Phosphorylation of the alpha subunit translational eukaryotic initiation factor 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

It is the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 and therefore converts the inactive eIF2-GDP to the active eIF2-GTP. (wikipedia.org)
This activation is hindered by phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eIF2, which leads to a stable eIF2α-P-GDP-eIF2B complex and therefore inhibits translation initiation. (wikipedia.org)
Collectively the data suggest that EBNA3C interacts with Gadd34, activating the upstream component of the UPR (eIF2α phosphorylation) while preventing downstream UPR events (XBP1 activation and ATF6 cleavage). (scienceopen.com)
ISRIB acts downstream of the phosphorylation of eIF2 (eIF2(αP)) and upstream of the activation of ATF4 (green arrow) and the repression of bulk protein synthesis (red down arrow). (elifesciences.org)
eIF2 contains three subunits, and the four kinases all phosphorylate the same serine 51 location within the alpha subunit ( Figure 1 ). (elifesciences.org)
The actions of these four kinases in response to stress-phosphorylation of eIF2 and increased translation of ATF4-is termed the integrated stress response (ISR). (elifesciences.org)
Subsequent tests convincingly showed that this molecule does not prevent the activation of PERK or the phosphorylation of eIF2α. (elifesciences.org)
Equally importantly, ISRIB also prevented the reduction in overall protein synthesis that is normally observed within cells when eIF2 phosphorylation is high following integrated stress response kinase activation. (elifesciences.org)
We identified an elevated integrated stress response (ISR) characterized by phosphorylation of eIF2α as a relevant molecular mechanism which is able to affect translation of myelin proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) is a key mediator of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR). (bvsalud.org)
Here, we studied the function of phosphorylated eIF2α (p-eIF2α) in agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons using a mouse model (AgRPeIF2αA/A) with an AgRP neuron-specific substitution from Ser 51 to Ala in eIF2α, which impairs eIF2α phosphorylation in AgRP neurons. (bvsalud.org)
Intriguingly, impairment of eIF2α phosphorylation produced decreases in the starvation-induced expression of UPR and autophagy genes in AgRP neurons. (bvsalud.org)
Collectively, these findings suggest that eIF2α phosphorylation regulates AgRP neuronal activity by affecting intracellular responses such as the UPR and autophagy during starvation, thereby participating in the homeostatic control of whole-body energy metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS: This study examines the impact of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, triggered by an energy deficit, on hypothalamic AgRP neurons and its subsequent influence on whole-body energy homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
Impaired eIF2α phosphorylation diminishes the unfolded protein response and autophagy, both of which are crucial for energy deficit-induced activation of AgRP neurons. (bvsalud.org)
This study highlights the significance of eIF2α phosphorylation as a cellular marker indicating the availability of energy in AgRP neurons and as a molecular switch that regulates homeostatic feeding behavior. (bvsalud.org)
Phosphorylation of EIF2S1/eIF2α is an important mechanism that can regulate all three UPR pathways through transcriptional and translational reprogramming to maintain cellular homeostasis and overcome cellular stresses. (bvsalud.org)
A key mechanism to repress translation initiation is the phoshorylation of the alpha-subunit of translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) by stress-activated kinases [5] , [6] . (prolekarniky.cz)
However, a sizeable set of cellular mRNAs are initiated in an eIF2-independent manner, which allows for escaping the global kinase-dependent inhibition of translation initiation [3] , [4] . (prolekarniky.cz)
Phosphorylation of eIF2α on Ser51 inhibits 5' cap-dependent mRNA translation, resulting in the global suppression of protein synthesis to facilitate adaptation to a variety of stresses linked to protein synthesis, including proteotoxic stress, viral replication, heme depletion and amino acid withdrawal [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Paradoxically, eIF2α phosphorylation also results in the increased translation of select mRNA bearing upstream open reading frames that favor 5' cap-independent translation [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Distinct cellular stresses cause the phosphorylation and activation the eIF2α kinases PERK, PKR, GCN2 and HRI. (biomedcentral.com)
Activated Benefit phosphorylates and inhibits eukaryotic initiation aspect 2 (eIF2) resulting in global translational attenuation. (cgp60474.com)

