DiseasesChemicals and Drugs
PhenothiazinesThioridazineChlorpromazinePromazineProchlorperazineTriflupromazineFluphenazineTranquilizing AgentsTrifluoperazinePerphenazinePromethazineAntipsychotic AgentsMethotrimeprazinePerazineThiethylperazineButyrophenonesDermatitis, PhotoallergicClopidol
AntipsychoticsDerivativesDerivative of phenothiazineAntipsychoticCompoundsAntiemeticOxidationHeterocyclicMethod for the determinationSchizophreniaDrugsPotassiumMedicinesOccurSyndromeAgentsPharmaceuticalArticleEffectsPatientsCellsPhaseBodyChlorpromazineThioridazineFluphenazineBenzodiazepinesMethylene blueTricyclic AntidepressantsDerivativePiperazinePromethazineMoietyEffluxBernthsenHaloperidolCalmodulinTriarylamineMicronucleusCompoundDyesBenzodiazepineAdverseNauseaTreatmentActivityGroupFoundResearchOrderStructure
Antipsychotics2
  • Phenothiazine antipsychotics are classified into three groups that differ with respect to the substituent on nitrogen: the aliphatic compounds (bearing acyclic groups), the "piperidines" (bearing piperidine-derived groups), and the piperazine (bearing piperazine-derived substituents). (wikipedia.org)
  • The anticholinergic effect of drugs such as tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, quinidine, amantadine, antipsychotics (e.g. butyrophenones, phenothiazines), disopyramide and other anticholinergics (e.g. tiotropium, ipratropium, atropine-like compounds) may be intensified by Buscopan. (janusinfo.se)
Derivatives6
  • Derivatives of phenothiazine are highly bioactive and have widespread use and rich history. (wikipedia.org)
  • An earlier derivative, methylene blue, was one of the first antimalarial drugs, and derivatives of phenothiazine are currently under investigation as possible anti-infective drugs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phenothiazine itself is only of theoretical interest, but derivatives of it revolutionized psychiatry, other fields of medicine, and pest management. (wikipedia.org)
  • For the next several decades, research on derivatives lapsed until phenothiazine itself came to market as an insecticide and deworming drug. (wikipedia.org)
  • The strong effects they found opened the door of the modern field of psychiatry and led to a proliferation of work on phenothiazine derivatives. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many water-soluble phenothiazine derivatives, such as methylene blue, methylene green, thionine, and others, can be electropolymerized into conductive polymers used as electrocatalysts for NADH oxidation in enzymatic biosensors and biofuel cells. (wikipedia.org)
Derivative of phenothiazine2
  • In 1876, methylene blue, a derivative of phenothiazine, was synthesized by Heinrich Caro at BASF. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prochlorperazine is a propylpiperazine derivative of phenothiazine. (drugs.com)
Antipsychotic1
  • The term "phenothiazines" describes the largest of the five main classes of antipsychotic drugs. (wikipedia.org)
Compounds2
  • Phenothiazine, abbreviated PTZ, is an organic compound that has the formula S(C6H4)2NH and is related to the thiazine-class of heterocyclic compounds. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Neurologic Actions of Phenothiazine Compounds (Color, 16 Mm., 30 Minutes). (eurekamag.com)
Antiemetic2
  • Like other phenothiazines, it exerts an antiemetic effect through a depressant action on the chemoreceptor trigger zone. (drugs.com)
  • Promethazine, a phenothiazine, is an H1-antagonist with anticholinergic, sedative, and antiemetic effects and some local anesthetic properties. (pharmacycode.com)
Oxidation3
  • The reaction is suggested to proceed via oxidation of the phenothiazine nucleus into a semiquinonoid radical. (uni-mysore.ac.in)
  • Steady-state and single-turnover kinetics for the oxidation of the N- substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4-10. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Kulys, J, Krikstopaitis, K & Ziemys, A 2000, ' Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines ', Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry , vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 333-340. (houstonmethodist.org)
Heterocyclic1
  • Recently, heterocyclic phenothiazine ( PT ), originally used in drug applications [ 29 , 30 ], has been adopted as a novel electron donor in organic dye because PT contains electron-rich sulfur-nitrogen heteroatoms and its ring has sterically hindered nonplanar butterfly conformation. (hindawi.com)
Method for the determination2
  • A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of six phenothiazine drugs, either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations, is described. (uni-mysore.ac.in)
  • A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amounts of phenothiazines in aqueous solution is described. (uni-mysore.ac.in)
Schizophrenia4
  • Fluphenazine is a trifluoro-methyl phenothiazine derivative intended for the management of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. (pharmacycode.com)
  • Phenothiazines are used to treat serious mental and emotional disorders, including schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. (blansacar.cn)
  • For more than a decade, phenothiazine drugs have been used to treat a variety of disorders and have proved particularly effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. (blansacar.cn)
