Photochemical redox reactions steps photochemical processes. Medical search. Frequent questions

His research focuses on the fundamental understanding of electrochemical reactions and organic electrosynthesis including various oxygen-atom functionalization catalysis, asymmetric synthesis, biochemical reactions. (rsc.org)
An example of heterogeneous catalysis is the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 , or titania ) to produce water. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike traditional heterogeneous approaches to catalysis, with a strong focus on two-dimensional surface morphology, molecular catalysts provide discrete three-dimensional environments for binding substrates, releasing products, and lowering transition-state energies along a reaction coordinate. (gfmoorelab.com)
Coupling of one-photon/one-electron photochemical charge separation to multi-electron catalysis are critical issues that will require effective interfaces. (gfmoorelab.com)
Generally, in redox catalysis, one is concerned with lowering the kinetic barrier to electron transfer from one molecule (or a surface) to another molecule. (justia.com)
Either through catalysis or chemical looping, the reductive hydrogenation of MN to MN(1-x) is a necessary step to generate ammonia. (yunscholar.com)
The recently developed photocatalytic CCHE (cross-coupling hydrogen-evolution) reactions are a conceptually new type of reactions enabled by combination of photo-redox catalysis and proton reduction catalysis, wherein the photocatalyst uses light energy as the driving force for the cross-coupling and the hydrogen evolution catalyst may capture electrons and protons from the substrates or reaction intermediates to produce molecular hydrogen (H 2 ). (sioc-journal.cn)

In general, excited species are prone to participate in electron transfer processes. (wikipedia.org)
Fd acts simultaneously as a bottleneck and as a hub which distributes high-energy electrons to a multitude of enzymes, which include nitrite reductase, sulphite reductase, fatty acid desaturase, glutamine-2-oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT), redox complexes such as cytochrome b 6 /f for cyclic electron transport (CET) and thioredoxins 2 . (nature.com)
The hydride transfer mechanism was identified as stepwise electron/hydrogen atom transfer process originating from the triplet excited state. (bgsu.edu)
After the incubation, the infected AT was subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to quantify the parasite load and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to verify the infection. (bvsalud.org)
Although photoinduced electron transfer reactions have been very intensively studied, several important questions still remain unanswered. (uzh.ch)
Hemoglobin During photosynthesis, the cytochrome b6f complex is one step along the chain that transfers electrons from Photosystem II to Phot… Stigmatellin, a Q(P) site inhibitor, inhibits electron transfer from iron-sulfur protein (ISP) to cytochrome c1 in the bc1 complex. (slimwithlynne.com)
All cytochrome bc1 complexes contain three electron transfer proteins which contain four redox prosthetic groups. (slimwithlynne.com)
The reaction is analogous to the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome bc1 (Complex III) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. (slimwithlynne.com)
The first step of photosynthetic electron transfer in the thylakoid membrane occurs at Photosystem II (PSII), where light energy absorbed by P 680 chlorophyll molecules drives water oxidation, and electron is transferred to plastoquinone. (elifesciences.org)
Also, the lack of electron donating moiety in the oxidized organic dye has also been proposed to have an influence on fast recombination reaction, compared with N719 with electron donating NCS ligand [ 26 ]. (hindawi.com)
However, when the necessary reduction involves metal-containing macromolecules having an electron-transfer function, the molecules often do not respond at the conventional electrode because the molecule's own redox center (typically a chelated metal ion) can not come close enough to the electrode. (justia.com)
B) The use of photochemical reagents to carry out site-specific reactions on DNA, in particular those involving photo-induced electron transfer. (tcd.ie)

