Phase transitions liquid droplets liquid phases. Medical search. Frequent questions

These methods are mainly dependent on modulation of interfacial phenomenon/phase transitions and intrinsic physicochemical properties of the surfactants, coemulsifiers/cosurfactants and oil to yield nanosized emulsion droplets. (medscape.com)
Past studies have explored micrometer‐scale LC emulsion droplets but little is known about LC ordering within submicrometer‐sized droplets. (nsf.gov)

Regulated access to RNA, combined with RNA-induced phase separation of key scaffolding proteins, may be a general mechanism for controlling the formation of RNA granules in space and time. (elifesciences.org)
With proteins that reversibly self-assemble into droplets, cells may control their metabolism - and harden themselves against harsh conditions. (quantamagazine.org)
Individual cells may do something similar to cope with stressful conditions by solidifying and lowering their metabolism with the help of phase-shifting proteins. (quantamagazine.org)
Now scientists are beginning to understand that evolution has tuned certain proteins to act in aggregate like liquids. (quantamagazine.org)

In this study, we report the design of a nematic liquid crystal (LC) composition that forms through dimerization of carboxylic acids and responds to the presence of vapors of organoamines by undergoing a visually distinct phase transition to an isotropic phase. (nsf.gov)
Specifically, we screened mixtures of two carboxylic acids, 4-butylbenzoic acid and trans-4-pentylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid, and found select compositions that exhibited a nematic phase from 30.6 to 111.7 °C during heating and 110.6 to 3.1 °C during cooling. (nsf.gov)
For hard spherocylinders the bulk phase diagram (Ref.4), topological defects in nematic droplets [ 12 ], and the isotropic-nematic transition inside random sphere matrices [ 54 ] was considered. (uni-bayreuth.de)

In our current grant we are using novel processes to self-shape droplets and use nearly 100% of the starting material to literally grow shaped particles. (qmul.ac.uk)
Small cloud droplet concentrations increased, and seeding particles were detected in deep cloud depths. (copernicus.org)
For example, there are transient flows with a transition from pure liquid to a vapor flow as a result of external heating , separated flows and dispersed two-phase flows where one phase is present in the form of particles, droplets, or bubbles in a continuous carrier phase (i.e. gas or liquid). (cloudflare-ipfs.com)
Specific applications of this project include liquid crystal detection of endotoxins at extremely low concentrations and liquid crystal mediated assembly of particles at the nano-scale. (uchicago.edu)
For the case of liquid crystal-mediated assembly of nanoparticles, experiments have shown the ability of liquid crystals to organize particles in networks. (uchicago.edu)

For a two material phase system (water vapor and liquid) a parent and any number of (source based) condensed liquid phases are possible to handle the variety (and complexity) of droplet behavior as found in low pressure steam turbines. (asme.org)
In particular the influence of inertial nonequilibrium on the phase transition behavior in a steam turbine cascade geometry is examined. (asme.org)
For droplets with a radius to the pitch ratio ( R v /p 0 ) as small as 2/3, the BP‐to‐cholesteric transition is substantially suppressed, leading to a threefold increase of the BP temperature interval relative to bulk behavior. (nsf.gov)
Alejandro's research is directed at predicting the behavior of liquid crystals when nanoparticles are present. (uchicago.edu)
See [ 25 ] for the demixing phase behavior of the system upon adding polymers. (uni-bayreuth.de)

We demonstrate than an N-terminal, arginine/glycine rich, intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) domain of LAF-1 is necessary and sufficient for both phase separation and RNA-protein interactions. (princeton.edu)
MEG-3 is an intrinsically disordered protein that binds and phase separates with RNA in vitro. (elifesciences.org)
Phase transitions driven by intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism for assembling liquid-like RNA/protein (RNP) bodies and other membrane-less organelles. (nih.gov)

P granules and other RNA/protein bodies are membrane-less organelles that may assemble by intracellular phase separation, similar to the condensation of water vapor into droplets. (princeton.edu)
However, a lack of tools to control intracellular phase transitions limits our ability to understand their role in cell physiology and disease. (nih.gov)

However denser phases are still a challenge, and the complexity of the freezing liquids into solids has eluded most methods, especially where there is more than one possible solid arrangement. (qmul.ac.uk)
The physical properties of the MEG-3 droplets are still not known and so the next step following on from this work will be to find out whether germ granules behave like liquids, gels or hard solids. (elifesciences.org)
Sometimes even three -phase flow is considered, such as in oil and gas pipelines where there might be a significant fraction of solids. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)

