• Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by the second messenger diacylglycerol. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subsequently, PKC-θ phosphorylates SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related, proline alanine-rich kinase) that activates the transcription factor AP-1 (activating protein-1). (wikipedia.org)
  • UVB-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 kinase and Akt was inhibited by delphinidin. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The activities of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) 4 and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K) were inhibited markedly by delphinidin. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Active mTORC1 phosphorylates the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1) and 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) to promote protein synthesis [ 3 , 4 ]. (springer.com)
  • Conversely, during starvation mTORC1 is inhibited and autophagy is induced by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to generation of intracellular nutrients and energy during degradation of non-functional or non-essential organelles or protein aggregates [ 4 , 6 ], in turn contributing to cell survival. (springer.com)
  • Mechanistically, HD-13 activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kB (NF- κ B) signals. (hindawi.com)
  • It has been reported that various hosts recognize lipopolysaccharides in the cell membrane structure through TLR9 and activate downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear transcription factor- κ B (NF- κ B) pathways mediated by MyD88 to promote the MAPK protein phosphorylation, and NF- κ B enters the nucleus, further releasing cellular inflammatory factors [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The GDNF family ligands (GFLs) function through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-(GPI) anchored coreceptor, GDNF family receptor alpha (GFRα), and rearranged during transfection (RET), a well-known receptor tyrosine kinase involved in kidney development, spermatogonial stem cell maintenance, and the development and maintenance of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems [ 1 , 2 ]. (medsci.org)
  • Differential IkappaB kinase activation and IkappaBalpha degradation by interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human U937 monocytic cells. (nih.gov)
  • The IkappaB kinases (IKKs) lie downstream of the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) and activate NF-kappaB by phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha. (nih.gov)
  • Effects of EGCG on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation were determined by cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting. (molvis.org)
  • EGCG significantly inhibited phosphorylation of the MAPKs p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and NFκB and AP-1 transcriptional activities. (molvis.org)
  • Another important pathway is the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2), p38 MAPK, and Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK), members of the MAPK family, was analyzed by western blotting. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 4 Upon dissociation from GRP78, the transmembrane kinase PERK is activated by oligomerisation and autophosphorylation. (distantreader.org)
  • The expression of anti-inflammatory cell signaling molecules, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), Akt, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inhibitory-κBα (IκBα), iNOS and COX-2, was evaluated by western blot analysis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Mechanistically, we found that AMPK activation increased, whereas AMPK inhibition decreased, the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), an inducible nuclear phosphatase, by regulating proteasome-dependent degradation of MKP-1. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • MAPK14 interacts also with casein kinase II, leading to its activation through autophosphorylation and further phosphorylation of TP53/p53. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Mitogen- and stress-activated proteins kinase 1 (MSK1) was markedly induced after PI3K/mTOR inhibitor treatment and disruption of MSK1 by particular shRNAs attenuated level of resistance to PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in glioma initiating cells (GICs). (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • Mitogen- and stress-activated proteins kinase 1 (MSK1), known as RPS6KA5 also, is certainly a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to RSK (Ribosomal Protein-S6 Kinase) family members and is certainly ubiquitously expressed in a variety of tissues and mostly expressed in the mind, center, placenta, and skeletal muscle groups (7). (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • MSK1 is certainly turned on by extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated proteins kinase pathways in response to development factor and mobile tension stimuli (7). (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • Furthermore, tension- and mitogen-induced phosphorylation of histone H3 and HMG-14 was discovered to become totally inhibited in major embryonic fibroblasts from MSK1/MSK2-knockout pets, recommending that MSK1 is certainly a prominent kinase mixed up in nucleosomal response (11). (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • Canonical Hippo indicators are transduced through a serine/threonine kinase cascade, wherein Mst1/2 kinases, in complicated with Sav1, phosphorylate and activate Lats1/2 in complicated using its regulatory protein MOB1/2 (Fig.?1). (kidztrainer.com)