Reaction mechanisms in small molecule catalysts can be a black box. (johnswierk.com)
Earth-abundant catalysts for water splitting process are needed to facilitate the large-scale implementation of solar fuel cells. (bgsu.edu)
While such model catalysts are likely easy to be prepared and inexpensive, the challenge is to control the reactivity of organic compounds and avoid catalyst degradation due to undesired chemical reactions. (bgsu.edu)
Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it. (wikipedia.org)
Catalysts generally react with one or more reactants to form intermediates that subsequently give the final reaction product, in the process of regenerating the catalyst. (wikipedia.org)
[6] Estimates are that 90% of all commercially produced chemical products involve catalysts at some stage in the process of their manufacture. (wikipedia.org)
In living organisms, this reaction is catalyzed by enzymes (proteins that serve as catalysts) such as catalase . (wikipedia.org)
Schematic representation of a reaction used to attach molecular fuel production catalysts to a visible light-absorbing semiconductor. (gfmoorelab.com)
MnO x catalysts exhibit excellent activity at low temperature owing to their excellent redox properties and variable valence states. (aaqr.org)

Kinetics and amplitude of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. (soliense.com)
We here monitored gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and the P700 redox state over a range of light intensities in leaves of tobacco cultivar 'k326' grown at 24/18℃ and 32/26℃ (day/night). (kib.ac.cn)

Probability of energy transfer between PSII reaction centers. (soliense.com)
To maintain photosynthetic activity, the PSII reaction center protein D1, which is the primary target of unavoidable photo-oxidative damage, is efficiently degraded by FtsH protease. (elifesciences.org)
In photosynthetic organisms, maintenance of photosynthetic light reaction is manifested by so called Photosystem II (PSII) repair system, where the reaction center protein D1 is targeted to photo-oxidative damage and rapidly degraded by the processive protease FtsH. (elifesciences.org)
This study adds a valuable new perspective to a long-standing question: What controls the repair of photosystem II (PSII), a key process in maintaining and optimizing photosynthesis? (elifesciences.org)
PSII core complex is formed by two reaction center proteins D1 (PsbA) and D2 (PsbD), along with intrinsic antenna CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB). (elifesciences.org)
Here, we investigated the effect of pretreatment with exogenous melatonin on the net photosynthetic rate, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, antioxidant potential, and redox homeostasis in leaves of tea plants following cold stress. (mdpi.com)
In addition, plants can also dissipate excess excitation energy in PSII antenna as heat through nonphotochemical processes, which involves the xanthophyll cycle using ascorbate (ASC) as the reducing agent [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Photochemical paths access high energy intermediates that cannot be generated thermally, thereby overcoming large activation barriers in a short period of time, and allowing reactions otherwise inaccessible by thermal processes. (wikipedia.org)
Our work in this area couples synthetic chemistry with novel transient spectroscopies and electrochemistry to probe short-lived reaction intermediates. (johnswierk.com)

Three dimensional clusters of boron and carbon present a unique redox-active ligand for use in organometallic complexes. (johnswierk.com)
We speculate that the polymeric support provides additional catalytic durability by offering a protective encapsulating environment, trapping catalytic complexes at redox active sites with abundant coordination sites that favor reformation of surface attached complexes over loss to bulk solution. (gfmoorelab.com)
Dr. Walsh's scientific laboratory research involves synthesis of ligands, synthesis of metal coordination complexes, characterization of the species formed, investigation of spectral and photochemical properties of the coordination complexes, and electrochemical characterization of these species. (uncg.edu)

We hope to direct the attention of readers to the latest breakthroughs of traditional oxygen functionalization reactions and to the potential of electrochemistry for the transformation of organic substrates to useful end products. (rsc.org)
A comprehensive analysis of the overall chemistry of isomerase reactions based on bond changes, reaction centres and substrates and products revealed that isomerase reactions are chemically diverse and difficult to classify using a hierarchical system. (researchgate.net)
A variety of redox mediating agents employing bipyridinium reagents and such reagents in conjunction with dispersed noble metals, such as platinium, are disclosed as coatings for substrates and electrodes. (justia.com)

