Phase cell phase of the cell cycle cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

Inter-cellular variability in the duration of the cell cycle is a well documented phenomena which has been integrated into mathematical models of cell proliferation since the 70's. (hamilton.ie)
Taken together, our results suggested that decreased LAPTM5 inhibited proliferation and viability, as well as induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest possibly via deactivation of ERK1/2 and p38 in BCa cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, previous studies suggested that knockdown of LAPTM4B , another important subtype of the LAPTM family inhibited proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma ( 11 ), prostate ( 12 ) and breast cancer cells ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Ammonia inhibits proliferation and cell cycle progression at S -phase in human gastric cells . (nih.gov)
Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
However, most of our knowledge about cell proliferation comes from studies that average data from large and mixed cell populations. (frontiersin.org)
Taken together, these results indicated that both 7β-OHC and 25-OHC inhibited the proliferation of THP-1 cells through apoptosis and cell cycle accumulation at G 2 /M phase. (ewha.ac.kr)
Drosophila CIAPIN1 homologue is required for follicle cell proliferation and survival. (nih.gov)
During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
The anticancer agent indisulam inhibits cell proliferation by causing degradation of RBM39, an essential mRNA splicing factor. (nature.com)
A mutation in this gene resulting in reduced cell proliferation, and impaired cell motility and polarity, and has been identified in patients with primary microcephaly. (cancerindex.org)
The present work introduces a computational implementation of some principles of a theory of organism development, namely that the default state of cells is proliferation and motility, and includes the principle of variation and organization by closure of constraints. (nature.com)
In the present model, the bioelectric context of cells and tissue is the field responsible for organization, as it regulates cell proliferation and the level of communication driving the system's evolution. (nature.com)
Starting from a depolarized (proliferative) cell, the organism grows to a certain size, limited by the increasingly polarized state after successive proliferation events. (nature.com)
Cancer cells demand high energy production to sustain their pathological increase in proliferation rate. (hindawi.com)
Many factors are involved in causing and permitting the unregulated proliferation of cells that occurs in cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
Overview of Cancer Cancer is an unregulated proliferation of cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Three sequential phosphorylation events on specific residues of p27, regulate the activity of these complexes and ultimately control cell cycle proliferation or arrest. (lu.se)

A fifth phase has been identified, G0, in which the cell is resting just after mitosis but still carrying out normal functions. (coursehero.com)
The M phase consists of mitosis, in which the cell divides, producing two new, identical cells. (coursehero.com)
Interphase is collectively the gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), and gap 2 (G2) phases of mitosis, in which a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and grows again. (coursehero.com)
Other cellular structures are duplicated during G2, such that each replicated daughter cell produced during mitosis will have all necessary organelles (such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. (coursehero.com)
From late mitosis to the G1 phase of the cell cycle ORC CDC6 and Cdt1 form the machinery necessary to load MCM2-7 complexes onto DNA. (exposed-skin-care.net)
The present study confirmed previous observations by others of a progression from G0 through G1 and S phase to G2/mitosis during the first 3 d in culture. (rupress.org)
Cell-cycle manipulation with vinblastine and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BUdR) revealed that previous passage through both S phase and mitosis was required for entry into this newly observed late phase. (rupress.org)
4. Mitosis: The cell divides into two daughter cells. (careforlifee.com)
Mitosis, or cell division, is a vital process that happens throughout our lives. (careforlifee.com)
In cells with nuclei (eukaryotes, i.e., animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells), the cell cycle is divided into two main stages: interphase and the mitotic (M) phase (including mitosis and cytokinesis). (wikipedia.org)
During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, and replicates its DNA and some of its organelles. (wikipedia.org)
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). (wikipedia.org)
M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides forming two daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
Interphase and mitosis are the two main phases of the cell cycle. (weegy.com)
During G 2 phase, proteins are synthesized in preparation for mitosis while cell growth continues. (neetprep.com)
Centromeres shuttle between CENP-A-rich, replication-competent and H3-CENP-T/W/S/X-rich mitosis-competent compositions in the cell cycle. (nuigalway.ie)
mitosis → produces genetically identical daughter cells. (mindmeister.com)