Human genes which encode eIF-2B proteins include: EIF2B1 - alpha subunit (26kDa) EIF2B2 - beta subunit (39kDa) EIF2B3 - gamma subunit (58kDa) EIF2B4 - delta subunit (67kDa) EIF2B5 - epsilon subunit (82kDa) Pavitt, G.D. (Dec 2005). (wikipedia.org)
Paradoxically, these stress-induced signalling events also enhance the translation of the messenger RNAs for some proteins, including a transcription factor called ATF4 that modulates the expression of various genes, to ameliorate the perceived stress. (elifesciences.org)
The first, ubiquitous, enzyme of the pathway, MtnA (methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase), belongs to a family of proteins related to eukaryotic intiation factor 2B alpha. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the order of events and the precise function of high-mobility group proteins during transcription initiation remain unclear. (nature.com)
Although HMG proteins do not possess intrinsic transcriptional activity, they are called architectural transcription factors because they modulate the transcription of their target genes by altering the chromatin structure at the promoter and/or enhancers 15 . (nature.com)
This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (lookformedical.com)
Ageing leads to a gradual dysfunction of the proteostasis network and thus to proteome instability due to accumulation of damaged and/or misfolded proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
1 Reversible protein phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism that controls the activities of a myriad of proteins and is thus involved in virtually every major physiological process. (ac.be)
2 Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a very abundant - it accounts for as much as 1% of total cellular proteins - ubiquitous and remarkably conserved enzyme. (ac.be)
4 While proteins can be phosphorylated on nine amino acids, serine, threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation are by far the most predominant in eukaryotic cells. (ac.be)

Since ER stress can cause differential modulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which includes the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) pathways, these were individually tested in 3a-expressing cells. (nih.gov)
The gamma(1)34.5 protein of herpes simplex virus 1 complexes with protein phosphatase 1alpha to dephosphorylate the alpha subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 and preclude the shutoff of protein synthesis by double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. (scienceopen.com)
In human cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1 the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is activated but phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) and total shutoff of protein synthesis is observed only in cells infected with gamma(1)z34.5- mutants. (scienceopen.com)
Stress-activated protein kinase pathway functions to support protein synthesis and translational adaptation in response to environmental stress in fission yeast. (ox.ac.uk)
Protein synthesis was further reduced in mutants disrupting the SAPK pathway, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase Wis1 or the mitogen-activated protein kinase Spc1/Sty1, suggesting a role for these stress response factors in this translational control. (ox.ac.uk)
Disruption of Wis1 or Spc1 kinase or the downstream bZip transcription factors Atf1 and Pap1 resulted in a marked increase in eIF2alpha phosphorylation which was dependent on the eIF2alpha kinases Hri2 and Gcn2. (ox.ac.uk)
eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2;Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 4;GCN2;GCN2 eIF2alpha kinase;GCN2-like protein;general control nonderepressible 2;PVOD2. (avivasysbio.com)
Metabolic-stress sensing protein kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2-alpha/EIF2S1) on 'Ser-52' in response to low amino acid availability (PubMed:25329545). (avivasysbio.com)
We have previously shown that HMGA2-induced transcription requires phosphorylation of H2A.X at S139, which in turn is mediated by the protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) 10 . (nature.com)
Phosphorylation of PINK1 is not only required for the PINK1-mediated mitochondrial recruitment of Parkin but also induces its kinase activity toward Parkin. (sdbonline.org)
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway has been reported as an important intracellular mediator frequently activated in cancer cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
eukaryotic translational initiation aspect-2 kinase 3 (Benefit), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and activating transcription aspect 6 (ATF6) thus activating these protein. (cgp60474.com)
Markedly, we found that suppression of HIF-1α accumulation by celastrol correlated with strong dephosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), pathways known to regulate HIF-1α expression at the translational level. (spandidos-publications.com)
For instance, it can be activated by oncogenic mutations of PTEN, VHL, the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)