  • Selumetinib is a potent, selective, orally available, and non-ATP competitive small molecule inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) that has demonstrated single agent activity in a number of solid tumor including recurrent low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (LGSOC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This might be due to modification of the GR by means of phosphorylation as a result of activation of several kinases (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase α, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase γ, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1), which in turn might be due to reduced activity and expression of phosphatases, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 and protein phosphatase A2. (nih.gov)
  • HDAC2 appears to mediate the action of steroids to switch off activated inflammatory genes, but in patients with COPD, patients with severe asthma, and smokers with asthma, HDAC2 activity and expression are reduced by oxidative stress through activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ. (nih.gov)
  • Recent reports suggest that in response to sepsis, metabolism of macrophages switches from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. (cmich.edu)
  • Because metabolic reprogramming modulates immune responses to TLR-4 activation, we investigated the effect of MKP-1 deficiency on mitochondrial electron transport chains involved in oxidative phosphorylation and transcription factors regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. (cmich.edu)
  • We show that MKP-1-deficient mice/ macrophages exhibit, at baseline, higher expression of oxidative phosphorylation, TFAM, PGC-1a, and NRF-1 associated with increased respiration and production of reactive oxygen species as compared with wild-type mice. (cmich.edu)
  • These findings support the conclusion that MKP-1 plays an important role in regulating proteins involved in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and modulates expression of mitochondrial transcription factors. (cmich.edu)
  • Converting glucose to lactate, rather than metabolizing it through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, is far less efficient as less ATP is generated per unit of glucose metabolized. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • STIM1 is required for metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming that supports airway remodeling, including ASM proliferation, migration, secretion of cytokines and extracellular matrix, enhanced mitochondrial mass, and increased oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic flux. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the case of cancer-associated metabolic reprogramming, cancer cel s preferentially metabolize glu- cose through glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation, even in the presence of oxygen [11-13]. (who.int)
  • PKC-θ also initiates the assembly of proteins Carma-1, Bcl-10 and Malt-1 by phosphorylation of Carma-1. (wikipedia.org)
  • This complex of three proteins activates the transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB). (wikipedia.org)
  • Similarly, primary cilia have been implicated in regulation of mTOR signaling, in which Tuberous Sclerosis Complex proteins 1 and 2 (TSC1/2) negatively regulate protein synthesis by inactivating the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) at energy limiting states. (springer.com)
  • If it occurs in darkness, EIN3/EIL1 proteins would be promoted, thus to activate the expression of downstream ERF genes and to inhibit hypocotyl elongation. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • Mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated by three nuclear-encoded proteins, including transcription factor A (TFAM), nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g coactivator-1-a (PGC-1a). (cmich.edu)
  • Mechanistically, STIM1-mediated Ca2+ influx is critical for the activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells 4 and subsequent interleukin-6 secretion and transcription of pro-remodeling transcription factors, growth factors, surface receptors, and asthma-associated proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • Activated MSK1 phosphorylates multiple transcription elements and nuclear proteins, raising their activity or stability. (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • The phosphorylation of YAP by Lats1/2 at Ser-127 and Ser-397 (and similar residues in TAZ) restricts its mobile localization towards the cytoplasm and decreases the proteins balance (Fig.?1). (kidztrainer.com)
  • Transcription factors are proteins that regulate the transcription of genes, or the production of mRNA from DNA. (biolegend.com)
  • In conclusion, HD-13 may activate MAPK and NF- κ B pathways via accelerating TLR9 expression, thereby accelerating the inflammatory response in the progression of swine pneumonia. (hindawi.com)
  • MAPK phosphatase (MKP)-1 (also known as DUSP1) localized in the nucleus and preferentially dephosphorylates p38 and JNK. (cmich.edu)