Here, we show that the Caenorhabditis elegans protein LAF-1, a DDX3 RNA helicase found in P granules, phase separates into P granule-like droplets in vitro. (princeton.edu)
In vivo, RNAi knockdown of LAF-1 results in the dissolution of P granules in the early embryo, with an apparent submicromolar phase boundary comparable to that measured in vitro. (princeton.edu)
The experiments show that a protein called MEG-3 is required to allow the components of granules to transition from behaving like individual molecules dissolved in water (similar to being dissolved in cell fluid) to assembling into droplets. (elifesciences.org)

Over the last few decades computational models have increasingly been used to complement experimental studies, bringing new molecular insights into the properties of gas and liquid states as well as the transitions between them (e.g. evaporation). (qmul.ac.uk)
Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice . (wikipedia.org)

This paper reports experiments and simulations that unmask the consequences of confinement in nanoemulsions on strongly chiral LCs that form bulk cholesteric and blue phases (BPs). (nsf.gov)

We present evidence that P granule asymmetry depends on RNA-induced phase separation of the granule scaffold MEG-3. (elifesciences.org)
MEX-5 is necessary and sufficient to suppress MEG-3 granule formation in vivo, and suppresses RNA-induced MEG-3 phase separation in vitro. (elifesciences.org)
Our findings suggest that MEX-5 interferes with MEG-3's access to RNA, thus locally suppressing MEG-3 phase separation to drive P granule asymmetry. (elifesciences.org)
The snapshot on the right is taken from a computer simulation of a mixture of hard spheres and hard rods that displays phase separation. (uni-bayreuth.de)
That phenomenon, also known as liquid-liquid phase separation, was once considered to be an exclusively chemical process. (quantamagazine.org)
Through phase separation, they spontaneously self-assemble into dynamic, membrane-free, dropletlike structures that can perform needed tasks in cells . (quantamagazine.org)
One of the latest findings is that phase separation allows certain types of cells to cheat death when they are deprived of nutrients or otherwise put under stress . (quantamagazine.org)
Phase separation enables the cells to turn a large part of their cytoplasm from a liquid to a solid - essentially putting themselves into a hardy condition of stasis until the nutrients return. (quantamagazine.org)

The primary application of interest is low pressure steam turbines, where high speeds and complex geometry result in a second phase exhibiting significant droplet size variation, with associated thermal and inertial nonequilibrium relative to the vapor phase. (asme.org)
Water vapor , water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water . (wikipedia.org)
Water vapor can also be indirect evidence supporting the presence of extraterrestrial liquid water in the case of some planetary mass objects. (wikipedia.org)
Each individual water molecule which transitions between a more associated (liquid) and a less associated (vapor/gas) state does so through the absorption or release of kinetic energy . (wikipedia.org)
Liquid water that becomes water vapor takes a parcel of heat with it, in a process called evaporative cooling . (wikipedia.org)
Similar differences are typical of water liquid/water vapor densities. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)
The phase changes are not instantaneous, and the liquid vapor system will not necessarily be in phase equilibrium. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)
Figure 1.12 The phase diagram ( pT graph) for water shows solid (s), liquid (l), and vapor (v) phases. (openstax.org)
At temperatures and pressure above those of the critical point, there is no distinction between liquid and vapor. (openstax.org)
As you learned in the earlier section on thermometers and temperature scales, the triple point is the combination of temperature and pressure at which ice, liquid water, and water vapor can coexist stably-that is, all three phases exist in equilibrium. (openstax.org)

Different modes of two-phase flows. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)
The widely-accepted method to categorize two-phase flows is to consider the velocity of each phase as if there is not other phases available. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)

Together, these findings demonstrate that LAF-1 is important for promoting P granule assembly and provide insight into the mechanism by which IDP-driven molecular interactions give rise to liquid phase organelles with tunable properties. (princeton.edu)
It is thought that these organelles may form in the same way that oil droplets tend to come together when mixed with water. (elifesciences.org)
However, oil droplets form in water spontaneously and do not fall apart, so it is not clear how cells could control the assembly and destruction of such organelles. (elifesciences.org)
That early insight found little purchase in biology for almost a century, however: Researchers simply assumed that any droplet-shaped cellular organelles must have an encapsulating lipid membrane to prevent their contents from remixing with the cytoplasm. (quantamagazine.org)

Lipid droplets (LDs) are reservoirs for triglycerides (TGs) and sterol-esters (SEs), but how these lipids are organized within LDs and influence their proteome remain unclear. (elsevierpure.com)
Using in situ cryo-electron tomography, we show that glucose restriction triggers lipid phase transitions within LDs generating liquid crystalline lattices inside them. (elsevierpure.com)