Since a fully molecular system facilitates spectroscopic studies of the catalytic process, we are interested in developing such a system that consists of covalently-linked iminium ions. (bgsu.edu)
In addition, their NO x catalytic performance, along with relevant main factors (reaction temperature, molar ratio, particle size, space velocity, and O 2 content), was investigated in a simulated fixed bed reactor. (aaqr.org)

this process is called fluorescence. (wikipedia.org)
This process implies a change of electronic spin, which is forbidden by spin selection rules, making phosphorescence (from T1 to S0) much slower than fluorescence (from S1 to S0). (wikipedia.org)
The instrument uses an array of software-controlled excitation light sources operating in pulse/DC mode to manipulate the state of photosynthetic reaction centers while measuring changes in the fluorescence signal emanating from Photosystem II chlorophyll antenna. (soliense.com)
The measured fluorescence transients are processed by FRR application software (included), allowing for the quantification of a wide range of biophysical characteristics that determine photosynthetic performance of marine and fresh-water algae and photosynthetic bacteria. (soliense.com)

Most emitted air pollution can lead to the formation of secondary pollutants (e.g., tropospheric ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate), secondary organic aerosols, and photochemical smog [ 6 , 7 ], which is the major cause of a sharp decrease in air quality in numerous regions around the world [ 8 - 10 ]. (nso-journal.org)

The first law of photochemistry, known as the Grotthuss-Draper law (for chemists Theodor Grotthuss and John W. Draper), states that light must be absorbed by a chemical substance in order for a photochemical reaction to take place. (wikipedia.org)
According to the second law of photochemistry, known as the Stark-Einstein law (for physicists Johannes Stark and Albert Einstein), for each photon of light absorbed by a chemical system, no more than one molecule is activated for a photochemical reaction, as defined by the quantum yield. (wikipedia.org)
Research Interests and Track Record Research interests cover areas of photochemistry, fast chemical reactions, and nucleic acids Current research projects falls into the following main areas (A) The transient spectroscopy of nucleic acids and photosensitisers. (tcd.ie)

In the last steps of this process transfer of energy-conserving electrons beyond photosystem I (PSI) is performed by a small iron-sulphur protein ferredoxin (Fd). (nature.com)
In addition, the light response changes in the photochemical quenching of photosystem II (Y(II)) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) did not differ significantly between those plants. (kib.ac.cn)

Slug chloroplasts also rapidly build up a strong proton-motive force upon a dark-to-light transition, which helps them to rapidly switch on photoprotective non-photochemical quenching of excitation energy. (elifesciences.org)

We have discovered a variety of redox mediating agents employing bipyridinium reagents and such reagents in conjunction with a dispersed noble metal. (justia.com)
Typically our reagents are coated onto a substrate which permits quality to be maintained over a large number of redox cycles. (justia.com)

hence it is also known as photocatalytic reactions. (shilpent.com)
As photocatalysts applied more and more often to treat pollutants by photocatalytic reactions, they may enter the environment via water spreading. (researchsquare.com)

This initializes redox reaction where two reactions co-occur: which is a reduction from photogenerated electrons and oxidation from photogenerated holes. (shilpent.com)
This invention relates to chemical reduction and oxidation (redox) agents and, in particular, redox agents for biological reductions and electrolytic reactions. (justia.com)
Another area of interest concerns hydrogen evolution (i.e. in electrolysis) and the reverse reaction, hydrogen oxidation (i.e. electricity generating fuel cells). (justia.com)

Currently, we are investigating organic and dual photoredox reactions, with studies on classical transition metal coupling reactions planned. (johnswierk.com)

In order to function efficiently Fd/FNR redox chemistry has to be constantly poised 5 . (nature.com)
I want to get the latest chemistry news from C&EN in my inbox every week. (acs.org)
During the past decade, transition metal-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-couplings have emerged as an attractive strategy in synthetic chemistry due to its high step- and atom-economy as well as the less functionalized coupling partners. (sioc-journal.cn)
However, such reactions have to always use stoichiometric amount of sacrificial oxidants such as peroxides, high-valent metals (Cu salts, Ag salts, et c. ), or iodine(III) oxidants, thereby leading to possible generation of toxic wastes and making the process less desirable from a green chemistry perspective. (sioc-journal.cn)