  • Furthermore, inhibition of p38 MAPK had no significant effect on TFAM and NRF-1 either in MKP-1-deficient macrophages or in wild-type macrophages. (cmich.edu)
  • Both EGb 761 and quercetin inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation and p38 MAPK activity, which are important in the post-transcriptional regulation of TNF-α mRNA. (elsevierpure.com)
  • For example, CFLAR is an inhibitor of TNF-induced apoptosis whose proteasome-mediated degradation is regulated by p38 MAPK phosphorylation. (icr.ac.uk)
  • The promoters of several genes involved in the inflammatory response, such as IL6, IL8 and IL12B, display a p38 MAPK-dependent enrichment of histone H3 phosphorylation on 'Ser-10' (H3S10ph) in LPS-stimulated myeloid cells. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, PKC-θ can translocate itself to the nucleus and by phosphorylation of histones increases the accessibility of transcriptional-memory-responsive genes in memory T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • IRF-7 undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION prior to nuclear translocation and it activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of multiple interferon GENES. (umassmed.edu)
  • In human beings, calpains are encoded by 15 genes with examined associates from the grouped family members getting the ubiquitously portrayed associates, calpains 1 and 2, referred to as - and m-calpain also, respectively. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • This promotes nuclear localization and binding of AR to androgen response elements in androgen target genes. (cellsignal.jp)
  • MKP-1 controls the expression of numerous inflammatory genes and transcription factors, thereby regulating innate and adaptive immunity. (cmich.edu)
  • In the nucleus, phosphorylates the MEF2 repressor HDAC4, promoting its nuclear export and binding to 14-3-3 protein, and expression of MEF2 and genes involved in the hypertrophic program. (icr.ac.uk)
  • This spliced form of XBP1 then translates into a transcription factor, which further translocates into the nucleus where it induces expression of a wide variety of genes including ER-associated chaperones and protein folding enzymes to increase ER size and folding capacity. (distantreader.org)
  • [ 1 ] Identifying candidate precursors or enabling genes may pave the way for cancer screening, as with the ret proto-oncogene and medullary thyroid carcinoma . (medscape.com)
  • RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 play important roles in the rapid induction of immediate-early genes in response to stress or mitogenic stimuli, either by inducing chromatin remodeling or by recruiting the transcription machinery. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, an elevated nuclear small fraction of -catenin as well as the raised appearance of -catenin focus on genes such as for example cyclin D1 and c-Myc are also seen in high-grade astrocytomas and GBM (15-17). (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • This way, nuclear YAP and TAZ promote the appearance of multiple genes (Fig.?1). (kidztrainer.com)
  • NF-κB then translocates to the nucleus to activate target genes. (abcam.com)
  • The underphosphorylated, active form of Rb interacts directly with E2F1 , leading to cell cycle arrest, while the hyperphosphorylated form decouples from E2F1, thus promoting the transcription of genes promoting entry into the S phase. (biolegend.com)
  • This was not explained by degradation of IkappaBbeta, IkappaBepsilon, or p105 nor nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. (nih.gov)
  • In patients with severe asthma, several molecular mechanisms have been identified that might account for reduced steroid responsiveness, including reduced nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) α after binding corticosteroids. (nih.gov)
  • The two kinases TOR and CTR1 precisely regulates distinct phosphorylation sites on EIN2, respectively, which makes EIN2 become a coordination hub of glucose signal and ethylene signal, and precisely control plant growth and development. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • Figure 1 The mechanism of coordinated regulation of plant growth by nutrition and ethylene signaling Protein kinases CTR1 and TOR can interact and phosphorylate EIN2, respectively, in nutrition-rich medium or ethylene- free environment. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the redox-sensitive transcription factors, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1), are key events in the signal transduction pathways mediating TNF-α induction. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The metabolic abnormalities of type 2 diabetes, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, activate the Janus kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway, a major intracellular inflammatory cascade that transmits the intracellular signaling to the nucleus ( 2 ), promoting inflammatory response, inducing insulin resistance ( 3 ), and accelerating the development of cardiovascular complications ( 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Some of the targets are downstream kinases which are activated through phosphorylation and further phosphorylate additional targets. (icr.ac.uk)
  • MKNK1/MNK1 and MKNK2/MNK2, two other kinases activated by p38 MAPKs, regulate protein synthesis by phosphorylating the initiation factor EIF4E2. (icr.ac.uk)
