AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Retinoblastoma ProteinRetinoblastomaProtein SS PhaseRetinal NeoplasmsGenes, RetinoblastomaPhosphorylationCyclin-Dependent KinasesCell CycleProtein S DeficiencyProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesRibosomal Protein S6E2F Transcription FactorsG1 PhaseProtein KinasesEye NeoplasmsCell Cycle ProteinsE2F1 Transcription FactorCyclinsTranscription Factor DP1Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p107Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2CDC2-CDC28 KinasesPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesMolecular Sequence DataRibosomal ProteinsRetinoblastoma-Like Protein p130Protein BindingCyclin D1MAP Kinase Signaling SystemCell DivisionDNA-Binding ProteinsCell LineAmino Acid SequenceTranscription FactorsCyclin-Dependent Kinase 6Tumor Cells, CulturedCyclin ERibosomal Protein S6 KinasesCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein KinasesCarrier ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21CDC2 Protein KinaseNuclear ProteinsProtein Kinase InhibitorsMutationSerineBase SequenceProto-Oncogene ProteinsE2F3 Transcription FactorSignal TransductionCyclin ATransfectionApoptosisCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16Protein Kinase CCells, CulturedAdenovirus E1A ProteinsEnzyme Activationsrc-Family KinasesBlotting, WesternBinding SitesPhosphoproteinsTumor Suppressor ProteinsCell ProliferationRecombinant Fusion ProteinsTumor Suppressor Protein p53HeLa CellsCell Line, TumorCell NucleusCyclic AMP-Dependent Protein KinasesProtein-Tyrosine KinasesMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1Cyclin D3Transcription, GeneticMitosisDNA ReplicationPrecipitin TestsRNA, MessengerCasein Kinase IICyclin DRecombinant ProteinsFibroblastsMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase KinasesGene Expression Regulation3T3 CellsKineticsEye EnucleationProtein CRibosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDaProtein Structure, TertiaryMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3Papillomavirus E7 Proteinsp38 Mitogen-Activated Protein KinasesEnzyme InhibitorsCell DifferentiationImmunoblotting
CDKsPhosphorylationCyclinsSerineTyrosine kinasesInhibitorsCdk2TranscriptionGene productTumor suppressor proteinFAMILIALBecomes phosphorylatedBilateral retinoblastomaPATHWAYSCholineCDK3Cdk4 ProteinComplexesViral transforSOMATICReceptorRegulatorsInhibitoryCatalyticMammalianSubunitGenes and ProteinsActivityMutationsEncoded by tumorPeptidesEnzymeActivatesTransitionPI3kCDK6DegradationRegulationP130RecombinantAssayExpressionInhibitionSignalsComplexRegulatorTightlyEmbryonicCellsCell ProliferationBindsTransformationTP53
CDKs8
Phosphorylation15
  • Telmisartan was also shown by receptor tyrosine kinase and angiogenesis arrays to reduce the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and miRNA expression was markedly altered by telmisartan in PK-1 cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • v-Jun overrides the mitogen dependence of S-phase entry by deregulating retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation and E2F-pocket protein interactions as a consequence of enhanced cyclin E-cdk2 catalytic activity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In particular, hormonal activation of a conditional v-Jun-estrogen receptor fusion protein in quiescent, growth factor-deprived cells stimulates cyclin E-cdk2 activity and triggers Rb phosphorylation and DNA synthesis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This kinase was shown to be responsible for the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma gene product (Rb). (ayassbioscience.com)
  • Phosphorylation of RB1 allows dissociation of the transcription factor E2F from the RB/E2F complexes and the subsequent transcription of E2F target genes which are responsible for the progression through the G(1) phase. (ayassbioscience.com)
  • This phosphorylation is required for cells to exit G0 efficiently and enter the G1 phase. (umbc.edu)
  • To map the mechanisms of aggressiveness we aimed to investigate changes in protein phosphorylation across WHO grades of human meningiomas. (nature.com)
  • Interestingly, knockdown of MELK expression significantly reduced the phosphorylation of target protein Retinoblastoma (pRb) and inhibited NB cell growth. (oncotarget.com)
  • Homeodomain-interacting protein kinases (HIPKs) belong to the CMGC kinase family and are closely related to dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRKs). (nature.com)
  • HIPKs belong to the CMGC group of serine/threonine kinases and are part of the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) family. (nature.com)
  • Phosphorylation at CDK1, CDK4, and CDK9 sites on, respectively, protein phosphatase 1alpha, retinoblastoma protein, and RNA polymerase II is inhibited in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells exposed to meriolins. (rcsb.org)
  • Structural and biochemical data revealed that binding of phosphorylated p27 (phosp27) to CDK4 altered the kinase adenosine triphosphate site to promote phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb) and other substrates. (rcsb.org)