Generally, this term is used to describe a chemical reaction caused by absorption of ultraviolet (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm), visible light (400-750 nm) or infrared radiation (750-2500 nm). (wikipedia.org)
What is a Chemical Reaction? (chemistrylearner.com)
A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are converted to one or more different substances. (chemistrylearner.com)
What Happens During a Chemical Reaction? (chemistrylearner.com)
A chemical reaction can include atoms, ions, compounds, or molecules of a single element. (chemistrylearner.com)
During a chemical reaction, chemical bonds between the atoms break in the reactants, forming new chemical bonds in the products. (chemistrylearner.com)
There are ways to identify a chemical reaction. (chemistrylearner.com)
The signs that indicate a reaction are called indicators of a chemical reaction. (chemistrylearner.com)
The breaking and formation of bonds are considered essential characteristics for the occurrence of a chemical reaction. (chemistrylearner.com)
How to Write a Chemical Reaction? (chemistrylearner.com)
A chemical reaction is written in an equation using the chemical symbol of the element or compound participating in the reaction process. (chemistrylearner.com)
The ultimate goal of this research is to deduce the molecular electronic states involved in the transition state of a chemical reaction by measuring the speed, direction and internal energy of the products, much the same way an officer attempts to determine the cause of a car accident by studying the wreckage. (uncg.edu)

Although the latter are commonly assumed to enhance the reaction kinetics, there is compelling evidence that their main function is to passivate surface states. (uzh.ch)

Moreover, electrochemical reactions may be stymied by fouling of the electrode surface as a result of non-specific adsorption of the biological material onto the electrode. (justia.com)

The reaction absorbs photons in a solid where the photocatalyst remains constant throughout the reaction. (shilpent.com)
To understand how photocatalysts effect sediment ecological microenvironment in the process of pollution remediation, the impact of typical photocatalyst g-C 3 N 4 (Graphitic carbon nitride) on rivered sediment community polluted by typical antibiotic tetracycline (TC) was investigated. (researchsquare.com)

A photocatalytic reactor (Photochemical Reactor) is a device that performs the process of Photocatalysis reaction. (shilpent.com)
The Photochemical Reactor consists of triple jacket immersion well. (shilpent.com)
Moreover, the cost of the Photochemical reactor available at us is affordable and reasonable. (shilpent.com)
Reactant concentrations can be easily monitored and adjusted by simply controlling the input/output flow rates into/out of the reactor, which gives chemists greater accuracy when carrying out complex reactions. (labbulletin.com)

Photochemical Acceleration of Ammonia Production by Pt(1)-Pt(n)-TiN Reduction and N(2) Activation. (yunscholar.com)
With the acceleration of the urban industrialization process, air pollutant emission has increased sharply, which seriously endangers the ecological environment and human beings. (nso-journal.org)

Hydrocarbon solvents absorb only at short wavelengths and are thus preferred for photochemical experiments requiring high energy photons. (wikipedia.org)

This case study showcases the successful partnership between the two companies, highlighting the benefits of utilizing Asynt's lab vessels to streamline Almac Sciences' scale-up process. (labbulletin.com)

Among the defense mechanisms that activate plants to cope with environmental stress situations, it is worth noting the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, a complex metabolic pathway in which a variety of photochemical, chemical and enzymatic steps are involved. (biomedcentral.com)

Light reaction of photosynthesis is one of the most important reactions for sustaining our environment. (elifesciences.org)
Plants, algae and a few other organisms rely on a process known as photosynthesis to fuel themselves, as they can harness cellular structures called chloroplasts to convert light into usable energy. (elifesciences.org)
The work by Havurinne and Tyystjärvi may also reveal new ways to harness biological processes such as photosynthesis for energy production in other contexts. (elifesciences.org)

Methods to measure similarity between biochemical reactions first relied on the structure of the EC classification system (Tohsato et al. (researchgate.net)
The function of enzymes is described as their ability to catalyse biochemical reactions according to the Enzyme Commission (EC). (researchgate.net)

One alternative is electrochemical reduction using an electrode at the proper potential to induce the desire reaction. (justia.com)
Thus, there exists a need for novel redox agents which can induce reactions without adverse by-products and which can be used in reducing complex biological materials. (justia.com)