  • In the nucleus, many transcription factors are phosphorylated and activated by p38 MAPKs in response to different stimuli. (icr.ac.uk)
  • This enables the active NF-κB transcription factor subunits to translocate to the nucleus and induce target gene expression. (abcam.com)
  • RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 can directly phosphorylate and activate transcription factors such as CREB1, ATF1, the NF-kappa-B isoform RELA/NFKB3, STAT1 and STAT3, but can also phosphorylate histone H3 and the nucleosomal protein HMGN1. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, SWCNT induced time- and dose-dependent apoptosis and phosphorylation of histone gamma-H2A.X, a variant of histone H2A that is activated following DNA damage. (cdc.gov)
  • Phenotypic and functional alterations in lupus T cells including expansion of the Th17 population, perturbations of the physiology of T-cell receptors (TCRs) and postreceptor downstream signalling, oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes result in exaggeration of TCR response to stimuli and the propensity of lupus T cells to get activated [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • When GFLs bind with GFRα, they form complexes and associate with the RET receptor, subsequently activating downstream signaling. (medsci.org)
  • Consequently, the master transcription factors EIN3/EIL1 are stabilized and the downstream gene expression is activated (Li et al. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • Finally, the lack of correlation between DNA binding and transcriptional activation plus the fact that PP1 and genistein both inhibited kappaB-dependent transcription without affecting DNA binding activity demonstrate the existence of regulatory steps downstream of NF-kappaB DNA binding. (nih.gov)
  • The PI3K pathway is considered to be a major determinant of the glycolytic phenotype through AKT1 and mTOR signaling, and subsequent downstream Hypoxy Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) transcription factor activation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • PGC-1α and its downstream molecules NRF-1 and TFAM increase following a diet enriched in plant derived-flavones. (ac.ir)
  • A large number of studies have demonstrated that the synergistic collaboration of a number of microRNAs (miRNAs), their growth factors and their downstream agents is required for the initiation and completion of pathogenesis in the liver. (wjgnet.com)
  • Involved in the cellular response to amino acid availability by acting downstream of MTOR: in the presence of nutrients, TFE3 phosphorylation by MTOR promotes its cytosolic retention and subsequent inactivation (PubMed:31672913). (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • It is required for the activation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1, and may link the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling complex to the activation of the transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Li Q, Cao Z, Zhao S. The Emerging Portrait of Glial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor Family Receptor Alpha (GFRα) in Cancers. (medsci.org)
  • Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha (GFRα) members have been widely connected to the mechanisms contributing to cell growth, differentiation, cell migration and tissue maturation. (medsci.org)
  • Androgen receptor (AR), a zinc finger transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily, is activated by phosphorylation and dimerization upon ligand binding (1). (cellsignal.jp)
  • Lane 1 is 10% input, lane 2 is Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control #3900, and lane 3 is Phospho-Androgen Receptor (Ser258) (E4L1I) Rabbit mAb. (cellsignal.jp)
  • The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a target of new therapies in most nonhematologic cancers. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Apigenin promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by activating peroxisome Proliferator-activated receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). (ac.ir)
  • The flavone apigenin can exert both its antioxidant potential via the usual enzymatic reactive oxygen species scavenging system and the mitochondrial biogenesis via the peroxisome Proliferator-activated receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM) Nuclear Respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) pathway. (ac.ir)
  • May participate in the modulation of skeletal muscle function in response to exercise, by regulating SR Ca(2+) transport through phosphorylation of PLN/PLB and triadin, a ryanodine receptor-coupling factor. (icr.ac.uk)
  • 3.0: hematopoietic cell-specific Lyn substrate 1 (HCLS1), Kelch domain-containing 6 (KLHDC6), sarcoglycan delta (SGCD), KIAA1706 protein (KIAA1706), RNA guanylyltransferase and 5′-phosphatase (RNGTT), chromosome 10 open reading frame 57 (C10orf57), chromosome 9 open reading frame 52 (C9orf52), and plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor (PLAUR). (molvis.org)
  • In the canonical signaling pathway , binding of a ligand to a cell surface receptor such as a member of the Toll-like receptor superfamily leads to the recruitment of adaptors (such as TRAF) to the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor (Figure 1). (abcam.com)
  • It is also known to be an entry co-receptor for HIV-1. (cancerindex.org)