  • The cyclin D1-Cdk4 complex phosphorylates the pRB protein leading to sequential phosphorylation by cyclin E-Cdk2 and release of free E2F. (shu.edu)
  • The phosphorylation of pRB, and relief of transcriptional repression by pRB induces genes involved in the induction of S-phase entry. (shu.edu)
  • CVT-313 treatment reduced cdk2-mediated phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) on T821, but did not affect cyclin D-cdk4/6-mediated Rb phosphorylation on S807/811. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
Cyclins6
  • CDK4 and CDK6 partner with D-type cyclins to regulate the early G1 phase of the cell cycle. (umbc.edu)
  • CDK4 and CDK6 are both expressed ubiquitously, associate with all three D cyclins (D1, D2 and D3), and phosphorylate the retinoblastoma (pRb) protein. (umbc.edu)
  • In G1-phase, Cdk4/6 and Cdk2 bind to and form complexes with D-type and E-type cyclins, respectively. (temple.edu)
  • The activity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits D-type cyclins and CDK inhibitor p16(INK4a). (ayassbioscience.com)
  • Mutations in this gene as well as in its related proteins including D-type cyclins, p16(INK4a) and Rb were all found to be associated with tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. (ayassbioscience.com)
  • The activity of this kinase first appears in mid-G1 phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits including D-type cyclins and members of INK4 family of CDK inhibitors. (cancerindex.org)
Serine7
  • Catalytic domain of Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase 4 and 6-like Serine/Threonine Kinases. (umbc.edu)
  • Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6-like subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. (umbc.edu)
  • STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. (umbc.edu)
  • Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CDK2) and CDK3 subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. (umbc.edu)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CMGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (cancerindex.org)
  • DYRKs are named after their characteristic dual-specificity, as they auto-phosphorylate a conserved tyrosine in their activation loop, but phosphorylate substrates on serine and threonine residues 2 . (nature.com)
  • C-terminally adjacent to the HID follows a proline, glutamate, serine, and threonine (PEST)-rich domain, mediating proteasomal degradation of these kinases. (nature.com)
Tyrosine kinases4
  • The CDK4/6-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (umbc.edu)
  • The CDK2/3 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (umbc.edu)
  • Because its discovery, the c Abl family of tyrosine kinases, which includes c Abl and Abl relevant gene , has been shown to be very conserved across species and possesses been implicated in the wide number of cellular HER2 mutation processes including regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, regulation on the cell cycle, and apoptotic cell cycle arrest response to pressure. (pkc-inhibitors.com)
  • We found that p27, when phosphorylated by tyrosine kinases, allosterically activated CDK4 in complex with cyclin D1 (CDK4-CycD1). (rcsb.org)
Inhibitors6
  • It is inhibited by Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKI). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • We describe here the meriolins, a new family of inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK). (rcsb.org)
  • The structures of pCDK2/cyclin A/variolin B and pCDK2/cyclin A/meriolin 3 complexes reveal that the two inhibitors bind within the ATP binding site of the kinase, but in different orientations. (rcsb.org)
  • Our data characterize phosp27-CDK4-CycD1 as an active Rb kinase that is refractory to clinically relevant CDK4/6 inhibitors. (rcsb.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors have the potential to induce growth arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
Cdk26
  • We show that v-Jun enables cells to express cyclin A and cyclin A-cdk2 kinase activity in the absence of growth factors and that deregulation of cdk2 is required for S-phase entry. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This is the first report, however, that cyclin E-cdk2, rather than D-cyclin-cdk, is likely to be the critical Rb kinase target of v-Jun. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CDK2 is regulated by cyclin E or cyclin A. Upon activation by cyclin E, it phosphorylates the retinoblastoma (pRb) protein which activates E2F mediated transcription and allows cells to move into S phase. (umbc.edu)
  • Subsequently, T cells receiving PD-1 signals displayed impaired Cdk2 activation and failed to phosphorylate two critical Cdk2 substrates, the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) and the TGFβ-specific transcription factor Smad3 , leading to suppression of E2F target genes but enhanced Smad3 transactivation (Figure 3). (shu.edu)
  • p27 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclin E-CDK2, which phosphorylates pRb, thereby ushering the cell from G1 into S phase through the Restriction point (Figure 2). (shu.edu)