RNA decreases viscosity and increases molecular dynamics within the droplet. (princeton.edu)

When MEG-3 is mixed with molecules of ribonucleic acid (RNA) it can bind very tightly to the RNA and then separate out from the rest of the fluid to form distinct droplets. (elifesciences.org)
also show that another protein called MEX-5 can destroy these droplets by attaching itself to RNA in place of MEG-3, which causes MEG-3 to dissolve back into the rest of the fluid. (elifesciences.org)
And it is fluid (I didn't say liquid). (alicesastroinfo.com)
In fluid mechanics , two-phase flow is a flow of gas and liquid usually in a pipe. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)
The above two-phase flow cases are for a single fluid occurring by itself as two different phases, such as steam and water. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)
Gurgling is a characteristic sound made by unstable two-phase fluid flow, for example, as liquid is poured from a bottle, or during gargling . (cloudflare-ipfs.com)
See [ 29 ] for an investigation of bulk fluid phases. (uni-bayreuth.de)

We adapt a microrheology technique to precisely measure the viscoelasticity of micrometer- sized LAF-1 droplets, revealing purely viscous properties highly tunable by salt and RNA concentration. (princeton.edu)
Cloud microphysical properties (droplet number and size) were measured in a Caribbean tropical montane cloud forest along with models and satellite products. (copernicus.org)
Our data suggests glucose restriction drives TG mobilization, which alters the phase properties of LD lipids and selectively remodels the LD proteome. (elsevierpure.com)
Liquid crystals (LCs) are fluids within which molecules exhibit long-range orientational order, leading to anisotropic properties such as optical birefringence and curvature elasticity. (nsf.gov)
Liquid crystal (LC) emulsions represent a class of confined soft matter that exhibit exotic internal organizations and size‐dependent properties, including responses to chemical and physical stimuli. (nsf.gov)
Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insight into thermal properties of substances. (openstax.org)
Think of liquids with different properties that don't really mix but, under specific circumstances, cluster and separate like the shifting blobs in a lava lamp. (quantamagazine.org)

Phase Inversion Temperature Method The phase inversion temperature (PIT) method was first described by Shinoda and Saito as an alternative to high shear emulsification methods. (medscape.com)
You can change the phase (solid to liquid to gas) of something in two ways: change the temperature, or change the pressure. (alicesastroinfo.com)
In the case of air and water at standard temperature and pressure , the density of the two phases differs by a factor of about 1000. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)
It was found that at a current density of 0.02 A/cm 2 and startup temperature of-5°C, water exists in the cathode CL in solid and gas phases. (psu.edu)
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. (openstax.org)
Using the graph, if you know the pressure and temperature, you can determine the phase of water. (openstax.org)
Similarly, the curve between the solid and liquid regions in Figure 1.12 gives the melting temperature at various pressures. (openstax.org)
Water has the unusual property that ice is less dense than liquid water at the melting point, so at a fixed temperature, you can change the phase from solid (ice) to liquid (water) by increasing the pressure. (openstax.org)
That is, the melting temperature of ice falls with increased pressure, as the phase diagram shows. (openstax.org)

The term 'two-phase flow' is also applied to mixtures of different fluids having different phases, such as air and water, or oil and natural gas. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)

The density functional theory for the Asakura-Oosawa model of colloid-polymer mixtures [ 11 ] was used to find the "floating liquid" phase [ 52 ]. (uni-bayreuth.de)

Researchers from Queen Mary University of London have developed a novel computational approach to better understand freezing in different types of liquids. (qmul.ac.uk)
Understanding solid transitions in wax could also lead to lighter, stronger-than-steel polymers, and help researchers to improve understanding of newly discovered processes like artificial morphogenesis. (qmul.ac.uk)

For the case of endotoxin sensors, experimental results suggest that liquid crystals tend to undergo a phase change when endotoxins are present. (uchicago.edu)

Sublimation is the process by which water molecules directly leave the surface of ice without first becoming liquid water. (wikipedia.org)
Even more critically, nuclear reactors use water to remove heat from the reactor core using two-phase flow. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)
The change of phase means flow-induced pressure drops can cause further phase-change (e.g. water can evaporate through a valve) increasing the relative volume of the gaseous, compressible medium and increasing exit velocities, unlike single-phase incompressible flow where closing a valve would decrease exit velocities. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)
A transparent polymer-electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) was developed to study liquid water and ice formation during startup from subzero temperatures. (psu.edu)
A silver mesh was used as the cathode gas diffusion layer to allow direct observation of phase transition and water transport on the surface of the catalyst layer (CL). (psu.edu)
Ge, S & Wang, CY 2006, ' In situ imaging of liquid water and ice formation in an operating PEFC during cold start ', Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters , vol. 9, no. 11, pp. (psu.edu)
Figure 1.12 shows the phase diagram for water. (openstax.org)
As we'll see in the next section, liquid water conducts heat better than steam or hot air. (openstax.org)
The phase diagram of water is unusual because the melting-point curve has a negative slope, showing that you can melt ice by increasing the pressure. (openstax.org)