Particular emphasis is placed on classifications based on formal structural change and on reaction mechanism, and on the role of classifications within computerized reaction retrieval systems. (researchgate.net)
Excitonic energy transfer (EnT) is the mechanism by which natural photosynthetic systems funnel energy from hundreds of antenna pigments to a single reaction center, which allows multielectron redox reactions to proceed with high efficiencies in low-flux natural light. (osti.gov)
Its reaction mechanism is initiated by the binding of a quinol molecule to an active site, followed by a series of charge transfer reactions between the quinol and protein subunits. (slimwithlynne.com)
The rate increase occurs because the catalyst allows the reaction to occur by an alternative mechanism which may be much faster than the non-catalyzed mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
In general, chemical reactions occur faster in the presence of a catalyst because the catalyst provides an alternative reaction mechanism (reaction pathway) having a lower activation energy than the non-catalyzed mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
However, the photocatalysis technology suffers from the unrevealed reaction mechanism and the deactivation of photocatalysts, which severely limits its practical application. (nso-journal.org)

This paper describes the use of electrostatically assembled CdSe quantum dot (QD) aggregates as artificial light harvesting-reaction center units for the photocatalytic reduction of H + to H 2 , where excitons are funneled through EnT from sensitizer QDs (sQDs) to catalyst QDs (cQDs). (osti.gov)
Pourbaix diagrams constructed using pKa values and standard reduction potentials show that only PheOH has a wide and mild range (pH= 2.8 - 13.3) of pH values in which both the alcohol and alkoxy radical can coexist in order to facilitate the coupled process. (bgsu.edu)
However, encumbered by the formation of kinetically stable M-NH(1─3) surface species, this reduction step remains challenging under mild conditions. (yunscholar.com)

First, some strategies depend solely on the structure of the reactants and involve changes in the overall reaction, for instance bond changes and reaction centres. (researchgate.net)

This kind of cross-coupling delivers a greener synthetic strategy and is particularly useful for reactions that involve species sensitive to traditional oxidants. (sioc-journal.cn)
The dynamic behavior of this pathway has been previously analyzed by computer simulation [ 5 , 8 ], which makes it possible to calculate concentrations of the species and fluxes of the steps involved in the proposed mathematical models in both unstressed and stressed chloroplasts. (biomedcentral.com)

This review presents the recent progress of oxygen functionalization reactions based on non-electrochemical (conventional organic synthesis) and electrochemical methods. (rsc.org)
During his postdoctoral research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he studied the electrochemical oxygen functionalization reactions. (rsc.org)
Oxygen atom functionalization has played an indispensable role in industrial applications and biological processes. (rsc.org)
This process, known as Mehler reaction, results in formation of H 2 O 2 which is generated by the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and converted into water and oxygen by ascorbate peroxidase 9 . (nature.com)

To the best of our knowledge about 80% of the "blue crude" produced by the F-T process is suitable for synthetic diesel making is more analogous to crude oil where the other fraction is mainly lighter hydrocarbons which cannot be used in diesel fuel. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Both biology and technology use functionally analogous steps, indicated by horizontal arrows, during fuel production and consumption. (gfmoorelab.com)

For example, when a redox agent reduces biological molecule, it yields an oxidized by-product which is often unacceptable to the biological system of interest. (justia.com)

Solar-driven photocatalysis has the broad-spectrum activity for various inorganic to organic pollutants at ambient temperature without harsh reaction conditions, which shows a very broad application prospect in air purification. (nso-journal.org)

At the optimized sensitizer-to-catalyst ratio of 4:1, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of the reaction system is 4.0 ± 0.3%, a factor of 13 greater than the IQE of a sample that is identical except that EnT is suppressed due to the relative core sizes of the sQDs and cQDs. (osti.gov)
but, losses due to inherited metabolic processes and use of intermediate energy carriers reduce the overall energy conversion efficiency to less than a few percent. (gfmoorelab.com)
During the past decades, DSSCs have attracted significant attention as an alternative to silicon solar cell because they use environmentally benign materials through low cost process and exhibit commercially realistic energy-conversion efficiency [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

Dr. Duffy's Research is in Molecular Reaction Dynamics Probed Via Pure Rotational Spectroscopy. (uncg.edu)
Dr. Duffy and his students have designed, built and tested a unique instrument for probing molecular reaction dynamics via pure rotational spectroscopy. (uncg.edu)