EIF5B (Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5B) is a conserved eukaryotic translation factor that mediates association of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits during eukaryotic translation initiation, and modulates the cell cycle progression by regulating the translation of upstream open reading frames (uORF)-containing mRNAs such as p27 and p21 [ 3 ]. (techscience.com)

Converts phosphorylated eIF-2-alpha/EIF2S1 either to a competitive inhibitor of the translation initiation factor eIF-2B, leading to a global protein synthesis repression, and thus to a reduced overall utilization of amino acids, or to a translational initiation activation of specific mRNAs, such as the transcriptional activator ATF4, and hence allowing ATF4-mediated reprogramming of amino acid biosynthetic gene expression to alleviate nutrient depletion. (avivasysbio.com)

But advances in the understanding of protein phosphatases make now clear that these enzymes are precisely regulated and are as important as kinases in the regulation of cellular processes involving protein phosphorylation. (ac.be)

Only the PERK pathway was found to be activated in 3a-expressing cells based on (1) increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2alpha) and inhibitory effects of a dominant-negative form of eIF2alpha on GRP78 promoter activity, (2) increased translation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) mRNA, and (3) ATF4-dependent activation of the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) gene promoter. (nih.gov)
We examined the role of this pathway in the translational response to stress in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. (ox.ac.uk)
These findings suggest a role for the SAPK pathway in supporting translation initiation and facilitating adaptation to environmental stress in part through reducing eIF2alpha phosphorylation in fission yeast. (ox.ac.uk)
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway utilizes up to 2-5% of glucose that enters a non-cancer cell and along with glutamine, acetyl-coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) and uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) are used to produce the amino sugar UDP-GlcNAc [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanically, circIKBKB activated NF-κB pathway via promoting IKKβ-mediated IκBα phosphorylation, inhibiting IκBα feedback loop and facilitating NF-κB to the promoters of multiple bone remodeling factors. (biomedcentral.com)
Disruption of either PINK1 or Parkin phosphorylation impairs the PINK1/Parkin pathway, and the degeneration phenotype of photoreceptor neurons is obviously alleviated. (sdbonline.org)
In the HCC cells, activation of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway and IkB phosphorylation was significantly reduced by EIF5B silencing. (techscience.com)
The integrated stress response (ISR) is an adaptive signaling pathway that contributes to the biology of a number of hematologic malignancies since they are inherently prone to numerous cellular stresses [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The ISR (Fig. 1 ) is a complex signaling pathway that regulates cellular responses to stress stimuli and enables either adaptation or the instigation of cell death mechanisms [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we review the diverse, and still expanding, collection of stimuli and processes now known to harness the noncanonical autophagy pathway, including engulfment processes, drug treatments, TRPML1 and STING signaling, viral infection, and other pathogenic factors. (babraham.ac.uk)

Methylases are present at the level of DNA metabolism, RNA metabolism and protein post-translational modifications [ 2 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These nutrient-driven post-translational modifications are highly altered in cancer and regulate protein functions in various cancer-associated processes. (biomedcentral.com)
In agreement with this, recent findings on the structure and post-translational modifications of PP2A emphasize the importance of PP2A holoenzyme composition in its regulation and pleiotropic activities. (ac.be)

Furthermore, we demonstrated the biological relevance of this mechanism of transcriptional initiation within the context of TGFB1 signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). (nature.com)
Through this mechanism the eukaryotic cell dynamically represses and reactivates translation at low metabolic costs. (prolekarniky.cz)
The mechanism underlying circIKBKB-mediated activation of NF-κB/bone remodeling factors signaling and EIF4A3-induced circIKBKB were investigated using RNA pull-down, luciferase reporter, chromatin isolation by RNA purification and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. (biomedcentral.com)
I. Mechanism of fluorescence of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate, a hydrophobic probe. (academicinfluence.com)

Cells under aerobic conditions utilize oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria to sustain energy demands. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that provide essential metabolic functions and represent the major bioenergetic hub of eukaryotic cell. (hindawi.com)
Mitochondria are the energy producing organelles in eukaryotic cell providing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)

