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HexosesPhosphatesSubstrate SpecificityKineticsHexosephosphatesGlucose-6-PhosphateCalcium PhosphatesSugar PhosphatesGlyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate DehydrogenasesMolecular Sequence DataPentose Phosphate PathwayAmino Acid SequenceGlucoseGlucosephosphatesInositol PhosphatesGlucosephosphate DehydrogenaseBinding SitesGlyceraldehyde 3-PhosphateHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsGlucose-6-Phosphate IsomeraseEscherichia coliPentosesCatalysisDihydroxyacetone PhosphatePentosephosphatesHydrolysisMethylglucosidesModels, MolecularFructosephosphatesPyridoxal PhosphateBiological TransportGlycerophosphatesAdenosine TriphosphateProtein BindingPhosphate Transport Proteins3-O-MethylglucoseFructosePhosphorylationMutationDeoxy SugarsRecombinant ProteinsBase SequenceDeoxyglucoseGlycolysisGalactosePhosphotransferasesGlycerol-3-Phosphate O-AcyltransferaseAldehyde-LyasesRibosemonophosphatesCarbamyl PhosphateSphingosineCarbohydrate MetabolismSequence Homology, Amino AcidCatalytic DomainCrystallography, X-RayProtein ConformationHexokinaseMethylglycosidesOxidation-ReductionLysophospholipidsNADPTriosesCloning, MolecularStructure-Activity RelationshipMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyPhosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)Phosphate-Binding ProteinsMolecular WeightTransaldolaseBacterial ProteinsMutagenesis, Site-DirectedPolyisoprenyl PhosphatesBiological Transport, ActiveOrganophosphatesProtein Structure, TertiaryElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelSaccharomyces cerevisiaePhosphoric Monoester HydrolasesNADPhosphatidylinositol PhosphatesGlucose Transporter Type 5LiverOrganophosphorus CompoundsTemperatureCell LineGlucose Transport Proteins, FacilitativePhosphogluconate DehydrogenaseAmino AcidsEnzyme ActivationChromatography, High Pressure LiquidMolecular StructureGlycerolphosphate DehydrogenaseCattleStereoisomerismXyloseModels, ChemicalCarbon IsotopesGlyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+)Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing)

Glucose-6-phosphate dPentoseMonophosphateEnzymePhosphorylationFructoseRibulose-5-phosphaGlycolysisNADPHSugarsXylulose 5-phosphaSpecificityPathwayGalactose-1-phosphaReactionTransporterPathwaysSynthesisPyruvateAccumulateTrioseOxidation-reductionCarbonNADPUptakeOrganic compoundsEnzymesEnzymaticCatalysisNicotinamidePentosesInhibitorGlycogenBacterialProteinsHigh

Glucose-6-phosphate d5

• There are two forms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
• Key enzyme in the pentose-phosphate pathway is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (microbenotes.com)
• Levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are increased in the liver and adipose tissue when large amounts of carbohydrates are consumed. (microbenotes.com)
• Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is stimulated by NADP+ and inhibited by NADPH and by palmitoyl-CoA (part of the fatty acid synthesis pathway). (microbenotes.com)
• A genetic aberration in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a pivotal enzyme in the PPP, can disrupt this biochemical harmony, underscoring the pathway's indispensability in cellular metabolism and defense mechanisms. (microbiologynote.com)

Pentose13

• Also known as the pentose phosphate pathway , the HMP shunt is the less active pathway for utilization of G6P in the lens-on average, less than 5% of lens glucose is metabolized by this route. (aao.org)
• While enzyme assays have not been carried out to determine the substrate specificity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and PPi-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase in C. thermocellum, it is tempting to propose a similar hexose-to-pentose conversion mechanism. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
• The pentose phosphate pathway is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis which generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
• The pentose phosphate pathway is also called as the phosphogluconate pathway or hexose monophosphate shunt. (microbenotes.com)
• Pentose phosphate pathway functions as an alternative route for glucose oxidation that does not directly consume or produce ATP. (microbenotes.com)
• The pentose phosphate pathway produces NADPH for fatty acid synthesis. (microbenotes.com)
• Embarking on an exploration into cellular metabolism, the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) commands particular attention, not merely for its role in glucose metabolism but also for its crucial involvement in cellular biosynthesis and antioxidant defenses. (microbiologynote.com)
• The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that produces NADPH, pentoses (5-carbon sugars), and ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
• Location of Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Where does pentose phosphate pathway occur? (microbiologynote.com)
• The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) primarily resides within the cytosol of cells, which is the aqueous component of the cytoplasm, a matrix in which various cellular organelles are suspended and numerous metabolic reactions transpire. (microbiologynote.com)
• An effective solution is based on a xylose isomerase in combination with the overexpression of the xylulose kinase (Xks1) and all genes of the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
• The resulting d -xylulose-5-phosphate enters the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and, via d -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and d -fructose-6-phosphate, d -xylose catabolism is connected to glycolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
• To further improve d -xylose consumption, numerous studies have overexpressed all involved genes in d -xylose metabolism (including the pentose phosphate pathway) at various levels, using (1) different promoters, and (2) increased genomic copy numbers. (biomedcentral.com)

