The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes act as catalysts - they allow a reaction to proceed more rapidly - and they also allow the regulation of the rate of a metabolic reaction, for example in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells. (wikipedia.org)
The basal metabolic rate of an organism is the measure of the amount of energy consumed by all of these chemical reactions. (wikipedia.org)
A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways among vastly different species. (wikipedia.org)
These similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention is likely due to their efficacy. (wikipedia.org)
As these molecules are vital for life, metabolic reactions either focus on making these molecules during the construction of cells and tissues, or on breaking them down and using them to obtain energy, by their digestion. (wikipedia.org)
The statistical evaluation of the most abundant genes in each group and time studied allowed us to identify the potential metabolic pathways involved in the success of the different microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
In a series of reactions two carbons in citrate are oxidized to CO2 and the reaction pathway supplies NADH for use in the oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic processes. (easyomics.org)
Gluconeogenesis1
Gluconeogenesis is a synthesis pathway of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. (easyomics.org)
Glycolysis1
Glycolysis is the process of converting glucose into pyruvate and generating small amounts of ATP (energy) and NADH (reducing power). (easyomics.org)
Metabolism4
Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy and will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. (wikipedia.org)
Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
At T1, the significantly more abundant enzyme-coding genes were related to threonine metabolism and those genes related to the glycolytic pathway, explained by the abundance of sugars in the medium. (frontiersin.org)
Consumes2
Usually, catabolism releases energy, and anabolism consumes energy. (wikipedia.org)
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is divided into an oxidative branch that makes pentose phosphates and a non-oxidative branch that consumes pentose phosphates, though the non-oxidative branch is considered reversible. (mdpi.com)
Bacteria3
In bacteria and archaea , structural proteins with related functions are usually encoded together within the genome in a block called an operon and are transcribed together under the control of a single promoter , resulting in the formation of a polycistronic transcript ( Figure 12.30 ). (pressbooks.pub)
Group 1 (Dur-19, PF00477, LEA_5) Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins are present in organisms from all three domains of life, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. (researchgate.net)
In recombinant DNA technology, DNA molecules are manipulated using naturally occurring enzymes derived mainly from bacteria and viruses. (pressbooks.pub)
Reactions1
These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. (wikipedia.org)
Synthesis3
These basic processes include the harnessing of energy, the synthesis and duplication of the materials that make up the body, the reproduction of the organism and many other functions. (wikipedia.org)
Here we design a synthetic malyl-CoA-glycerate (MCG) pathway to augment the CBB cycle for efficient acetyl-CoA synthesis. (osti.gov)
article{osti_1500021, title = {Augmenting the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle by a synthetic malyl-CoA-glycerate carbon fixation pathway}, author = {Yu, Hong and Li, Xiaoqian and Duchoud, Fabienne and Chuang, Derrick S. and Liao, James C.}, abstractNote = {The Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle is presumably evolved for optimal synthesis of C3 sugars, but not for the production of C2 metabolite acetyl-CoA. (osti.gov)
Photosynthetic2
We then implement the pathway in a photosynthetic organism Synechococcus elongates PCC7942, and show that it increases the intracellular acetyl-CoA pool and enhances bicarbonate assimilation by roughly 2-fold. (osti.gov)
The photosynthetic direction is favored by replacing the transaldolase step of the normal non-oxidative PPP with a second aldolase reaction plus sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase. (mdpi.com)
The engineered strain converts glucose to ethanol via acetate and acetaldehyde, catalyzed by the host-encoded aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase AOR and heterologously expressed AdhA, in an energy-conserving, redox-balanced pathway. (brenda-enzymes.info)
The AOR/AdhA pathway also converts exogenously added aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids to the corresponding alcohol using glucose, pyruvate, and/or hydrogen as the source of reductant. (brenda-enzymes.info)
Fatty1
Krebs cycle) is an important aerobic pathway for the final steps of the oxidation of carbohydrates and fatty acids. (easyomics.org)
Genes4
In this way, regulation of the transcription of all of the structural genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze the many steps in a single biochemical pathway can be controlled simultaneously, because they will either all be needed at the same time, or none will be needed. (pressbooks.pub)
For example, in E. coli , all of the structural genes that encode enzymes needed to use lactose as an energy source lie next to each other in the lactose (or lac ) operon under the control of a single promoter, the lac promoter. (pressbooks.pub)
The present study used shotgun metagenomics to determine the enzyme-coding genes of the microbiota found in two different groups of cocoa beans varieties during the fermentation process. (frontiersin.org)
Changes in the microbiota enzyme-coding genes over time pointed to the distinct ordering of fermentation at 24-48 h (T1), 72-96 h (T2), and 120-144 h (T3). (frontiersin.org)
Metabolite1