The G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively known as interphase. (coursehero.com)
A cell spends most of its time in interphase, during which it mostly performs its normal functions, such as protein synthesis. (coursehero.com)
Interphase is characterized by cell growth and DNA replication , while M is the phase of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes of the cell prepare for the cell to divide into two new cells. (coursehero.com)
Interphase comprises the gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), and gap 2 (G2) phases, in which the cell grows and replicates its genetic material. (coursehero.com)
Interphase, the part of the cell cycle between division events, includes the G1, S, and G2 phases, during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and undergoes its usual functions. (coursehero.com)
Interphase takes most of the time in the cell cycle, comprising more than 95% of the duration of the cell cycle in most eukaryotes. (coursehero.com)
During interphase, a cell grows larger. (coursehero.com)
interphase and the M (mitotic) phase . (naxlex.com)
During interphase, the cell grows and copies its DNA. (naxlex.com)
The G1, S, and G2 phases make up interphase. (naxlex.com)
Interphase: This is the phase when the cell is growing and performing its normal functions. (careforlifee.com)
After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of the cell division. (wikipedia.org)
Interphase represent the phase between two successive M phases. (wikipedia.org)
Interphase is a series of changes that takes place in a newly formed cell and its nucleus before it becomes capable of division again. (wikipedia.org)
Typically interphase lasts for at least 91% of the total time required for the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The first phase within interphase, from the end of the previous M phase until the beginning of DNA synthesis, is called G1 (G indicating gap). (wikipedia.org)

Wu X, Song M, Qiu P, Li F, Wang M, Zheng J, Wang Q, Xu F, Xiao H. A metabolite of nobiletin, 4'-demethylnobiletin and atorvastatin synergistically inhibits human colon cancer cell growth by inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (umassmed.edu)
Bufalin induces G0/G1 phase arrest through inhibiting the levels of cyclin D, cyclin E, CDK2 and CDK4, and triggers apoptosis via mitochondrial signaling pathway in T24 human bladder cancer cells. (umassmed.edu)
In contrast, no significant alteration of apoptosis in the BCa cells with downregulated LAPTM5 was noticed. (spandidos-publications.com)
it is often a biochemical alternative to the self-destruction of such a damaged cell by apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
No significant apoptosis was observed in the BEAS-2B cell type. (cdc.gov)
SAEC cells exposed to AL-MW3 showed significant apoptosis. (cdc.gov)

Prophase: This phase marks the beginning of cell division. (careforlifee.com)

Tumor cell invasion and metastasis require cancer cells to be both proliferative and invasive, i.e. migrate through the tissue and assemble invadopodia. (biorxiv.org)
Here, we employed single-cell gene expression profiling to describe the dynamic transition between cell proliferative states in three different cell lines using a panel consisting of 93 marker genes. (frontiersin.org)
Non-proliferative (non-dividing) cells in multicellular eukaryotes generally enter the quiescent G0 state from G1 and may remain quiescent for long periods of time, possibly indefinitely (as is often the case for neurons). (wikipedia.org)
The system reaches homeostasis, with a depolarized core (proliferative cells) surrounded by a rim of polarized cells (non-proliferative in this condition). (nature.com)
Carcinogenesis is introduced through a localized event (a spot of depolarized cells) or by random depolarization of cells in the tissue, which returns cells to their initial proliferative state. (nature.com)
These are as follows: sustained proliferative signalling, cell death resistance, replicative immortality, genome instability and increased mutations, tumour-promoted inflammation, insensibility to growth repressors, deregulation of cellular energetics, evasion of immune destruction, induction of metastasis, and promotion of angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
Thus, these cells are capable of entering a proliferative state. (msdmanuals.com)

