick out of the surface of a cell. (bbsuk.org.uk)

Typically, rod cells start degenerating first, followed by that of cones. (basepaws.com)
The number of cilia on the cell surface is significantly greater (ciliated cells typically contain hundreds of cilia, whereas flagellated cells possess a single flagellum). (risingacademy.org)

In eukaryotic cells , flagella are active in movements involving feeding and sensation. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

The action is biphasic, with the effective stroke causing the cilium to remain stiff and bend just at the base, and the recovery stroke causing the bend to extend to the tip. (risingacademy.org)
The oral hood bears more than twenty stiff buccal or oral cirri or tentacles. (androbose.in)

An organoid is a 3D organization of cells that can recapitulate some of the structure and function of native tissue. (mdpi.com)
This area, termed the fovea centralis , is avascular (does not have blood vessels), and has minimal neural tissue in front of the photoreceptors, thereby minimizing light scattering. (wikipedia.org)
The research group has already worked for several years to develop electrodes that are thin and flexible enough not to disturb the brain tissue, and with material that does not irritate the cells nearby. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Rod photoreceptors detect motion and provide black-and-white vision, opposed to cones which provide central and colour vision. (basepaws.com)
These limitations hamper each individual study's statistical power to detect the true effects of the stem cell implantation. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Also in Hydra , a sensory cell bearing a single cilium can be found in close proximity to the nematocytes [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pax2/5/8 -expressing cells are present in regions where the future sensory cells such as the polyplacophoran esthetes are situated and hence Pax2/5/8 expression probably predates sensory cell development during ontogeny. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells are of the ampullary sensory cell type, exhibit serotonin-like and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity and are innervated by the cerebral commissure [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Interest in ALMS1 is heightened by the recent discovery of its involvement in neonatal cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest, a process with potential relevance to regenerative medicine. (springer.com)

The researchers want to try and reduce the size of the base to which the nanowires are attached, improve the connection between the electrode and the electronics that receive the signals from the nerve cells, and experiment with the surface structure of the electrodes to see what produces the best signals without damaging the brain cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)

A coordinated tempo-spatial expression of transcription factors is required for cell type specification and the differentiation of the three germ layers into distinct organ systems during bilaterian ontogeny [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Here we report that hiPSC can, in a highly autonomous manner, recapitulate spatiotemporally each of the main steps of retinal development observed in vivo and form three-dimensional retinal cups that contain all major retinal cell types arranged in their proper layers. (nature.com)
(a) Schematic representation showing the location of the different cell types in a battery cell complex. (biomedcentral.com)
Colour in cephalopods (octopus and squid) depends on 4 different types of cells. (discoverdiving.im)
The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses , forming the olfactory glomeruli. (lookformedical.com)
Thousands of copies of the circular mtDNA are present in most cell types that are packaged by TFAM into higher-order structures called nucleoids1. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The requirements for the successful culture of organoids in vitro differ significantly from those of traditional monolayer cell cultures. (mdpi.com)
Perhaps as a consequence, no photoreceptor-light response has been observed in such cultures either. (nature.com)
Such thin electrodes have previously only been used in experiments with cell cultures. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome is a rare, recessively inherited ciliopathy which affects approximately 1 in 100,000 babies born. (bbsuk.org.uk)

Flagella use a whip-like action to create movement of the whole cell, such as the movement of sperm in the reproductive tract. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The term undulipodium is used for an intracellular projection of a eukaryote cell with a microtuble array and includes both flagella and cilia. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In some bacterial species, the flagella twine together helically outside the cell body to form a bundle large enough to be visible in a light microscope . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
A eukaryote cell usually only has about one or two flagella. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Movement of a unicellular organisms by flagella can be relatively swift, whether it be Euglena with its emergent flagellum or a sperm cell with its flagellum. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Complex filamentous cytoplasmic structures like cilia and flagella are projecting through the cell wall. (risingacademy.org)
Although they beat in distinct ways, cilia and flagella are fundamentally identical. (risingacademy.org)
An ATPase called dynein transfers the energy generated during ATP hydrolysis into the mechanical labour required to beat cilia and flagella. (risingacademy.org)
Cytosol fills cilia and flagella all the way to their tips, and the ATP in that cytosol is used to produce force along the length of both structures. (risingacademy.org)

J Cell Biol (2009) 187 (3): 365-374. (silverchair.com)
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol , Art. (mpi-cbg.de)

In sea anemones, the regulation of nematocyte exocytosis involves an adjacent mechanoreceptor complex, which consists of a sensory neuron with a kinocilium, surrounded by a bundle of stereocilia arising from hair cells [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cellular organization of a battery cell complex in Hydra . (biomedcentral.com)