This pathway converts a C3 metabolite to two acetyl-CoA by fixation of one additional CO2 equivalent, or assimilates glyoxylate, a photorespiration intermediate, to produce acetyl-CoA without net carbon loss. (osti.gov)
Proteins1
Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined by peptide bonds. (wikipedia.org)
Converts1
A modified version of the non-oxidative branch is a critical component of the Calvin-Benson cycle that converts CO 2 into sugar. (mdpi.com)
Hydrogen2
Structure and bonding: Ionic and covalent bonding, M.O. and V.B. approaches for diatomic molecules, VSEPR theory and shape of molecules, hybridisation, resonance, dipole moment, structure parameters such as bond length, bond angle and bond energy, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions. (entrance-exam.net)
The results showed that the interactions between ions and MASP/mucus included electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bond. (bvsalud.org)
Vitro2
We first functionally demonstrate the design of the MCG pathway in vitro and in Escherichia coli. (osti.gov)
This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations (0.5 % and 1.5 %) of Na+ and K+ on the energy barrier through the digestive system model in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
Bacterial1
The creation of recombinant DNA molecules is possible due to the use of naturally occurring restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes), bacterial enzymes produced as a protection mechanism to cut and destroy foreign cytoplasmic DNA that is most commonly a result of bacteriophage infection. (pressbooks.pub)
Vitamins1
Enzyme kinetics including its regulation and inhibition, Vitamins and Coenzymes. (entrance-exam.net)
Structures1
Genomic DNA contains both structural gene s, which encode products that serve as cellular structures or enzymes, and regulatory gene s, which encode products that regulate gene expression. (pressbooks.pub)
Cycle2
Ionic solids, ionic radii, lattice energy (Born-Haber Cycle). (entrance-exam.net)
The reaction sequence in the Calvin-Benson cycle is from triose phosphates to pentose phosphates, the opposite of the typical direction of the non-oxidative PPP. (mdpi.com)
Specific1
We are to be and begin more Ub-specific targets clathrin-interacting endoplasmic synthesizing Proteoglycans and chains( complex years, organize, enzyme), and also be how to form rhythms and health collagen. (evakoch.com)
Water1
The stable energy barrier of mucin and soy hull polysaccharide (SHP) is established at the air/water interface in the intestinal fluid and is conducive to the absorption and transportation of nutrients. (bvsalud.org)
Shikimate pathway5
use DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS 1970-1979 MH - 3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase UI - D051229 MN - D8.811.913.225.735 MS - An enzyme of the shikimate pathway of AROMATIC AMINO ACID biosynthesis, it generates 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate and ORTHOPHOSPHATE from PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE and SHIKIMATE-3-PHOSPHATE. (nih.gov)
The shikimate pathway is present in BACTERIA and PLANTS but not in MAMMALS. (nih.gov)
There is intense debate on whether glyphosate can inhibit the shikimate pathway of gastrointestinal microorganisms, with potential health implications. (nih.gov)
Glyphosate and MON 52276 treatment resulted in ceca accumulation of shikimic acid and 3-dehydroshikimic acid, suggesting inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase of the shikimate pathway in the gut microbiome. (nih.gov)
Multi-omics revealed that glyphosate and MON 52276 inhibited the shikimate pathway in the rat gut microbiome. (nih.gov)
Phosphorylation1
In a series of reactions two carbons in citrate are oxidized to CO2 and the reaction pathway supplies NADH for use in the oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic processes. (easyomics.org)
Biosynthesis1
N-carbamoyl aspartate (NCA) provides carbon atoms to uridine in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Oxidation4
Krebs cycle) is an important aerobic pathway for the final steps of the oxidation of carbohydrates and fatty acids. (easyomics.org)
use ACYLTRANSFERASES 1973-1979, use COENZYME A & PHOSPHOLIPIDS 1973-1978 MH - 1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase UI - D050842 MN - D8.811.682.662.693 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-GLUTAMATE in the presence of NAD. (nih.gov)
HN - 2006(1983) MH - 2-Oxoisovalerate Dehydrogenase (Acylating) UI - D050645 MN - D8.811.682.657.350.825 MS - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate to 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA. (nih.gov)
use ANTHRANILIC ACID 1974-1979 MH - 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase UI - D050539 MN - D8.811.682.47.500 MS - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. (nih.gov)
Processes1
These basic processes include the harnessing of energy, the synthesis and duplication of the materials that make up the body, the reproduction of the organism and many other functions. (wikipedia.org)
Generate2
10/15/2005) TOTAL DESCRIPTORS = 943 MH - 1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase UI - D051103 MN - D8.811.913.50.173 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of ACYL COA to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to generate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. (nih.gov)
HN - 2006(1981) MH - 2-Aminoadipate Transaminase UI - D051307 MN - D8.811.913.477.700.120 MS - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino group of L-2-aminoadipate onto 2-OXOGLUTARATE to generate 2-oxoadipate and L-GLUTAMATE. (nih.gov)
Amino2
Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined by peptide bonds. (wikipedia.org)
use AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN 1979, & KETO ACIDS & VALERATES 1973-1979 MH - 3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenase UI - D050561 MN - D8.811.682.690.416.328 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde. (nih.gov)