Comment: In pathway I, isomerase araA forms L-ribulose, kinase araB forms ribulose 5-phosphate, and epimerase araD forms D-xylulose 5-phosphate, which is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. (lbl.gov)
The PPP showcases its role by executing two meticulously orchestrated phases: the oxidative phase, where glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose 5-phosphate, and the non-oxidative phase, which is engaged in the synthesis of 5-carbon sugars, contributing significantly to the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. (microbiologynote.com)
Metabolic16
High abundance of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cancer cell also increases flux into other metabolic pathways such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
Overall, these results highlight the complex nature of organic matter transformation in NRZs and the microbial metabolic pathways that interact to mediate redox status and elemental cycling. (frontiersin.org)
In scientific terms, the PPP is an essential metabolic pathway that functions concurrently with glycolysis , presenting itself as a quintessential player in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its diligent role in generating NADPH, pentoses, and ribose 5-phosphate. (microbiologynote.com)
Dietary pentose sugars, a derivative of nucleic acid digestion, can be intertwined with the PPP, thereby revealing another layer of metabolic flexibility and adaptability provided by this pathway. (microbiologynote.com)
Concurrently, the PPP can transmute the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates into intermediates apt for glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways, thereby enabling the cell to adeptly navigate through the metabolic intricacies and adapt to varying physiological contexts. (microbiologynote.com)
Navigating through the biochemical intricacies of the PPP provides a splendid panorama of how cells masterfully exploit metabolic pathways, in a manner that is attuned to their physiological, biosynthetic, and defensive needs, thereby maintaining a harmonious cellular and systemic physiological state. (microbiologynote.com)
In essence, the PPP is a testament to nature's biochemical prowess, revealing how metabolic pathways, through eons of evolutionary fine-tuning, have been sculpted into multifaceted biochemical networks, proficiently catering to the myriad metabolic and defensive demands of the cell. (microbiologynote.com)
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) primarily resides within the cytosol of cells, which is the aqueous component of the cytoplasm, a matrix in which various cellular organelles are suspended and numerous metabolic reactions transpire. (microbiologynote.com)
The statistical evaluation of the most abundant genes in each group and time studied allowed us to identify the potential metabolic pathways involved in the success of the different microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
Although several models have so far been proposed, most of them focus on the specific metabolic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
It is preferred to model the whole of the main metabolic pathways in Escherichia coli , allowing for the estimation of energy generation and cell synthesis, based on intracellular fluxes and that may be used to characterize phenotypic growth. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, we considered the simulation of the main metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, and the anapleorotic pathways using enzymatic reaction models of E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
It was shown to be useful to simulate the main metabolism of E. coli for understanding metabolic changes inside the cell in response to specific pathway gene knockouts, considering the whole main metabolic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
The alteration of metabolic pathways is a critical strategy for cancer cells to attain the traits necessary for metastasis in disease progression. (biomed.news)
and the clinical, nutritional, and metabolic aspects of the pathway. (vet-ebooks.com)
Biosynthetic5
More importantly, most maize genes encoding lipid-related transcription factors, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthetic enzymes, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and Calvin Cycle proteins were not regulated during seed oil synthesis, despite the presence of many homologs in the maize genome. (researchsquare.com)
Conversely, in tissues where the biosynthetic activities, particularly those related to fatty acid and sterol synthesis, are in full swing, the NADPH produced by the PPP is channeled to support these reductive biosynthetic pathways. (microbiologynote.com)
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and its end product uridine diphosphate N-acetyl glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) are important regulators of cell signaling that favor tumor promotion. (biomedcentral.com)
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway utilizes up to 2-5% of glucose that enters a non-cancer cell and along with glutamine, acetyl-coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) and uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) are used to produce the amino sugar UDP-GlcNAc [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Isomerase2
An expression cassette containing 13 genes including Clostridium phytofermentans XylA , encoding D-xylose isomerase (XI), and enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway was inserted in two copies in the genome of Ethanol Red. (biomedcentral.com)
2. Dickens, F. and Williamson, D.H. Pentose phosphate isomerase and epimerase from animal tissues. (qmul.ac.uk)
Glycolysis3
The HBP and glycolysis share the first two steps and diverge at fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Glucose enters the cell and undergoes two-step conversion to fructose-6P (fructose-6-phosphate), after which approximately 95% of it proceeds to glycolysis and 3-5% of it is converted to glucosamine-6P (glucosamine-6-phosphate) by the enzyme GFAT (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase), utilizing glutamine that enters the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
The kinetic equations for the glycolysis and the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway have also been developed for E. coli to simulate the transient data obtained by the fast sampling system [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In recent decades, many lipid metabolism genes and pathways have been identified, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie species differences in seed oil biosynthesis are not fully understood. (researchsquare.com)
Embarking on an exploration into cellular metabolism, the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) commands particular attention, not merely for its role in glucose metabolism but also for its crucial involvement in cellular biosynthesis and antioxidant defenses. (microbiologynote.com)