This spliced form of XBP1 then translates into a transcription factor, which further translocates into the nucleus where it induces expression of a wide variety of genes including ER-associated chaperones and protein folding enzymes to increase ER size and folding capacity. (distantreader.org)
The α2δ subunits are encoded in mammals by four genes, CACNA2D1-4. (stanford.edu)
Given the considerable time needed to activate new genes and/or de novo synthesize mRNA, the translation of existing mRNAs provides the necessary plasticity for the cell to selectively and rapidly respond to stress [1] , [2] . (prolekarniky.cz)
This compound markedly decreased the hypoxia-induced accumulation of HIF-1α protein dose-dependently, whereas it did not affect the expressions of HIF-1β and topoisomerase-I (topo‑I). Furthermore, celastrol prevented hypoxia-induced expression of HIF-1 target genes for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO). (spandidos-publications.com)
5′-GACGTG-3′) on the promoter region in various target genes ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Here we will focus on HMG AT-hook 2 protein (HMGA2), a member of the HMGA family that mediates transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1, commonly known as TGFβ1) signaling 16 . (nature.com)

This two-pronged response involves changes at both the transcriptional level (in the cell nucleus) and the translational level (in the cytoplasm). (elifesciences.org)
A/A cells exhibited defects in several steps of autophagic processes (such as autophagosome and autolysosome formation) that are regulated by the transcriptional activities of the autophagy master transcription factors TFEB and TFE3 under ER stress conditions. (bvsalud.org)
Our data support the concept that chromatin opening during transcriptional initiation involves intermediates with DNA breaks that subsequently require DNA repair mechanisms to ensure genome integrity. (nature.com)

In this study, to investigate the roles of EIF2S1 phosphorylation in regulation of autophagy during ER stress, we used EIF2S1 phosphorylation-deficient (A/A) cells in which residue 51 was mutated from serine to alanine. (bvsalud.org)
The regulation of PP2A is mainly accomplished by the identity of the regulatory B-type subunit, which determines substrate specificity, subcellular localization and catalytic activity of the PP2A holoenzyme. (ac.be)
The regulation of HIF-1α occurs at the posttranslational level involving modifications of hydroxylation, acetylation and phosphorylation ( 3 - 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Exposure to oxidative stress (H2O2) resulted in a striking reduction in translation initiation in wild-type cells, which was further reduced in spc1- cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Oxidative stress has been related to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading global cause of death. (biomedcentral.com)
Contributions of environmental factors such as oxidative stress on complex traits and disease may be partly mediated through changes in epigenetic marks (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)

Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD34 targets protein phosphatase 1 alpha to the endoplasmic reticulum and promotes dephosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2. (scienceopen.com)

The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. (bvsalud.org)

Further polysome analyses revealed a role for Spc1 in supporting translation initiation during osmotic stress, and additionally in facilitating translational adaptation. (ox.ac.uk)
Reduced translation initiation correlated with phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) in wild-type cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Apparently, methionine salvage pathways are frequent in Bacteria (and in Eukarya), with recruitment of different polypeptides to perform the needed reactions (an ancestor of a translation initiation factor and RuBisCO, as an enolase, in some Firmicutes). (biomedcentral.com)
Translation is divided into three distinct phases: initiation, elongation and termination. (prolekarniky.cz)
Translation initiation, as a rate-limiting process, is a major point to reprogram translation in response to stress [3] , [4] . (prolekarniky.cz)

In the eukaryotic cell nucleus, chromatin is the physiological template of all DNA-dependent processes including transcription. (nature.com)
Chromatin assembly factor 1. (lookformedical.com)
The 48 kDa subunit, RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 4, is also a component of several other protein complexes involved in chromatin remodeling. (lookformedical.com)
Although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core HISTONES and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)

CN has a number of targets but its most prominent are the NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) transcription factors. (pancreapedia.org)
In hypoxia, several transcription factors are induced to respond to the decreased oxygen level. (spandidos-publications.com)
Among these transcription factors, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is one of the most important factors that play a critical role in controlling oxygen delivery and metabolic adaptation to hypoxic conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)

Recent updates are briefly described in the status of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and other viral pathogens. (mdpi.com)