  • It also blocks Cyclin A-CDK2 from further phosphorylating pRb to maintain S phase. (shu.edu)
Transcription16
  • CDK3/CyclinE1is a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase family and promotes entry into S phase, in part by activating members of the E2F family of transcription factors. (mybio.ie)
  • The active Cdk-cyclin complexes phosphorylate retinoblastoma proteins (pRb), enabling transcription of E2F-reponsive genes necessary for S-phase transition. (temple.edu)
  • As a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage, p53 blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)
  • The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
  • The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
  • 1. Rb "holds" the E2F transcription factor, which is necessary for transition to the S phase. (ctsqena.com)
  • Transcription factors are proteins that regulate the transcription of genes, or the production of mRNA from DNA. (biolegend.com)
  • The underphosphorylated, active form of Rb interacts directly with E2F1 , leading to cell cycle arrest, while the hyperphosphorylated form decouples from E2F1, thus promoting the transcription of genes promoting entry into the S phase. (biolegend.com)
  • The encoded protein contains two different binding sites that are known to bind DNA and function as a regulator of gene transcription. (biolegend.com)
  • STAT3 protein belongs to a group of intracellular transcription factors that mediate a variety of functions such as cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. (biolegend.com)
  • Recombinant HIPKs and DYRK1A are auto-activated and phosphorylate the negative elongation factor SPT5, the transcription factor c-Myc, and the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, suggesting a direct function in transcriptional regulation. (nature.com)
  • Transcription factors turn on specific genes allowing the production of proteins associated with the gene so if growth is going to continue the negative regulators must not be active. (byui.edu)
  • We report on separase transcription, protein expression, and Separase proteolytic activity. (pkc-inhibitors.com)
  • The SMAD proteins are a family of transcription factors consisting of 8 members, SMAD1-8, which are further subdivided into 3 classes based on structural and functional properties. (shu.edu)
  • Promotes G0-G1 transition when phosphorylated by CDK3/cyclin-C. Acts as a transcription repressor of E2F1 target genes. (abcam.cn)
  • The selective suppression of HIV-1 transcription by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, flavopiridol, abrogated cyclin D 1 expression, underlying the requirement for HIV-1 encoded products to induce cyclin D 1 . (biomedcentral.com)
Gene product2
Tumor suppressor protein1
  • This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor protein Rb. (cancerindex.org)
FAMILIAL5
Becomes phosphorylated2
  • As cell size increases, the Rb protein becomes phosphorylated which inactivates it. (byui.edu)
  • Subsequently, the type I receptor (ALK5) becomes phosphorylated by the type II receptor. (shu.edu)
Bilateral retinoblastoma1
PATHWAYS4
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • In the present review, the role of Jak/STAT proteins and their regulators will be discussed in connection with osteoclastogenesis, since growing evidence indicates that a number of cytokines and growth factors utilizing Jak/STAT signaling pathways affect osteoclastogenesis. (koreascience.kr)
  • In addition, proteins with the corresponding master regulatory pathways had been analyzed. (pkc-inhibitors.com)
  • The proteostasis network (PN) is an assembly of distinct dynamic molecular pathways that control the functionality of the proteome (proteome homeodynamics) during protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation. (hindawi.com)
Choline2
  • Choline kinase (ChoK) is increased in human mammary tumors with high incidence, and this activation is associated with clinical variable indicators of greater malignancy. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Choline kinase (ChoK), the enzyme responsible for the generation of phosphorylcholine (PCho) from its precursor choline, is the first enzyme in the Kennedy pathway that renders phosphatidylcholine as its final product. (aacrjournals.org)
CDK34
  • Recombinant full-length human CDK3 and Cyclin E1 were co-expressed by baculovirus in Sf9 insect cells using an N-terminal GST tag on both proteins. (mybio.ie)
  • CDK3 can also associate with cyclin C and phosphorylates the retinoblastoma 1 protein to promote exit from G0. (mybio.ie)
  • Kinase Enzyme System contains: Kinase: CDK3/CyclinE1, 10ug (Human, recombinant full-length). (mybio.ie)
  • CDK3 is regulated by cyclin C and it phosphorylates pRB specifically during the G0/G1 transition. (umbc.edu)
Cdk4 Protein1
  • Therefore, we demonstrate that the activated CDK4 protein cooperates with oncogenic HRAS (G12V) in the development of melanoma. (temple.edu)
Complexes3