  • We present a young male patient with breast cancer having several risk factors likely acting in consort: irradiation of the breast for gynecomastia in adolescence and a life-long administration of phenothiazine for schizophrenia from the age of 16 years, with elevated serum prolactin level resulting in breast cancer development 24 years after irradiation. (lu.se)
Drugs1
  • Phenothiazines emerged as the largest family of drugs that alter the autophagic process by increasing LC3-II punctae levels in different cancer cell lines. (tmc.edu)
Potassium1
  • The method is based on the formation of stable phenothiazine free radical by the use of potassium periodate as the chromogenic reagent in sulphuric acid medium. (uni-mysore.ac.in)
Medicines3
  • Phenothiazines are medicines used to treat serious mental and emotional disorders, and to reduce nausea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The poisonous ingredient is phenothiazine, which may be found in many medicines. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Other medicines may also contain phenothiazine. (medlineplus.gov)
Occur1
  • The deciduous ciprofloxacin 500 mg delivery, phenothiazines, forceful occur incontinence. (rusf.ru)
Syndrome1
  • Use of phenothiazines has been associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, but no causal relationship has been established. (wikipedia.org)
Agents1
  • Our studies highlight the potential role of phenothiazines as agents for combinational therapy with other chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of different cancers. (tmc.edu)
Pharmaceutical2
  • Phenothiazine is a prototypical pharmaceutical lead structure in medicinal chemistry. (wikipedia.org)
  • phenothiazine is often discussed as a prototypical example of a pharmaceutical lead structure. (wikipedia.org)
Article1
Effects3
  • A number of phenothiazines other than methylene blue have been shown to have antimicrobial effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • The effects of dye-adsorption solvent on the performances of dye-sensitized solar cells based on phenothiazine dyes were investigated in this study. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, we observed multiple biological effects in cancer cells treated with phenothiazines. (tmc.edu)
Patients1
  • Do not use in patients with known hypersensitivity to phenothiazines. (drugs.com)
Cells1
  • Three phenothiazine-based dyes have been prepared and utilized as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). (hindawi.com)
Phase1
  • 10-(Chloroacetyl)-10H-phenothiazine can be analyzed by this reverse phase (RP) HPLC method with simple conditions. (sielc.com)
Body1
  • Below are symptoms of a phenothiazine overdose in different parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Chlorpromazine4
  • Photoinduced free radicals from chlorpromazine and related phenothiazines: relationship to phenothiazine-induced photosensitization. (nih.gov)
  • Since the introduction of chlorpromazine into psychiatry in 1952, many other phenothiazines have been promoted. (bmj.com)
  • Phenothiazines refer to a class of antipsychotic drugs that includes Chlorpromazine. (psychology-lexicon.com)
  • 4, 5 It differs structurally from chlorpromazine only in the absence of a chloride radical in the 2-position of the phenothiazine ring. (annals.org)
Thioridazine2
  • Thioridazine, also known as mellaril-S or mellerette, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenothiazines. (hmdb.ca)
  • Use of the old antipsychotic phenothiazine thioridazine (THZ) for therapy of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) infection is now being seriously considered. (unl.pt)
Fluphenazine2
  • Micromolar concentrations of the phenothiazines, fluphenazine and trifluoperazine, and haloperidol, a non-phenothiazine antipsychotic and calmodulin antagonist, selectively inhibited the Ca-activated K channels. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Like other phenothiazines, fluphenazine elevates serum prolactin and has caused galactorrhea. (nih.gov)
Benzodiazepines1
  • Studies indicate that phenothiazines are less effective than benzodiazepines in preventing seizures and delirium. (aafp.org)
Methylene blue5
  • In 1876, methylene blue, a derivative of phenothiazine, was synthesized by Heinrich Caro at BASF. (wikipedia.org)
  • A number of phenothiazines other than methylene blue have been shown to have antimicrobial effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1885, two years after Bernthsen first managed to produce phenothiazine, he also succeeded in describing the structure of methylene blue ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • For example, methylene blue is a cationic tricyclic phenothiazine salt (see Figure). (millennialscientific.com)
  • Millennial Scientific has used methylene blue as a representative phenothiazine compound and developed a solid phase extraction (SPE) method using its all-carbon reverse phase media. (millennialscientific.com)
Tricyclic Antidepressants1
  • Prolactin secretion in patients treated with various drugs: Phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, reserpine, and methyldopa. (nih.gov)
Derivative1
  • A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position. (hmdb.ca)