The solid curves-boundaries between phases-indicate phase transitions, that is, temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist. (openstax.org)
This graph is simplified-it omits several exotic phases of ice at higher pressures. (openstax.org)

Instead, they appeared to be droplets of liquid that were coalescing at times to form bigger drops, like oil in a well-shaken vinaigrette. (quantamagazine.org)

During this process, several forces, such as hydraulic shear, intense turbulence and cavitation, act together to yield nanoemulsions with extremely small droplet size. (medscape.com)
Another case where two-phase flow can occur is in pump cavitation . (cloudflare-ipfs.com)

Historically, probably the most commonly studied cases of two-phase flow are in large-scale power systems. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)

This pump forces macroemulsion droplets through the interaction chamber consisting of a series of microchannels. (medscape.com)
If pressure drops further, which can happen locally near the vanes for the pump, for example, then a phase change can occur and gas will be present in the pump. (cloudflare-ipfs.com)

Single molecule FRET assays suggest that this RNA fluidization results from highly dynamic RNA-protein interactions that emerge close to the droplet phase boundary. (princeton.edu)

When they compared the performance of these methods with most existing computational techniques, they showed their modelling approach provided a more realistic view of what happens when liquids freeze and could even predict some of the more 'exotic' crystal structures formed during this process. (qmul.ac.uk)
Therefore, methods to predict the molecular and atomic intricacies of liquid transitions to different types of 'solid' oils could have several potential real-world applications, from helping better predict freezing of oil pipelines (and preventing oil spills), to developing better smart insulation and energy storage. (qmul.ac.uk)
Numerical simulation is used to understand the physics governing the different liquid crystal phases and how to control and predict these transitions. (uchicago.edu)

For each phase, the velocity, energy state, volume fraction and droplet number are computed. (asme.org)

Mechanistically this requires TG lipolysis, which decreases the LD's TG:SE ratio, promoting SE transition to a liquid crystalline phase. (elsevierpure.com)

The process of freezing, where a liquid turns into a solid, isn't as simple as it might seem. (qmul.ac.uk)
If you're talking about rock, you wouldn't flip out if I said "liquid rock" or "solid rock", would you? (alicesastroinfo.com)
Solid, liquid, or gas? (alicesastroinfo.com)
If you take some medium-level geology classes, you learn that rock is not all liquid, in fact, much or most of it is solid. (alicesastroinfo.com)

This paper describes the development of an inhomogeneous multiphase model for the prediction of phase transition and nonequilibrium droplet dynamics under transonic flow conditions. (asme.org)
Two-phase flow is a particular example of multiphase flow . (cloudflare-ipfs.com)

Model peptide LiveDrop also redistributes from LDs to the ER, suggesting liquid crystalline phases influence ER-LD interorganelle transport. (elsevierpure.com)

At sufficiently high pressure above the critical point, the gas has the density of a liquid but does not condense. (openstax.org)

With our newly optimized model, we aim to study the rotator phase of hexadecane, found in oil, which is hard to observe experimentally because of its unstable nature. (qmul.ac.uk)

The resultant product can be resubjected to high-pressure homogenization until nanoemulsion with desired droplet size and polydispersity index is obtained. (medscape.com)

For R v /p 0 ≈ 1/3, a single LC phase forms below the clearing point, with simulations revealing the new configuration to contain a τ −1/2 disclination that extends across the nanodroplet. (nsf.gov)

One is specifically called magma, but you can still call it "liquid rock" if you want. (alicesastroinfo.com)

For the biophysicist at Princeton University, that is "exactly what happened with our findings on intracellular liquid phases. (quantamagazine.org)

A method based on light scattering is developed to characterize phase transitions of LCs within the nanodroplets. (nsf.gov)
Her areas of interest include the study of a new one-phase method of synthesis of biocompatible composites with magnetic nanoparticles for theranostics (drug delivery, diagnostics, therapy), a new method of retinal transplantation using a magnetic seal based on a biocompatible magnetic elastomer, and others. (smba.science)

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