Monophosphate1

• Although elevated levels of glucose 6-phosphate activate the hexose monophosphate shunt, nucleotide formation is enhanced, leading to increased uric acid production and possible development of gout. (medscape.com)

Enzyme10

• Most of the glucose transported into the lens is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) by the enzyme hexokinase. (aao.org)
• Hexokinase (HXK) is the only plant enzyme that phosphorylates glucose (Glc), so it is key to fueling several metabolic pathways depending on their substrate specificity, metabolite regulatory responses and subcellular localization. (biomedcentral.com)
• Hexokinase (HXK) is a glycolytic regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible phosphorylation reaction of D-hexoses at the sixth carbon using ATP-Mg 2+ as a phosphate donor. (biomedcentral.com)
• When the researchers realized that the patient did not accumulate galactose-1-phosphate despite the accumulated galactose, the patient's underlying defect was deduced as the lack of the enzyme mediating 1-phosphorylation of galactose. (medscape.com)
• This enzyme normally uses galactose-1-phosphate derived from dietary galactose. (medscape.com)
• An appreciation of the differences between the enzyme deficiencies and their clinical manifestations is key to understanding the pathophysiology of galactokinase and galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase galactosemias. (medscape.com)
• This enzyme is associated NAD + , which suggests that the reaction involves the sequential oxidation and reduction of the hexose C4 atom. (flashcardmachine.com)
• It cannot travel down many metabolic pathways and must be interconverted by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase in order to become glucose 6-phosphate. (ecmdb.ca)
• In glycogenesis, free glucose 1-phosphate can also react with UTP to form UDP-glucose, by using the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. (ecmdb.ca)
• In this work we present the first model obtained by in silico tools of the 3D structure of Pi GlcK-1, and the binding sites to its classical substrates glucose and ATP, to fructose and ADP, and a possible binding site to PPi that is proposed as a promising target for the design of an inhibitor of this enzyme. (scientificarchives.com)

Phosphorylation4

• In anaerobic glycolysis, substrate-linked phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) occurs at 2 steps along the pathway from glucose metabolism to lactate. (aao.org)
• As with all hexose sugars, metabolism of ingested galactose requires an initial phosphorylation of the molecule using adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (medscape.com)
• Recently, it was reported that the dehydration process in thioviridamide relies on a distinct dehydratase complex which showcases the activities of a phosphotransferase TvaC for serine/threonine phosphorylation and a lyase TvaD for subsequent phosphate elimination. (authorea.com)
• Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate level phosphorylation Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouplers BP203T Biochemistry Notes All Chapters Download Important Questions: Explain the process of oxidative phosphorylation and its inhibitors. (hktechnical.com)

Fructose7

• By crystallographic, biophysical and in vivo approaches, we show that AfuABC is in fact a cyclic hexose/heptose-phosphate transporter with high selectivity and specificity for a set of ubiquitous metabolites (glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate). (rcsb.org)
• Ribose-5-phosphate and xylulose-5-phosphate undergo reactions, catalyzed by transketolase and transaldolase, that transfer carbon units, ultimately forming fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
• fructose-6- phosphate) for nucleotide synthesis and glycolysis. (microbenotes.com)
• Under these conditions, the fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate generated in the pathway reenter glycolysis. (microbenotes.com)
• When NADPH levels are high, the reversible nonoxidative portion of the pathway can be used to generate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
• A structural comparison of the predicted model with other structures of crystallized glucokinases enzymes allowed us to identify both the regions of interaction with their classical substrates (glucose and ATP) and those involved in the binding of other substrates such as fructose and ADP. (scientificarchives.com)
• 3] PFK catalyzes the irreversible transfer of phosphate from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate, and converts it to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. (medscape.com)