  • however, v-Jun overrides this control, causing phosphorylated Rb and proliferation-specific E2F-p107 complexes to persist after mitogen withdrawal. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Ser/Thr-kinase component of cyclin D-CDK4 (DC) complexes that phosphorylate and inhibit members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family including RB1 and regulate the cell-cycle during G(1)/S transition. (ayassbioscience.com)
  • The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
Viral transfor1
SOMATIC4
Receptor3
  • The Abelson non receptor tyrosine kinase gene was initial recognized as the mammalian homolog from the oncogenic gene products from the Abelson murine leukemia virus. (pkc-inhibitors.com)
  • Receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs), SMAD1, 2, 3, 5, and 8, are the only SMADs directly phosphorylated and activated by the kinase domain of type I receptors. (shu.edu)
  • Results DIM, but not I3C, increased adipocyte differentiation through upregulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α. (researchgate.net)
Regulators3
  • 4, Cell cycle regulators mediate progression through the cell cycle {e.g., cyctin and cyclin-dependent kinase). (ctsqena.com)
  • Positive regulating molecules help promote movement from one phase to another while negative regulators stop progression. (byui.edu)
  • The LxCxE motif binds to all pocket proteins and is present in chromatin regulators such as HDAC and KDM5A and in viral proteins. (eu.org)
Inhibitory1
Catalytic2
  • This blockade was accompanied by a strong decrease in cell cycle-related protein, especially G1 cyclin, cyclin D1, and its catalytic subumits, Cdk4 and Cdk6. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression. (ayassbioscience.com)
Mammalian1
  • Notably, the activity of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway was increased, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was inhibited by telmisartan treatment. (bvsalud.org)
Subunit1
Genes and Proteins1
  • This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of miR-34a and 11 of its bioinformatically selected target genes and proteins to test their potential dysregulation in RCC. (hindawi.com)
Activity9
  • The luminescent signal positively correlates with ADP amount and kinase activity. (mybio.ie)
  • The assay is well suited for measuring the effects chemical compounds have on the activity of a broad range of purified kinases, making it ideal for both primary screening as well as kinase selectivity profiling. (mybio.ie)
  • The ADP-Glo Kinase Assay can be used to monitor the activity of virtually any ADP-generating enzyme (e.g., kinase or ATPase) using up to 1mM ATP. (mybio.ie)
  • Also phosphorylates SMAD3 in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and represses its transcriptional activity. (ayassbioscience.com)
  • Phosphoproteomic techniques have been widely employed to identify kinase activity, which may lend itself to pharmaceutical blockade. (nature.com)
  • this is augmented by GTPase activating protein, v. Mutated ras inhibits the activity of GTPase activating protein. (ctsqena.com)
  • It is the amount and activity of the cyclin/Cdk activities that signal the cell to continue to different phases. (byui.edu)
  • The Rb protein monitors cell size because its activity is link to the cell growth. (byui.edu)
  • P15 INK4 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclind-CDK4,6, inhibiting it from hypophosphorylating Rb, thereby, rendering the cell cycle unresponsive to external proliferation signals. (shu.edu)
Mutations2
Encoded by tumor1
Peptides1
  • Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is commonly used to analyze biological molecules such as proteins, peptides and lipids from cells or tissue. (koreascience.kr)
Enzyme1
  • Visit www.promega.com/kinase/ to see all Kinase Enzyme Systems. (mybio.ie)
Activates1
  • Hyper-phosphorylated Rb activates E2F after its dissociation from the E2F/DP1/Rb complex (21). (hiv-proteases.com)
Transition2
PI3k2
  • PI3k belongs to a family of lipid kinases, involved in extracellular signals transduction and cell growth promotion (Wullschleger et al. (dieselok.md)
  • Calcitriol induces a number of non-genomic responses including rapid intestinal absorption of calcium, release of calcium from intracellular stores, opening of voltage-gated calcium and chloride channels, and the activation of protein kinase C, protein kinase A, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and phospholipase C ( 4 ). (jcancer.org)
CDK63
  • We determined the crystal structures of HIPK3 and DYRK1A bound to abemaciclib, showing a similar binding mode to the hinge region of the kinase as observed for Cdk6. (nature.com)
  • Low expression of CDK6 protein in ZR-75-1, Neuro-2a, and INS-1 cells is consistent with the predicted expression pattern. (cellsignal.com)
  • Immunoprecipitation of CDK6 protein from Jurkat cell extracts. (cellsignal.com)
Degradation1
  • 11. Amsel, A. & Roussel, J. Motivational properties of ences in post-transcriptional processes spark interest in the development of frustration: I. Effect on a running response of the (protein redistribution, degradation), pharmacotherapies that selectively reg- addition of frustration to the motivational com- plex. (lu.se)