  • Dual role of BKI1 and 14-3-3 s in brassinosteroid signaling to link receptor with transcription factors. (gao-lab.org)
  • A genotypic difference in primary root length is associated with the inhibitory role of transforming growth factor-beta receptor-interacting protein-1 on root meristem size in wheat. (gao-lab.org)
  • As the main component, extracellular structure contains some cysteine-rich repeats domains marked as D1-D2-D3 in GFRα1-3, and D2-D3 in GFRα4 ( Figure 1 a ). (medsci.org)
  • The molecule of MF, a small hydrophilic cation, is transported from the extracellular space to the cytoplasm of the target cell through organic cation transporters-1 and -2 (OCT1, OCT2), multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters (MATE), and ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) transporter, and OCT1 and OCT2 are considered as the main functional units of MF transmembrane transport [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • MAPK14 is one of the four p38 MAPKs which play an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress leading to direct activation of transcription factors. (icr.ac.uk)
  • MSK1 has a crucial function in integrating different extracellular indicators to functionally regulate cell development and cell loss of life in response to development factor and mobile tension stimuli (8,12,13). (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • A growing body of literature implicates the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (PPARs) in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD. (wjgnet.com)
  • During starvation AMPK promotes autophagy by activating ULK1 via phosphorylation at Ser317, Ser555, and Ser777, whereas in the presence of nutrients mTORC1 suppresses autophagy by hampering interaction between AMPK and ULK1 through phosphorylation of ULK1 at Ser757 [ 7 ]. (springer.com)
  • The AMPK consists of a catalytic α-subunit and the regulatory β- and γ-subunits that form a functionally active αβγ-heterotrimeric complex, and is widely distributed in all subcellular compartments (cytoplasmic, lysosomal, mitochondrial, and nuclear). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In the lysosomes, the "non-canonical" pathway of LKB1-mediated AMPK activation is carried out through dissociation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate from aldolase. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • At the lysosomal surface, free aldolase promotes the formation of a multiprotein complex, including the vacuolar H + -ATPase and the scaffold protein AXIN, and this complex ensures the effective binding between AMPK and LKB1, thereby activating AMPK [ 25 ] [ 26 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • AMPK is often considered a metabolic checkpoint as it can control cell proliferation when activated under energetic stress, and activation of AMKP results in the inhibition of mTOR activity. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells, pharmacologic or genetic activation of AMPK inhibited the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1), while inhibition of AMPK had opposite effects. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • We conclude that AMPK activation suppresses STAT1 signaling and inhibits vascular inflammation through the upregulation of MKP-1. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Recognition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the most important pathogen recognition receptors expressed on innate immune cells, with pathogen-associated molecular patterns can rapidly initiate the coordinated activation of transcriptional factors and result in the effective expression of pro-inflammatory mediators ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, it is becoming increasingly clear that these factors and their receptors are also widely found to express across many different cancers with further research. (medsci.org)
  • When treated with ethylene, inactivation of the receptors leads to the suppression of CTR1 and the phosphorylation levels at two serine residues (S645 and S924) of EIN2 are decreased. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • It belongs to family 1 of the G protein-coupled receptors. (cancerindex.org)
  • These nuclear hormone receptors impact on hepatic triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance. (wjgnet.com)
  • Activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB, crucial transcription factors involved in COX-2 expression, were activated by UVB and delphinidin abolished this activation. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Effects of EGCG on nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcriptional activity were assessed by reporter gene assay. (molvis.org)
  • Activated and released IRE1α acts as an RNase to initiate transcription of XBP1 mRNA and it becomes a transcriptional activator for unfolded protein response (UPR) gene targets, such as BiP and calreticulin ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • therefore, p50 and p52 homodimers repress transcription unless they are bound to a protein containing a TAD, such as RelA, c-Rel or RelB or Bcl-3 (a related transcriptional co-activator). (abcam.com)
  • We also examined the ability of SWCNT to induce the transactivation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB), transcription factors that are important members of signal transduction pathways. (cdc.gov)