Ribulose-5-phospha3

• The remaining carbons form ribulose-5-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
• Ribulose-5-phosphate is isomerized to ribose-5-phosphate or epimerized to xylulose-5-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
• The PPP showcases its role by executing two meticulously orchestrated phases: the oxidative phase, where glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose 5-phosphate, and the non-oxidative phase, which is engaged in the synthesis of 5-carbon sugars, contributing significantly to the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. (microbiologynote.com)

Glycolysis2

• The more active of the 2 pathways, anaerobic glycolysis provides most of the high-energy phosphate bonds required for lens metabolism. (aao.org)
• In scientific terms, the PPP is an essential metabolic pathway that functions concurrently with glycolysis , presenting itself as a quintessential player in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its diligent role in generating NADPH, pentoses, and ribose 5-phosphate. (microbiologynote.com)

NADPH3

• Triose phosphates, generated by the Calvin cycle at the expense of photosynthetically generated ATP and NADPH, flow to the cytosol across the chloroplast envelope. (oup.com)
• In the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR), hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) generates an NADPH/ NADP ratio sufficient to drive 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1)-mediated glucocorticoid (GC) activation (11-DHC to corticosterone). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
• When NADPH levels are low, the oxidative reactions of the pathway can be used to generate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis. (microbenotes.com)

Sugars3

• CDP-D-Glucose is the precursor for synthesizing four of the five naturally occurring 3,6-dideoxy sugars-abequose (3,6-dideoxy-D-Xylo-hexose), ascarylose (3,6-dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose), paratose (3,6-dideoxy-D-ribohexose), and tyvelose (3,6-dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose. (nih.gov)
• As rare sugars, L-hexoses are not readily obtained from natural sources. (authorea.com)
• Access to L-hexose building blocks from commercially available and inexpensive D-sugars is highly desirable from the viewpoints of organic synthesis and drug discovery. (authorea.com)

Xylulose 5-phospha2

• and two copies each of the glucose 6-phosphate/phosphate translocators (GPT) and the xylulose 5-phosphate/phosphate translocator (XPT). (oup.com)
• Xks1 which converts d -xylulose into d -xylulose-5-phosphate at the expense of one ATP, is one of the proteins that generally is overexpressed at high levels. (biomedcentral.com)

Specificity1

• Unlike the metabolism of glucose, which ordinarily depends on the activity of hexokinase with a wide substrate-specificity to carry out this reaction, substrate-specific galactokinase activity exclusively phosphorylates galactose. (medscape.com)

Pathway1

• The glycolytic pathway converts one hexose (a six-carbon carbohydrate such as glucose) into two triose molecules (three-carbon carbohydrate) such as pyruvate, to produce a net total of two molecules of ATP (four produced, two consumed) and two molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). (jove.com)

Galactose-1-phospha6

• The most common form of galactosemia is due to a deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT). (medscape.com)
• In the absence of GALT, galactose-1-phosphate accumulates, along with excessive galactose and its oxidative and reductive products galactitol and galactonate (not shown). (medscape.com)
• in those with kinase deficiency, galactose-1-phosphate cannot be produced. (medscape.com)
• Galactose-1-phosphate is assumed to be the substance that causes the devastating manifestations seen in people with classic galactosemia. (medscape.com)
• While the induced lenticular swelling is not solely responsible for subsequent cataract formation, most researchers believe that the inciting event is galactitol rather than galactose-1-phosphate accumulation. (medscape.com)
• The evidence favors this view because patients with galactokinase deficiency who cannot produce galactose-1-phosphate still form cataracts. (medscape.com)

Reaction2

• a) Enzymes that catalyse the removal of hy-drogen from a substrate but use only oxy-gen as a hydrogen acceptor to form water as a reaction product (with the exception of uricase and monoamine oxidase which form H 2 O 2 ). (biologydiscussion.com)
• Glucose 1-phosphate is the direct product of the reaction in which glycogen phosphorylase cleaves off a molecule of glucose from a greater glycogen structure. (ecmdb.ca)

Transporter1

• Mutation of the SoLute Carrier 37a4 (slc37a4) or glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) gene responsible for the distribution of G-6-P across this membrane leads to, hypoglycemia, hepatic glycogen accumulation, hyperlipidemia, resulting in life-limiting outcomes including growth retardation and neutropeni. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Pathways1

• The production of hexose 6 phosphate is a key node in different pathways that are required for a successful germination. (biomedcentral.com)