EIF2S1 phosphorylation was required for nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3 during ER stress. (bvsalud.org)

Phosphorylation by mTOR of 4E-BP1 disrupts its binding to eIF4E, a protein that binds the 5'-cap structure of mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)

mRNA and protein expression of ABCG2 and phosphorylation of NF-κB was significantly higher in OXA-R than parental cells. (pka-signal.com)
and (iii) the alpha subunit in purified eIF-2 phosphorylated in vitro is specifically dephosphorylated by S10 fractions of wild-type infected cells at a rate 3000 times that of mock-infected cells, whereas the eIF-2alpha-P phosphatase activity of gamma(1)34.5- virus infected cells is lower than that of mock-infected cells. (scienceopen.com)
In contrast to eIF-2alpha-P phosphatase activity, extracts of mock-infected cells exhibit a 2-fold higher phosphatase activity on [32P]phosphorylase than extracts of infected cells. (scienceopen.com)
The GADD34 protein may have a similar function in eukaryotic cells. (scienceopen.com)
Stress-induced changes of gene expression are crucial for survival of eukaryotic cells. (prolekarniky.cz)
Otto Warburg noticed that cancer cells utilize far more glucose than normal cells and reprogram their metabolism largely to glycolysis even in oxygen-rich conditions [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Since the HBP utilizes major macromolecules such as nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids to produce UDP-GlcNAc, cells may use it as a 'sensor' of energy availability that influences a large number of functional targets that contribute to cancer phenotypes (Fig. 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
To achieve this, cells of in vitro produced bovine embryos were traced from the 2-cell stage to the blastocyst stage. (bioone.org)
Recent high-impact research has shown the genomic/genetic differences between cancer and normal cells using methods such as next-generation sequencing [ 1 , 2 ]. (intechopen.com)
Obese and diabetic topics have raised plasma degrees of nonesterified essential fatty acids (NEFAs) and hyperglycemia, that are believed to trigger reduced insulin synthesis and impaired blood sugar responsiveness in pancreatic -cells, termed glucolipotoxicity [2] also, [3]. (cgp60474.com)
Detection of elevated ER tension marker appearance including ATF3, Bip and CHOP in mouse islets subjected to raised lipids and high blood sugar and in -cells of type 2 diabetics supports the participation of ER tension in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes [12]C[14]. (cgp60474.com)
Further transcriptomic analysis of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and PMNs from patients with acute brucellosis before treatment initiation and after successful treatment revealed a positive correlation of the molecular signature of active disease with pathways associated with response to interferons (IFN). (frontiersin.org)

Active DNA demethylation also requires GADD45A (growth arrest and DNA damage protein 45 alpha) and TET1 (ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1), which sequentially oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) 18 , 19 and are cleared through DNA repair mechanisms. (nature.com)
In contrast, phosphorylation of Parkin by PINK1 is dispensable for its translocation but required for its activation. (sdbonline.org)
Taken together, these findings suggest that autophosphorylation of PINK1 is essential for the mitochondrial translocation of Parkin and for subsequent phosphorylation and activation of Parkin. (sdbonline.org)

The unprecedently speedy development of mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was enabled with previous innovations in nucleoside modifications during in vitro transcription and lipid nanoparticle delivery materials of mRNA. (mdpi.com)
This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for pre-mRNA editing of the glutamate receptor subunit B by site-specific deamination of adenosines. (cancerindex.org)
Moreover, EIF4A3, acted acting as a pre-mRNA splicing factor, promoted cyclization of circIKBKB by directly binding to the circIKBKB flanking region. (biomedcentral.com)
The presence, absence, abundance and activity of splicing factors can effect which regions of the pre-mRNA will be included in the mature mRNA. (berkeley.edu)

We determined subnanometer-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of eukaryotic ribosome-Sec61 complexes. (cipsm.de)
It is found as a subunit of protein complexes that are in involved in the enzymatic modification of histones including the Mi2 and Sin3 histone deacetylase complexes and the polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)
Upon arrival at the termination codon, release factors interact with any undisplaced exon-junction complexes[ 34 ]. (berkeley.edu)