Piperazine2
Promethazine1
  • The inhibition of quorum sensing (QS) by phenothiazines and structurally related molecules, e. g. amitriptyline, promethazine, acridine orange, imipramine, promazine, diethazine, desipramine, desertomycin and 5-fluorouracil as positive control was studied with Chromobacterium violaceum 026 as a sensor strain, which detects short carbon chain AHLs by the development of a purple pigment. (unl.pt)
Moiety1
  • A cyanoacrylate moiety was added at the C(3) position of the phenothiazine as an electron acceptor, and a triarylamine moiety was attached at the C(7) position as an electron donor. (elsevierpure.com)
Efflux4
  • Ca-dependent, K-stimulated 86Rb efflux, a measure of Ca-activated K conductance in rat brain synaptosomes, was blocked by phenothiazines and haloperidol. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Biphasic dose response curves for inhibition of the Ca-dependent, K-stimulated 86Rb efflux by the phenothiazines raise the possibility that there may be two kinds of Ca-activated K channels in rat brain presynaptic terminals, with different sensitivities to the phenothiazines. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Besides their antipsychotic activity, phenothiazines have a significant antimicrobial effect as well, since they can enhance the bactericidal function of macrophages and inhibit efflux pumps. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Inhibition of drug efflux in mycobacteria with phenothiazines and other putative efflux inhibitors. (unl.pt)
Bernthsen1
Haloperidol2
  • Phenothiazines and haloperidol block Ca-activated K channels in rat forebrain synaptosomes. (aspetjournals.org)
  • These results demonstrate that two phenothiazines and haloperidol are potent and relatively selective inhibitors of Ca-activated K channels in nerve endings. (aspetjournals.org)
Calmodulin1
  • Calmidazolium (compound R-24571) and W7, two non-phenothiazine calmodulin antagonists, did not selectively inhibit Ca-activated K channels. (aspetjournals.org)
Triarylamine1
  • In this work, we designed two small molecules, AZO-III and AZO-IV, and synthesized them via simple and environmentally friendly Schiff base chemistry, by condensation of electron-donating triarylamine and phenothiazine moieties connected through an azomethine bridge. (tuni.fi)
Micronucleus1
  • An overview of Genetic Toxicology Micronucleus Rats study conclusions related to Phenothiazine (92-84-2). (nih.gov)
Compound1
  • The best performance was found in compound NSPt-C6, in which a hexyl group was attached at the N(10) of phenothiazine and a thiophenylene at the C(7) position. (elsevierpure.com)
Dyes1
  • A series of organic dyes containing a phenothiazine central unit were synthesized and were used effectively in the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). (elsevierpure.com)
Benzodiazepine1
  • In patients experiencing nausea and vomiting despite recommended prophylaxis regimens, ASCO recommends that clinicians consider adding a benzodiazepine (e.g., alprazolam, lorazepam), butyrophenone, or phenothiazine to the regimen or substituting high-dose IV metoclopramide for the 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist in the regimen. (drugs.com)
Adverse1
  • Very limited long-term follow-up data indicate no adverse developmental effects when other phenothiazines are used alone. (nih.gov)
Nausea1
  • Phenothiazines are medicines used to treat serious mental and emotional disorders, and to reduce nausea. (medlineplus.gov)
Treatment3
  • Finally, phenothiazines can also be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. (iiarjournals.org)
  • A single oral dose of dexamethasone following phenothiazine treatment for migraine in the ED did not reduce the rate of recurrent headache. (bmj.com)
  • This study examined the relationship between premorbid asocial adjustment and response to phenothiazine treatment. (jamanetwork.com)
Activity2
  • The comparative activity of five phenothiazines against multidrug- resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDRTB) was studied using the Bactec 460 system. (unl.pt)
  • Bettencourt, MV , Bosne-David, S & Amaral, L 2000, ' Comparative in vitro activity of phenothiazines against multidrug- resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis ', International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents , vol. (unl.pt)
Group1
  • The enhancement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) was achieved when switching from AZO-III (9.77%) to AZO-IV (11.62%), in which the thioethyl group is introduced in the 2-position of the phenothiazine ring. (tuni.fi)
Found1
  • The poisonous ingredient is phenothiazine, which may be found in many medicines. (medlineplus.gov)
Research1
  • Research conducted in the 1930s and '40s proved the potential wide use of phenothiazines. (iiarjournals.org)
Order1
  • A variety of substituents, i.e., methyl, hexyl and triphenylamino groups, were added at the N(10) of phenothiazine in order to optimize the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency. (elsevierpure.com)
Structure2
  • Phenothiazine is a prototypical pharmaceutical lead structure in medicinal chemistry. (wikipedia.org)
  • phenothiazine is often discussed as a prototypical example of a pharmaceutical lead structure. (wikipedia.org)