Synthesis1

• 18 genes belonged to the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase (MCAT), ß-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KAS), and fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase (FAT) gene families involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, and 16 genes belonged to the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 3 (DGAT3), phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT), FAD2, and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) gene families playing important roles in triacylglycerol synthesis. (bvsalud.org)

Pyruvate1

• This three-carbon compound returns to mesophyll cells for the conversion to phosphoenolpyruvate by the chloroplast-localized pyruvate-phosphate dikinase ( Web Figure 8.11.A ). Subsequently, the phosphoenolpyruvate flows from the stroma to the cytosol for the primary carbon fixation via PEPCase. (oup.com)

Accumulate1

• The hexose monophosphates, which accumulate because of the enzymatic block, activate glycogen synthetase. (medscape.com)

Triose1

• Both the efflux of triose phosphates and the influx of orthophosphate are driven by a dimer composed of two identical subunits-the chloroplastic TPT. (oup.com)

Oxidation-reduction1

• b) They transfer hydrogen from one substrate to another by oxidation-reduction reac-tion not involving a respiratory chain (shown in Fig. 12.4. (biologydiscussion.com)

Carbon2

• Periplasmic acid glucose-1-phosphatase (G-1-Pase) encoded by gene Agp is necessary for the growth of Escherichia coli in a minimal medium containing glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) as the sole source of carbon. (ecmdb.ca)
• Furthermore, rapid d -xylose consumption requires d -xylose transport into the cell which in S. cerevisiae is mediated via the large family of hexose transporters (HXT) of which eight are highly expressed depending on the carbon source (and concentration thereof) [ 22 - 24 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

NADP1

• a) They are linked as coenzymes either to NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) or to NADP (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). (biologydiscussion.com)

Uptake2

• Our study shows that AfuABC-dependent uptake of sugar-phosphates plays a critical role during enteric bacterial infection and uncovers previously unrecognized roles for these metabolites as important contributors to successful pathogenesis. (rcsb.org)
• Transformation was assessed by the standard parameters of morphological alteration, increased hexose uptake, loss of density inhibition, and anchorage-independent growth. (embl.de)

Organic compounds2

• Yeasts lack chlorophyll and are unable to manufacture by photosynthesis from inorganic substrates the organic compounds required for growth, as do higher plants, algae, and even some bacteria. (biologydiscussion.com)
• belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. (ecmdb.ca)

Enzymes1

• Le génome de C. phytofermentans code pour 171 enzymes qui dégradent les polysaccharides (CAZymes), soulignant l'ensemble complexe d'enzymes nécessaires pour transformer la biomasse en sucres. (cea.fr)

Enzymatic2

• From the six HXKs analyzed here, only ZmHXK9 has minimal hexose phosphorylating activity even though enzymatic function of all isoforms (ZmHXK4-9) was confirmed using a yeast complementation approach. (biomedcentral.com)
• Remarkably, this dehydratase complex exhibits flexible enzymatic activity and tolerates significant variations in its substrate peptide sequence. (authorea.com)

Catalysis1

• As it relies only on the well-founded assumption that catalysis with CO 2 and O 2 substrates are mutually exclusive, this mechanism should function for any rubisco. (elifesciences.org)

Nicotinamide1

• In coenzyme A, the business end is the thiol group that becomes bound to the substrate, and in NAD + it is the nicotinamide moiety that undergoes reversible reduction and oxidation. (heresy.is)

Pentoses2

• generate pentoses from hexoses - 2. (studylib.net)
• generate hexoses from pentoses (gluconeogenesis) - 3. (studylib.net)

Inhibitor1

• PFK has two binding sites and inhibitor and substrate site. (flashcardmachine.com)

Glycogen2

• Glycogen storage disease type 1b is a metabolic disorder resulting in an inability to shuttle glucose-6-phosphate across the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) lumen. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
• 1] Increased muscle glycogen content and high levels of hexose monophosphates were noted. (medscape.com)

Bacterial2

• Efficient acquisition of extracellular nutrients is essential for bacterial pathogenesis, however the identities and mechanisms for transport of many of these substrates remain unclear. (rcsb.org)
• LysR substrate binding domain, Bacterial regulatory helix-turn-helix protein [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)

Proteins1

• Although many pore-forming proteins that are substrate-specific were characterized in the outer membrane, the inner membrane is considered the main permeability barrier between the cytosol and the chloroplast. (oup.com)

High1

• These data show that in fermentations with high d -xylose concentrations, too high levels of Xks1 cause a major drain on the cellular ATP levels thereby reducing the growth rate, ultimately causing substrate accelerated death. (biomedcentral.com)