Invadopodia are cancer cell protrusions rich in structural proteins (e.g. (biorxiv.org)
The degron is found only in RBM23 and RBM39, and only these proteins were detectably downregulated in indisulam-treated HCT116 cells. (nature.com)
The S phase is characterized by DNA synthesis, and in the 1960s it was discovered that histone proteins are also synthesized during this phase. (news-medical.net)
Changes in the redox state of cells affect proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in different ways. (hindawi.com)
Single-cell proteomics aims to characterize biological function and heterogeneity at the level of proteins in an unbiased manner. (bvsalud.org)
Our algorithm RefQuant takes advantage of this and confidently quantifies twice as many proteins per single cell compared to our previous work (Brunner et al, PMID 35226415), while our workflow currently allows routine analysis of 80 single cells per day. (bvsalud.org)
METHODS: To identify responsible surface proteins, we performed deep proteome profiling on minute numbers of dormant patient-derived xenograft (PDX) leukemia stem cells isolated from mice. (bvsalud.org)

In contrast, sustained AhR activation in response to TCDD treatment increases p27 Kip1 expression in addition to P4501A1, resulting in G 1 phase cell cycle arrest. (aspetjournals.org)
Treating serum-released 5L cells with the alkyne metabolism-based P4501A1 inhibitor 1-(1-propynyl)pyrene results in prolonged AhR activation, enhanced p27 Kip1 expression, and G 1 phase arrest after serum release. (aspetjournals.org)
The data are consistent with a cell cycle role for P4501A1 because they show that P4501A1 negatively regulates the duration of AhR action through the metabolic removal of the receptor agonist, thereby preventing AhR-mediated G 1 phase arrest. (aspetjournals.org)
Moreover, cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase was triggered by decreased LAPTM5 as well, which could lead to delayed BCa cell growth. (spandidos-publications.com)
Cell cycle-dependent cytotoxicity, G2/M phase arrest, and disruption of p34cdc2/cyclin B1 activity induced by doxorubicin in synchronized P388 cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Treatment of synchronized cells in early S phase with 1 microM Dox (2 x ID50) for 1 hr induced a marked cell arrest at G2/M phase at 6-12 hr after drug incubation. (aspetjournals.org)
Our results suggest that anthracycline-induced cytotoxicity is cell cycle dependent and is mediated, at least in part, by disturbance of the regulation of p34cdc2/cyclin B1 complex, thus leading to G2/M phase arrest. (aspetjournals.org)
Treatment of neuroblastoma PDX cells with ARRY-520 resulted in mitotic arrest and subsequent cell death. (lu.se)
Rigosertib reduced cell viability of neuroblastoma cells and caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. (lu.se)

Neuronal differentiation and cell-cycle programs mediate response to BET-bromodomain inhibition in MYC-driven medulloblastoma. (cancerindex.org)
Hahn AT, Jones JT, Meyer T. Quantitative analysis of cell cycle phase durations and PC12 differentiation using fluorescent biosensors. (harvard.edu)
Its prominent properties are A lack of cell differentiation Local invasion of adjoining tissue Metastasis, which is spread to distant sites through. (msdmanuals.com)
The inhibitors demonstrated promising effects in vitro with reduced viability, increased differentiation and cell death of neuroblastoma cells. (lu.se)

Moreover, some studies demonstrated that LAPTM5 was highly expressed in malignant B lymphomas and involved in B cell malignancies ( 10 ), involving in negative regulation of cell surface T and B cell receptor by promoting lysosome degradation ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In whole cells, Dox treatment prevented p34cdc2 kinase dephosphorylation without altering its synthesis, and this effect was due to neither down-regulation of cdc25C nor inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity. (aspetjournals.org)
Also, the oxysterols showed the accumulation at G 2 /M phase of cell cycle through down-regulation of cyclin B1 expression. (ewha.ac.kr)
This complex inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, a key protein in cells that regulate the gene translation responsible for cell-cycle regulation. (medscape.com)

Anaphase: This is the final phase of cell division. (careforlifee.com)

This process is assumed to be under the control of the cell cycle, because of how closely linked to the S phase histone synthesis is. (news-medical.net)
The prognostic and treatment predictive markers currently in use for breast cancer are commonly based on the protein levels of individual genes (e.g. steroid receptors), or aspects of the tumor phenotype such as histological grade and percent of cells in the DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle. (lu.se)