A genetic aberration in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a pivotal enzyme in the PPP, can disrupt this biochemical harmony, underscoring the pathway's indispensability in cellular metabolism and defense mechanisms. (microbiologynote.com)
At T1, the significantly more abundant enzyme-coding genes were related to threonine metabolism and those genes related to the glycolytic pathway, explained by the abundance of sugars in the medium. (frontiersin.org)
The CcpA regulon comprises genes involved in sugar uptake, fermentation and amino acids metabolism, confirming the role of CcpA as a link between carbon and nitrogen pathways. (studyres.com)
GNA1/GNPNAT1 (glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase) then converts glucosamine-6P (which can also be made by glucosamine entering the cell) into GlcNAc-6P (N-acetylglucosamine-6-Phosphate), also utilizing acetyl-CoA that is made from fatty acid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
This is then converted to GlcNAc-1P (N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate) by PGM3/AGM1 (phosphoglucomutase) and further to UDP-GlcNAc (uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine) by UAP/AGX1 (UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase), utilizing UTP from the nucleotide metabolism pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, the effects of the knockout of such pathways as Ppc, Pck and Pyk on the metabolism were simulated. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzyme6
Recent data suggests that aldose reductase is the enzyme responsible for the primary stage of this pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Galactitol, however, is not a suitable substrate for the next enzyme in the polyol pathway, polyol dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
ArnA is a key enzyme in the lipid A modification pathway, and its deletion abolishes both the Ara4N-lipid A modification and polymyxin resistance. (rhea-db.org)
In the next step, the enzyme glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNPNAT) catalyzes Ac-CoA and glucosamine-6-phosphate to generate N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc-6P) and CoA. (biomedcentral.com)
This is followed by GlcNAc phosphomutase (PGM3/AGM1)-mediated isomerization into GlcNAc-1-phosphate (GlcNAc-1-P). Finally, UTP and GlcNAc-1Pz produce UDP-GlcNAc through UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP1/AGX1) enzyme [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The enzyme also converts D -erythrose 4-phosphate into D -erythrulose 4-phosphate and D -threose 4-phosphate. (qmul.ac.uk)
Xylulose 5-phospha2
1. Ashwell, G. and Hickman, J. Enzymatic formation of xylulose 5-phosphate from ribose 5-phosphate in spleen. (qmul.ac.uk)
3. Hurwitz, J. and Horecker, B.L. The purification of phosphoketopentoepimerase from Lactobacillus pentosus and the preparation of xylulose 5-phosphate. (qmul.ac.uk)
Oxidative branch1
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is divided into an oxidative branch that makes pentose phosphates and a non-oxidative branch that consumes pentose phosphates, though the non-oxidative branch is considered reversible. (mdpi.com)
Galactose 1-phospha1
Accumulation of galactitol has been attributed to many of the negative effects of galactosemia, and high concentrations of galactitol have been found in people with classic galactosemia (GALT deficiency or Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency), galactokinase deficiency, and epimerase deficiency with glucose. (wikipedia.org)
Unfortunately, baker's yeast is unable to efficiently metabolize pentose sugars, particularly D-xylose, which accounts for up to 35% of total sugars in xylan-rich lignocellulosic biomass such as hard woods and straw [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Triose1
The reaction sequence in the Calvin-Benson cycle is from triose phosphates to pentose phosphates, the opposite of the typical direction of the non-oxidative PPP. (mdpi.com)
Converts2
UDP-Galactose-4-epimerase converts UDP-galactose back to UDP-glucose. (flashcardmachine.com)
Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) converts F6P and glutamine to glucosamine-6-phosphate and glutamate in the rate-limiting step of HBP [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Nucleotide1
2. Maxwell, E.S. and de Robichon-Szulmajster, H. Purification of uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase from yeast and the identification of protein-bound diphosphopyridine nucleotide. (qmul.ac.uk)
Oxidation1
Thus, oxidation to galactonate serves as an alternate pathway for metabolizing galactose. (wikipedia.org)
NADPH1
The CO 2 production rate could be used to estimate cell yield, and the specific NADPH production rate could be used to determine the flux of the oxidative PP pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutarotase1
Fitness data suggests that L-arabinose 1-epimerase or mutarotase is also involved, perhaps in creating the correct epimer for the 1-dehydrogenase, but is not included in GapMind. (lbl.gov)
Dehydrogenase1
In pathway III, the 1-dehydrogenase xacB (which acts on the furanose form, not the usual pyranose form? (lbl.gov)
KEGG1
The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that low JA concentration (especially 5 μM) exhibited the promotion effects on tuber development in various cellular processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Processes1
The text is recommended for biologists and biochemists who would like to understand further the pentose phosphate pathway and the processes related to it. (vet-ebooks.com)
Lipid1
Lipid molecules have these properties because they consist largely of long hydrocarbon tails which are lipophilic in nature as well as polar headgroups (e.g. phosphate-based functionality, and/or inositol based functionality). (medmuv.com)
The inherently higher robustness and tolerance of S. cerevisiae to various inhibitors gives it a head start in programs aimed at developing strains with extreme inhibitor tolerance, able to efficiently ferment hexoses and pentoses in concentrated lignocellulose hydrolysates [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Microorganisms1
The main focus of the book is the pentose phosphate cycle in animals as well as microorganisms, and does not discuss the one related to photosynthesis. (vet-ebooks.com)
Cycle1
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway PDF Book aims to explore the pentose phosphate cycle and the practical techniques applied in its investigation. (vet-ebooks.com)
Cell2
98th percentile) transcripts, including acetone carboxylase and cell-wall-associated hydrolases with unknown substrates (numerous lesser expressed cell-wall-associated hydrolases targeted peptidoglycan). (frontiersin.org)
Glucosamine entering the cell is also converted to glucosamine-6-phosphate using GNK (GlcNAc kinase). (biomedcentral.com)
Link1
Pathway II via xylitol and xylulose is not represented in GapMind because it is not reported in prokaryotes ( link ). (lbl.gov)