  • RUNX1 belongs to the runt domain family of transcription factors and regulates target gene expression through forming a heterodimeric DNA-binding complex with CBFB. (biolegend.com)
  • RUNX1 regulates CD4 gene transcription during multiple stages of T cell development and represses the CD4 gene in CD4-CD8- (double negative) T cells. (biolegend.com)
  • This was consistent with IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation, yet TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB DNA binding was only 30-40% greater than for IL-1beta. (nih.gov)
  • NF-κB dimers are activated by IKK-mediated phosphorylation of IκB, which triggers proteasomal IκB degradation. (abcam.com)
  • TSC1 and TSC2 were originally found to form a heterodimeric complex that acts as a switch for turning off mTOR signaling by inactivating the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). (springer.com)
  • The depletion of -catenin potentiated PI3K/mTOR inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity as well as the inhibition of MSK1 synergized with PI3K/mTOR inhibitors to increase survival within an intracranial pet model and reduced phosphorylation of -catenin at Ser552. (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
  • Upon starvation or lysosomal stress, inhibition of MTOR induces TFE3 dephosphorylation, resulting in nuclear localization and transcription factor activity (PubMed:31672913). (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • mTOR-dependent phosphorylation promotes cytoplasmic retention of TFE3 and inhibits browning of adipose tissue (By similarity). (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), a vitamin D 3 -upregulated protein in 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25[OH] 2 D 3 )-treated HL-60 cells ( 7 ), acts as an endogenous inhibitor of the antioxidant thioredoxin (Trx), which is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes including the response to oxidative stress, cancer development, metabolic diseases, and inflammatory processes ( 8 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In the presence of nutrients, mTORC1 is activated and promotes cell growth, including protein synthesis and energy storage. (springer.com)
  • At the dose used by the authors, 50 mg/ kg by oral gavage every day, the flavone apigenin can induce the early expression of procaspase-3, which is crucial for the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis initiators, such as TFAM and NRF-1 (Kim, Ha, Yang, & Son, 2018). (ac.ir)
  • 2017). This phenomenon would mean that apigenin can exert both its antioxidant potential via the usual enzymatic reactive oxygen species scavenging system and the mitochondrial biogenesis via the PGC-1α/TFAM/NRF-1 pathway. (ac.ir)
  • Furthermore, TSC1 was demonstrated to be required for the proper activation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-SMAD2/3 pathway in HeLa cells [ 11 ]. (springer.com)
  • The canonical pathway activates NF-κB dimers comprising RelA, c-Rel, RelB, and p50. (abcam.com)
  • Only a small number of stimuli are known to activate NF-κB via this pathway and these factors include lymphotoxin B and B cell-activating factor (BAFF). (abcam.com)
  • For example, HSC activation and the subsequent matrix secretion by activated HSCs induce liver fibrosis, leading to cirrhosis in chronic liver injury ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Primary cilia are sensory organelles that coordinate multiple cellular signaling pathways, including Hedgehog (HH), Wingless/Int (WNT) and Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. (springer.com)
  • Wadsworth, TL, McDonald, TL & Koop, DR 2001, ' Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced signaling pathways involved in the release of tumor necrosis factor-α ', Biochemical Pharmacology , vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 963-974. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Apigenin exerts its antioxidant role also by inducing the activation of PGC-1α, which in turn can attenuate hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic cell death by upregulating Nrf-2 via GSK3β inactivation mediated by activated p38 (Choi et al. (ac.ir)
  • Moreover, we determined that during purvalanol-mediated ER stress, autophagic machinery was also activated prior to apoptotic cell death finalization. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This interaction retains MAPK14 in the cytoplasm and prevents nuclear accumulation (By similarity). (icr.ac.uk)
  • In response to Streptococcus pyogenes infection, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is mostly regulated by TLR-myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Reduced SMO-dependent expression of Gli1 was demonstrated in both Tsc1 −/− and Tsc2 −/− cells, and we found that Tsc1 is required for TGF-β induced phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 and subsequent expression of the HH signaling effector and transcription factor GLI2. (springer.com)
  • Inhibition of PKC-θ downregulates transcription factors (NF-κB, NF-AT) and cause lower production of IL-2. (wikipedia.org)
  • When cells were treated with IL-1β and EGCG or hyperosmolarity and EGCG there was a dose-dependent reduction in release of these cytokines/chemokines, with significant inhibition observed at 3-30 µM. (molvis.org)