In those pathways, FNR however catalyses the opposite reaction, namely the production of reduced Fd 4 and is thus sometimes classified as heterotrophic FNR. (nature.com)
In this review, recent dramatic developments of photocatalytic and electrochemical CCHE reactions are discussed via the most prominent mechanistic pathways, the types of C-C bond, C-X (heteroatom) bond, or X-X bond formations and specific reaction classes. (sioc-journal.cn)

Remarkably, about 30% of the EC numbers bearing more than one reaction are linked to different types of reactions, bearing key differences in catalysed bond changes. (researchgate.net)
A thorough understanding of these types of reactions is useful for predicting the products of an unknown reaction. (chemistrylearner.com)

Mehler reaction, or water-water cycle, allows functionality of the CET and subsequent synthesis of ATP needed for the Calvin cycle, which finally oxidizes NADPH to re-establish LET 5 . (nature.com)
Combination reactions are called synthesis reactions. (chemistrylearner.com)

Cross-Coupling Hydrogen Evolution Reactions[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2020, 78(4): 299-310. (sioc-journal.cn)

Her research interests include the advanced materials processing of ideal electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage system applications such as supercapacitor, water splitting process, direct methanol fuel cells, and hydrogen generation. (rsc.org)

This review summarizes recent progress on photocatalytic degradation of air pollutants and categorizes them based on the types of photocatalytic materials and air pollutants, with a focus on photocatalytic reaction mechanisms and the application scenarios of photocatalytic air purification to identify this gap. (nso-journal.org)

study our 2019 problem potentials and steps only! (taido-hannover.de)

Photochemical reactions proceed differently than temperature-driven reactions. (wikipedia.org)
[4] mixing, surface area, and temperature are important factors in reaction rate. (wikipedia.org)

Figure 1: Audi process for producing diesel fuel from carbon dioxide. (advancedsciencenews.com)

Photochemical reactions require a light source that emits wavelengths corresponding to an electronic transition in the reactant. (wikipedia.org)
Photosynthetic responses to varying light levels (State transition, changes in PQ pool redox level). (soliense.com)
We found that the slug Elysia timida induces changes to the photosynthetic light reactions of the chloroplasts it steals from the alga Acetabularia acetabulum . (elifesciences.org)

There also exists a need for redox mediating agents which can improve electrolysis reactions, particularly photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation. (justia.com)

The comparative study reveals the importance of having the redox active -N center closer to -OH functionality in order to drive the PCET process. (bgsu.edu)
ACS's Standard Package lets you stay up to date with C&EN, stay active in ACS, and save. (acs.org)
Redox active ligands that showed synergistic interaction with the metal center were studied. (uncg.edu)

In the presence of a catalyst such as manganese dioxide this reaction proceeds much more rapidly. (wikipedia.org)

In CCHE reactions, the raw materials are directly converted into products and hydrogen, the reactions are highly atom economy, environmentally friendly, and have attractive potential industrial application prospects. (sioc-journal.cn)

As a starting point, we are investigating the photochemical transformations of refractory sulfur compounds that must be removed at a significant energy cost during the refining process. (johnswierk.com)
To educate and train students to have a sound knowledge of chemical compounds and processes. (edu.ng)
In a double replacement reaction , the positive and negative ions of two ionic compounds exchange places to form two new compounds. (chemistrylearner.com)
And finally, additional safeguard molecules 'deactivate' compounds that could otherwise mediate damaging reactions. (elifesciences.org)

It's ironic that after more than 40 years of globally competitive research on the conversion of CO2-to-Fuel, the first pilot demonstration to successfully take CO2 from thin air to the petrol pump turns out to be based on rather conventional materials and well established processing technology. (advancedsciencenews.com)

Organisms4

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Phenomena and Processes23

Disciplines and Occupations3

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Catalysis7

Electron12

Catalysts9

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PSII7

Intermediates2

Complexes3

Substrates3

Catalytic2

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Photochemistry3

Photosystem2

Excitation energy1

Reagents2

Photocatalytic reactions2

Oxidation3

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20201

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