Genome and proteome data from Hydra magnipapillata have opened the way for the molecular analysis of an ancient nervous system, which includes stinging cells, an unusual neurosensory and neurosecretory cell type. (biomedcentral.com)

Photoreceptor required for image-forming vision at low light intensity. (cusabio.com)
The photoreceptors absorb the light focused by cornea and lens and convert it to nervous impulses. (basepaws.com)
A third type of light-sensing cell, the photosensitive ganglion cell , is important for entrainment of circadian rhythms and reflexive responses such as the pupillary light reflex . (wikipedia.org)

Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues. (mpi-cbg.de)
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)

A stiffening rod of tightly packed cells, the notochord, extends the whole length of the body. (androbose.in)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable cancer in which uncontrolled plasma cell proliferation disrupts the bone marrow environment and impairs immune function. (hrb.ie)

His work investigating the neural mechanisms that control behaviour has made an impact across scales from cells to brain regions across mammalian species. (elifesciences.org)

Ciliopathies are a range of human disease syndromes all caused by defects in primary cilia function. (bbsuk.org.uk)
In cultured primary fibroblasts and cancer cells, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin causes mtDNA damage and release, which leads to cGAS STING dependent ISG activation. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Dr. Kroeger is independently investigating the contribution of cell stress modulators during eye development and retinal disease pathologies. (nih.gov)
Cell Death Disease , 3. (atto.co.jp)

In action, the movements of the coronal cilia can give the impression of a pair of rotating wheels, giving this phylum its name. (eol.org)

We found that while wt1a and wt1b expression is maintained in proepicardial cells, it is downregulated in pericardial cells that contributes cardiomyocytes to the developing heart. (bvsalud.org)

Important examples include the retinal photoreceptor in the eye, and cells in the kidney. (bbsuk.org.uk)
These cells (also named cnidocytes or nematocytes) are characteristic of cnidarians, a group of animals that include jellyfish, sea anemomes and freshwater polyps such as Hydra . (biomedcentral.com)
Arbitrarily used terminology include cilium, which means an eyelash, and flagellum, which means a whip. (risingacademy.org)

Probably, photoreceptor cells existed long before the Cambrian explosion. (wikipedia.org)

These are called clawed lobsters because they bear pincers on the first three pairs of legs. (lookformedical.com)
It comprises four pairs of sensory cells that are located dorsolaterally and ventrolaterally in the episphere of the trochophore. (biomedcentral.com)

Most rotifer species display eutely, i.e., the adults of a given species all have the same fixed number of cells (in the case of rotifers, around a thousand cells, about a quarter of which make up the nervous system). (eol.org)

We are pleased that we have succeeded in developing a functioning nano-electrode, getting it into place, and capturing signals from nerve cells, says Prof. Jens Schouenborg. (regenerativemedicine.net)
At Lund University in Sweden, researchers have, for the first time, succeeded in implanting an ultrathin nanowire-based electrode and capturing signals from the nerve cells in the brain of a laboratory animal. (regenerativemedicine.net)
In the future, we hope to be able to make electrodes with nanostructured surfaces that are adapted to the various parts of the nerve cells parts that are no bigger than a few billionths of a meter. (regenerativemedicine.net)

A sperm cell moves by means of a single flagellum. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

H. Hoshino, Y. Nakajima and Y. Ohmiya, Luciferase-YFP fusion tag with enhanced emission for single-cell luminescence imaging. (atto.co.jp)
H. Kwon, T. Enomoto, M. Shimogawara, K. Yasuda, Y. Nakajima and Y. Ohmiya, Bioluminescence imaging of dual gene expression at the single-cell level. (atto.co.jp)

Cilia play a part in both animal development, such as the formation of the heart, and the cell cycle. (risingacademy.org)

Anatomy43

Organisms31

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs81

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes47

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science3

Health Care1

Retina8

Motile5

Genes2

Macular Degeneration1

Proteins5

Centrioles2

Protein5

Multicellular1

Vertebrate4

Progenitor cells3

Chemoreceptor2

Functional2

Microtubules1

Membrane3

Respiratory2

Optic2

Stem cells6

Structural2

Eukaryotes1

Blindness3

Occur1

Maturation1

Pathology1

Outer segment1

Lateral2

Ciliary1

Unlike1

Biology3

Projections1

Typically2

Eukaryotic1

Stiff2

Tissue3

Detect2

Sensory cell3

Regenerative1

Structure1

Organ1

Types5

Cultures3

Affects1

Flagella9

Biol2

Complex2

Molecular1

Light3

Tissues3

Extends1

Proliferation1

Neural1

Primary2

Disease2

Movements1

Cardiomyocytes1

Include3

Long1

Pairs2

Nervous system1

Nerve cells3

Moves1

Single2

Development1