• The main phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. (wikipedia.org)
  • This strain produced triglycerides (TG) as well as four common phospholipids: phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL) and lysocardiolipin (LCL). (nature.com)
  • While CL increases, the two predominant lipids phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of the exponential growth phase decrease as B. subtilis enters stationary phase 6 . (nature.com)
  • The predominant phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Diacylglycerol is the direct precursor for the production of the zwitterionic phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (Fig. 1 ). (aocs.org)
  • PAP controls the balance between phosphatidate, which is needed for the synthesis of acidic phospholipids, and diacylglycerol, which is used to synthesize triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively [1]. (aocs.org)
  • These changes consisted of a quantitative increase and migratory difference in cardiolipin, decreases in phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the dramatic appearance of an unknown phospholipid determined to be lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine. (duke.edu)
  • The mitochondrial membrane contains the major classes of phospholipids found in all cell membranes, including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidic acid (PA), as well as phosphatidylglycerol (PG), the precursor for cardiolipin (CL), which is predominantly located in the mitochondria. (lifestylematrix.com)
  • E. coli membranes consist of ~5% cardiolipin (CL), 20-25% phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and 70-80% phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as well as smaller amounts of phosphatidylserine (PS). (ecmdb.ca)
  • Phosphatidylethanolamine is the second most abundant phospholipid in mammalian cells. (alfa-chemistry.com)
  • Phosphatidylethanolamine is a non-bilayer formed phospholipid containing small polar heads proportional to the diameter of its fatty acid chain. (alfa-chemistry.com)
  • strain FRIFI, of the newly described genus Romboutsia by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC) and by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). We have found three phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin and phosphatidic acid in all three species. (duke.edu)
  • Furthermore, two intermediates in this pathway, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol, serve as essential precursors for the synthesis of phospholipids. (aocs.org)
  • Although the bile-induced phospholipid profile was independent of the V. cholerae virulence cascade, we identified another relevant environment in which V. cholerae assimilates unique fatty acids into its membrane phospholipids - marine sediment. (duke.edu)
  • Oral MLR prevents oxidative damage, replaces damaged membrane phospholipids and maintains mitochondrial membrane permeability in the optimal range. (lifestylematrix.com)
  • Membrane lipid replacement (MLR) is best utilized in the form of an oral phospholipid supplement that emulates the composition of the mitochondrial lipids. (lifestylematrix.com)
  • The carboxyl group of mycolic acids is vertically covalently linked to the hydroxyl group of arabino-galactan by ester bond, arabino-galactan is linked to the peptidoglycan layer by phospholipid bond, whereas other glycolipids and free lipids are regularly distributed in the thicker layer of mycolic acids [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hippocampal lipids were not significantly affected by APOE genotype, however levels of myelin-enriched sulfatides and hexosylceramides were significantly lower, and polyunsaturated phospholipids were higher, in rs1990622-A carriers after controlling for APOE genotype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LNPs is a special cationic liposome, which is composed of ionizable lipids (such as DOTMA, MC3) helper lipids (such as phospholipids), cholesterol, and/or PEGylated lipids [1] , as shown in Figure 1. (cd-bioparticles.net)
  • Major components of bile were not responsible for the observed changes, but long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are minor components of bile, were shown to be incorporated into phospholipids of V. cholerae. (duke.edu)
  • Cardiolipins are sometimes called a 'double' phospholipid because they have four fatty acid tails, instead of the usual two. (ecmdb.ca)
  • Phosphatidate can be converted to CDP-diacylglycerol which is the precursor for the acidic phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol, or it can be converted to diacylglycerol (DG) by dephosphorylation. (aocs.org)
  • Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of phospholipid bilayers supported by gallium phosphide nanowires. (lu.se)
  • The bilayers are labelled with a rhodamine phospholipid (red). (lu.se)
  • The interfacial regions of model phospholipid bilayers have a thickness of 8 to 10 Å, although they can be wider in biological membranes that include lipid molecules whose head groups have complex carbohydrates, found in the gangliosides or lipopolysaccharides [1] . (wikidoc.org)
  • A lipid bilayer or bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) is a membrane or zone of a membrane composed of lipid molecules (usually phospholipids ). (wikidoc.org)
  • In prokaryotes such as E. coli, the enzyme known as diphosphatidylglycerol synthase catalyses the transfer of the phosphatidyl moiety of one phosphatidylglycerol to the free 3'-hydroxyl group of another, with the elimination of one molecule of glycerol. (ecmdb.ca)
  • The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. (planteome.org)
  • Our results suggest that the alteration of the mycolic acid and phospholipid membrane composition may be a strategy of R. opacus for phenol tolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The glycerolipid biosynthetic or Kennedy pathway is responsible for the synthesis of triacylglycerol and phospholipids de novo . (aocs.org)
  • The IRG tested the hypothesis that the localization and function of the large, polar fraction of RecA in E. coli depends on its interaction with anionic phospholipids that accumulate at the large, negatively curved region of the cytoplasmic membrane. (wisc.edu)
  • These studies provide the IRG with insight into how membrane strain is connected to the organization of phospholipids and the biological function of the resulting material. (wisc.edu)
  • In addition, DOPE can be used in combination with cationic phospholipids to improve the efficiency of nucleic acid transfection studies. (alfa-chemistry.com)
  • Recently, the researchers have discovered that the spatial organization of phospholipids at the curved regions of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes has an important physiological role in bacteria, including the regulation and positioning of the universal enzyme RecA. (wisc.edu)
  • In turn, PGPs are dephosphorylated to Phosphatidylglycerols (PGs) by the enzyme Phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. (ymdb.ca)
  • The complexity of this phospholipid is further increased by the presence of diverse amide-linked N-acyl chains, which include saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated species. (gerli.com)
  • Bacteria thriving at extremely high pH tend to produce more cardiolipin (CL) as well as bis-mono-acyl-glycero-phosphate (BMP) 3 . (nature.com)
  • The phosphate groups of phospholipids are completely hydrated and situated ~5 Å outside the hydrophobic membrane boundaries. (wikidoc.org)
  • The spheres represent different atoms present in the phospholipid structure tan: carbon, red: oxygen, orange: phosphate, and blue: nitrogen (hydrogen atoms are not represented). (alfa-chemistry.com)
  • A fourth phospholipid, lysyl-PG, was found in R. lituseburensis and strain FRIFI. (duke.edu)
  • This phospholipid occurs quite widely in nature but usually in concentrations less than 10% of the cell phospholipid pool. (gerli.com)
  • Support for the existence of a lipid bilayer in cell membranes came with the discovery by Alec Bangham in 1965 that phospholipids , when introduced into an aqueous environment, spontaneously form liposomes . (wikidoc.org)
  • It also produced small amounts of acyl-phosphatidylglycerol (APG). (nature.com)
  • In stationary phase, cardiolipin synthase activity has been observed to increase approximately 10-fold in the Gram-negative model organism Escherichia coli , suggesting CL is an essential membrane component to cope with starvation 4 . (nature.com)
  • In addition, the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids decreased for both strains in phenol conditions compared to the glucose condition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Link to all direct and indirect annotations to phosphatidylglycerol metabolic process. (planteome.org)
  • Anti-phospholipid antibodies (APL) have been implicated in some studies, but not in others. (acrabstracts.org)
  • While the theoretical charge of cardiolipins is -2, under normal physiological conditions (pH near 7), the molecule may carry only one negative charge. (ecmdb.ca)