Regulation2
  • Western Blotting was used to determine the level of expression of CDC2 protein as measure to quantify down regulation of CDC2 expression along with use of flow cytometry to investigate effect of shRNAs on cell cycles and detection of apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most studied function of the Rb protein is in the regulation of cell cycle progression at the G1/S boundary ( Giacinti,2006 ). (eu.org)
P1301
Recombinant1
Assay1
  • and cell differentiation ( SOX2 and TGFB3 ) as well as immunohistochemical assay for VEGFA, TP53, Bcl2, TGFB1, and Ki67 protein expression have been performed in 85 FFPE RCC tumor specimens. (hindawi.com)
Expression3
  • The advanced pathological grade was associated with strong TGFB1, VEGFA, and Ki67 protein expression and absent Tp53 staining. (hindawi.com)
  • We employed a panel of human cell lines varying in p210BCR ABL expression amounts that served as models for distinct phases of CML. (pkc-inhibitors.com)
  • Here, we ask whether the expression of HIV-1 genes in infected podocytes induces cyclin D 1 and phospho-pRb (Ser780) expression, hallmarks of cyclin D1-mediated G 1 → S phase progression. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibition2
  • The inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptosis on MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 cell lines occurred via the mitochondrial pathway and induction of oxidative damage to DNA through Bax/Bcl-2 modulation, decreased levels of procaspase-8, -9, -3, increased levels of cleaved caspase-3 and ROS, and also cell cycle arrest at S-phase (Jamali et al. (dieselok.md)
  • To examine the mechanism of Sch B-induced inhibition of cell Oxi 4503 survival we performed the cell cycle distribution experiment in the presence of Sch B and found that it induced G0/G1 phase arrest. (hiv-proteases.com)
Signals1
  • They are the first kinase activated by mitogenic signals to release cells from the G0 arrested state. (umbc.edu)
Complex5
  • In eukaryotes, the entry into mitosis is regulated by the activation of CDC2/Cyclin B1 complex (M-phase promoting factor, MPF). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The telomeres consist of repeating sequences and a set of special proteins, which interact with these repeats and spatially organize them in a specific manner, resulting in the formation of the nucleoprotein complex known as telomeric heterochromatin [ 6 , 7 ]. (actanaturae.ru)
  • For example, the cvclinD/CDK4 complex phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein, which promotes progression through the G^S checkpoint. (ctsqena.com)
  • 2. E2F is released when RB is phosphorylated by the cyclinD/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) complex, 3. (ctsqena.com)
  • Disengagement of mom and daugther centriole is usually a prerequisite for centriole duplication and it is offered by proteolytic cleavage of cohesin, a,glue, protein complex that is certainly also responsible for sister chromatide cohesion. (pkc-inhibitors.com)
Regulator1
Tightly2
  • Specifically, the boundary between G1 and S-phase is tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. (intechopen.com)
  • Cells express a pool of thousands of different proteins that need to be tightly controlled for proper cellular structure, organization, and function. (hindawi.com)
Embryonic1
  • Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is known to modulate intracellular signaling and control cellular processes. (oncotarget.com)
Cells6
  • Some eyes with endophytic or diffuse infultrative retinoblastomas develop pseudohyppyons of tumor cells in the anterior chamber. (entokey.com)
  • Macroscopically, retinoblastoma has a white encephaloid or brainlike appearance, which is not surprising since the tumor arises from the retina, a peripheral colony of brain cells (Fig. 12-3 ). (entokey.com)
  • In rapidly dividing human cells with a 24-hour cell cycle, the G 1 phase lasts approximately nine hours, the S phase lasts 10 hours, the G 2 phase lasts about four and one-half hours, and the M phase lasts approximately one-half hour. (openstax.org)
  • Within the brain, the protein is involved in the development of specialized cells that process smell. (biolegend.com)
  • Cells have a protein on their surface called PD-1 (in orange above). (shu.edu)
  • As suggested by our cell cycle analysis Oxi 4503 data Sch B arrested HCCC-9810 and RBE cells at the G0/G1 phase (Fig. 3A) which may be due to the downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4. (hiv-proteases.com)
Cell Proliferation1
  • The adenovirus E1A protein mimics the LxDLFD motif and competes with E2F for binding to Rb, promoting E2F activation and cell proliferation. (eu.org)
Binds1
  • The phosphorylated RbLoop binds intramolecularly to the Rb pocket domain ( Burke,2010 ). (eu.org)
Transformation1
TP532
  • For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
  • The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)