  • EGFR blockade alone may not be sufficient for the control of growth and invasion of human pancreas cancer because of the independent activation of Akt and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). (aacrjournals.org)
  • In addition, clathrin-mediated EGFR internalization induced by inflammatory cytokines and UV irradiation depends on MAPK14-mediated phosphorylation of EGFR itself as well as of RAB5A effectors. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Such phosphorylation is required for ADAM17-mediated ectodomain shedding of TGF-alpha family ligands, which results in the activation of EGFR signaling and cell proliferation. (icr.ac.uk)
  • MKP-1-deficient animals exhibit aberrant metabolic responses following bacterial infections with a markedly increased mortality in response to sepsis. (cmich.edu)
  • Transcription factor that acts as a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and immune response (PubMed:2338243, PubMed:29146937, PubMed:30733432, PubMed:31672913). (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • The dissociation of GRP78 allows IRE1 dimerisation and activation of C-terminal endoribonuclease activity, which non-canonically splices a 26-base pair intron from the X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA to produce the spliced form of XBP1 (sXBP1). (distantreader.org)
  • TLRs activate viral responses by recognizing pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and mycoplasmas to release inflammatory cytokines [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Pretreatment with GSP before LPS treatment significantly suppressed the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The active PKC-θ is localized in immunological synapse of T cells between the cSMAC (central supramolecular activation cluster containing TCR) and pSMAC (peripheral supramolecular activation cluster containing LFA-1 and ICAM-1). (wikipedia.org)
  • Because age-related cellular senescence and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been recognised as risk factors for CRC development, the recent finding that type 2 diabetic patients present an elevated circulating volume of senescent cells raises the question whether type 2 diabetes facilitates the process of CRC tumorigenesis by inducing premature cell senescence. (frontiersin.org)
  • In association with TFEB, activates the expression of CD40L in T-cells, thereby playing a role in T-cell-dependent antibody responses in activated CD4(+) T-cells and thymus-dependent humoral immunity (By similarity). (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • This phosphorylation enhances the accessibility of the cryptic NF-kappa-B-binding sites marking promoters for increased NF-kappa-B recruitment. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Ectopic expression of a BZR1-1D transcription factor in brassinosteroid signalling enhances carotenoid accumulation and fruit quality attributes in tomato. (gao-lab.org)
  • HD-13 activated the inflammatory response via accelerating TLR9 expression. (hindawi.com)
  • Beclin-1 and Atg-5 expression levels were upregulated and LC3 was cleaved after a 6 h purvalanol treatment. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Among several homing chemokines, an antibody array revealed that expression of eotaxin-3 (but not eotxin-1 and -2) was highly enhanced in MSCs treated with PC-3-conditioned medium. (cancerindex.org)
  • Ubiquitous mainly nuclear expression. (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • It really is plausible which the subcellular localization of CAPN3 determines its particular mobile function, which mutations make a difference some of those features straight or indirectly (1). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • An estimated 30% of adults and 10% of children and adolescents in the United States have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined as liver fat content exceeding 5% (Figure 1 )[ 1 - 3 ]. (wjgnet.com)
  • Figure 1 Liver histology ranging from normal liver to steatohepatitis with fibrosis. (wjgnet.com)
  • Interferon Regulatory Factor-7" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • An interferon regulatory factor that is induced by INTERFERONS as well as LMP-1 protein from EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS. (umassmed.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Interferon Regulatory Factor-7" by people in this website by year, and whether "Interferon Regulatory Factor-7" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Interferon Regulatory Factor-7" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
  • Administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to laboratory animals and cultured macrophages induces tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by the production of plethora of autoantibodies which potentially drive immune-complex related inflammation in various tissues and organs [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Specifically, both activated and proliferating HSCs play key roles in the inflammation-fibrosis-carcinoma axis, whereas apoptotic HSCs promote fibrosis resolution ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Chronic low-grade inflammation is an important pathogenic factor in the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • A subset of persons with NAFLD progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), consisting of hepatic steatosis accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis (Figure 1 )[ 5 ]. (wjgnet.com)