We then studied the effect of Dox on the p34cdc2/cyclin B1 complex because it plays a key role in regulating G2/M phase transition. (aspetjournals.org)
Cell cycle progression is governed by a complex network of cyclin-dependent kinases that define not only the phase of the cell cycle, but also the timing of transitions between phases 13 . (biorxiv.org)
In recent years, cell cycle regulators have been shown to exhibit roles in both tumor suppression and tumor promotion, particularly cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKI) p27 kip1 and p21 cip1 14 . (biorxiv.org)
By comparing FoxA1 binding sites in prostate cancer cell genomes, we defined a codependent set of FoxA1-MYBL2 and FoxA1-CREB1 binding sites within the regulatory regions of the Cyclin E2 and E2F1 genes that are critical for CRPC growth. (uthscsa.edu)
Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
Entry into the S phase in animal cells is regulated to a large extent by the cyclin E-CDK2 kinase complex. (news-medical.net)
Cyclin E-CDK2 is also needed for the DNA replication and centrosome duplication events in S phase. (news-medical.net)
As a biologically important example we have studied the complex formed by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which play an essential role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (lu.se)
p27 is a protein that binds to and prevents the activation of different G1 and S phase cyclin-CDK complexes. (lu.se)

G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints" by people in this website by year, and whether "G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
Many more investigations have been made on cells, sorted according to size, or artificially arrested at various cell cycle checkpoints. (frontiersin.org)
To ensure the proper replication of cellular components and division, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints after each of the key steps of the cycle that determine if the cell can progress to the next phase. (wikipedia.org)

G0 is a resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing. (wikipedia.org)
Cancer cells, particularly those arising from the bone marrow or lymphatic system, may have a short generation time, and there usually are a smaller percentage of cells in G0 (resting phase). (msdmanuals.com)

Serum release of serum-starved (G 0 ) 5L rat hepatoma cells triggers transient AhR activation and P4501A1 protein expression concomitant with the G 0 /G 1 -to-S phase transition. (aspetjournals.org)
To do so, we model the cell cycle as a partially temporal network of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) by combining a traditional static PPI network with protein concentration or RNA expression time series data. (biorxiv.org)
Our transcriptome analysis revealed in bladder cancer (BCa) tissues a significant induction of lysosomal-associated multispanning membrane protein 5 (LAPTM5), a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressing in immune cells and hematopoietic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
LAPMT5 is a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressed in immune cells ( 5 , 6 ) and hematopoietic cells ( 7 ), having a close interaction with the Nedd4 ( 8 ), a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligases family ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression and G1/S transition. (cancerindex.org)
Preclinical data reported here show that BN80927 retains Topo I poisoning activity in cell-free assay (DNA relaxation) as well as in living cells, in which in vivo complexes of topoisomerase experiments and quantification of DNA-protein-complexes stabilization, have confirmed the higher potency of BN80927 as compared with the Topo I inhibitor SN38. (aacrjournals.org)
HMGB1 is an abundant protein, 10 6 molecules per cell [ 7 ], which has been postulated as a redox sensor [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)

During EMT, cells will undergo transformation from epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal phenotype ( 14 ) and many characteristics of cells will change including loss of cell-cell adhesion and acquisition of aggressive and metastatic ability ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Many cells do not enter G0 and continue to divide throughout an organism's life, e.g., epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
Genotoxicity was measured in immortalized (BEAS-2B) and primary lung epithelial cells (SAEC) either 24 or 72 hours after exposure using micronuclei assay with pancentromere staining, mitotic spindle analysis, and cell cycle analysis. (cdc.gov)

In untreated control P388 cells, p34cdc2 kinase localizes in the nucleus and cytoplasms, particularly in the centrosomes, and p34cdc2 kinase activity is dependent on cell cycle progression, with the enzyme activity increasing steadily from G1/S to G2/M and markedly declining thereafter. (aspetjournals.org)
Like cardiac muscle cells, smooth muscle cells contain one nucleus. (naxlex.com)
These cells contain one nucleus, are branched, and are rectangular. (naxlex.com)
During this phase, the cell makes sure that its DNA is intact and that the chromosomes are correctly arranged in the nucleus. (careforlifee.com)
The cell's chromosomes are duplicated during this phase, but they remain in the nucleus. (careforlifee.com)