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is the central mediator of cellular responses to low oxygen and vital to many aspects of cancer biology. (spandidos-publications.com)

Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to contribute to cancer initiation and progression. (biomedcentral.com)
The major risk factors associated with HCC development and progression include chronic hepatitis B or C virus infections, high alcohol consumption, and activation of oncogenes [ 2 ]. (techscience.com)
Hypoxia is an important micro-environmental factor in promoting tumor progression. (spandidos-publications.com)

GM-CSF down-regulates inhibited by factors( T-lymphocytes, mouse heterotrimers, necessary phosphatidylinositol, p46 acids) estimated at acids of intrinsic tissues. (evakoch.com)

Protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. (cipsm.de)
CnA also has 3 regulatory domains: a binding domain for its partner subunit CnB, a CaM-binding domain, and an autoinhibitory domain. (pancreapedia.org)
CnB, the regulatory subunit, contains 4 Ca 2+ -binding EF hand motifs that regulate (through a conformational change) the catalytic function of Cn. (pancreapedia.org)
Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a widely expressed family of protein phosphatases made of a core dimer, composed of a catalytic (C) subunit and a structural (A) subunit, in association with a third variable regulatory (B) subunit. (ac.be)

Bien que considérée dans le passé comme une enzyme constitutive non spécifique, PP2A est une phosphatase soumise à une régulation précise et qui est importante dans le contrôle des fonctions cellulaires impliquant la phosphorylation. (ac.be)
Although viewed as a constitutive housekeeping enzyme in the past, PP2A is a highly regulated phosphatase and is emerging as an important regulator of multiple cellular processes involving protein phosphorylation. (ac.be)

Under normoxic conditions, prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) hydroxylate the cite-specific proline residues of HIF-1α in a reaction that uses O 2 as a substrate. (spandidos-publications.com)

In this study, we investigated the functional role of eukaryotic initiation factor 5B (EIF5B) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanisms. (techscience.com)

Cn (also known as PP2B) is part of a family of type 2 protein phosphatases that include PP2A and PP2C. (pancreapedia.org)

The eIF-2alpha-P phosphatase activities are sensitive to inhibitor 2. (scienceopen.com)
While in B. subtilis this is performed by two distinct polypeptides, in the other organisms analyzed here an enolase-phosphatase yields 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene. (biomedcentral.com)
Cn consists of two subunits, CnA and CnB, which form a heterodimer in order to conduct phosphatase activity. (pancreapedia.org)

Translational control by the Epstein-Barr virus small RNA EBER-1. (wikidata.org)
PINK1-dependent phosphorylation of PINK1 and Parkin is essential for mitochondrial quality control. (sdbonline.org)

tightly you dissipate your download, contribute the nursing of it, and bind in with your triphosphatase endocytosis promoter and bilayer pore( the activation Early occurs to the endocytic 4 products of your source phosphorylation). (evakoch.com)
Here we show that high-mobility group AT-hook 2 protein (HMGA2) induces DNA nicks at the transcription start site, which are required by the histone chaperone FACT complex to incorporate nucleosomes containing the histone variant H2A.X. Further, phosphorylation of H2A.X at S139 (γ-H2AX) is required for repair-mediated DNA demethylation and transcription activation. (nature.com)

Oncology Research 2022 , 30 (2), 77-87. (techscience.com)

Anatomy24

Organisms15

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs132

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes63

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

EIF223

Proteins10

Kinase14

Ribosomal subunits1

Specific mRNAs1

Kinases1

Pathway10

Post-translational3

Mechanism4

Mitochondria3

Genes5

Mediates1

Transcriptional3

Regulation3

Oxidative Stress3

Endoplasmic Reticulum1

Protein synthesis1

Translation5

Chromatin4

Transcription factors3

Influenza virus1

EIF2S11

EIF4E1

Cells12

Translocation3

MRNA4

Complexes3

Mediator1

Progression3

Phosphatidylinositol1

Regulatory4

Enzyme2

Substrate1

Functional1

PP2A1

Phosphatase3

Control2

Activation2

Oncology1