During gap 1 (G1), the cell grows in size, while during gap 2 (G2), the cell finishes growing and performs a quick check of the replicated DNA to make sure it was copied correctly. (coursehero.com)
It is the period of the cell cycle when the cell grows and performs its normal functions. (careforlifee.com)
1. G1 phase: The cell grows and carries out normal functions. (careforlifee.com)
During G 1 phase the cell is metabolically active and continuously grows but does not replicate its DNA. (neetprep.com)
This theory would deal with the way an organism spontaneously grows from a single cell to a complete and complex organism, introducing organization at the different development stages and homeostasis for a mature organism. (nature.com)
The anagen phase, also known as the growth phase, is when the hair actively grows for several years. (yahoo.com)

We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)

Metastasis is a complex, multi-step process that is initiated when cancer cells in the primary tumor acquire invasive properties, including motility and the ability to breakdown the extracellular matrix (ECM) 1 , and is responsible for the majority of cancer-related mortalities 2 . (biorxiv.org)
Conclusions: These results demonstrate that multispectral microscopy could be used for the non-destructive, label free discrimination of cell cycle phase in cancer cells. (edu.au)
Cancer cells divide uncontrollably, without regard for the normal cycle. (careforlifee.com)
By targeting only cancer cells in certain phases, we can minimize the side effects of the treatment on normal, healthy cells. (careforlifee.com)
Giving chemotherapy before a stem cell transplant stops the growth of cancer cells by stopping them from dividing or killing them. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
Cancer cells try to avoid the overproduction of reactive oxygen species by metabolic rearrangements. (hindawi.com)
In cancer cells, ROS production is mainly due to overexpression of the NADPH oxidase [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
While a balance between enhanced ROS production and detoxification can be maintained, cancer cells will proliferate and survive. (hindawi.com)
Commonly used radio- and chemotherapies are prooxidant strategies that alter cancer cells through ROS modulation and induce cell death [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Circulating cancer cells are present in many patients with advanced cancer and even in some with localized disease. (msdmanuals.com)
Although most circulating cancer cells die, an occasional cell may penetrate into tissues, generating a metastasis at a distant site. (msdmanuals.com)
Cancer cells often present neoantigens on their cell surface that can be detected as "non-self" by the immune system, resulting in an attack by the immune system. (msdmanuals.com)

and the M phase, the fourth phase of the cell cycle, when a cell divides. (coursehero.com)
It is the period of the cell cycle when the cell divides into two daughter cells. (careforlifee.com)

In eukaryotic cells , DNA is found in structures called chromosomes. (coursehero.com)
This phase is important because it ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. (careforlifee.com)
During this phase, the cell's chromosomes are separated into two equal sets, and each set is moved into a separate daughter cell. (careforlifee.com)
Prometaphase: In this phase, the chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers, which will help to pull them apart during division. (careforlifee.com)
Metaphase: The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in this phase. (careforlifee.com)
The chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and move to opposite ends of the cell. (careforlifee.com)
These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm, chromosomes and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division. (wikipedia.org)
During the mitotic phase, the replicated chromosomes, organelles, and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)

To resolve this uncertainty a novel experimental proto col is proposed able to provide sufficient information about cell kinetics to fully determine both the inter-cellular average and variance of the duration of each of the phases. (hamilton.ie)
The duration of G1 is highly variable, even among different cells of the same species. (wikipedia.org)
Generally, this phase is between seven and nine years, though the duration can vary depending on individual factors such as genetics and overall health. (yahoo.com)

Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression of the CELL CYCLE through the G1 PHASE and allow transition to S PHASE when the cells are ready to undergo DNA REPLICATION. (umassmed.edu)
Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (frontiersin.org)
In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. (intechopen.com)
The catagen phase is the transition period in the hair growth cycle. (yahoo.com)

During the S phase, the replication of the cell's genetic material, DNA, occurs. (coursehero.com)
Because efficient loading of excess MCM complexes is usually thought to be required for cells to tolerate replication tension Cdt1- and SNF2H-mediated advertising of MCM loading could be biologically relevant for the legislation of DNA replication. (exposed-skin-care.net)
the chorion gene loci in follicle cells (21 22 In pre-RC development the effective launching of multiple MCM complexes is necessary for the toleration of replication strains and activation of checkpoint pathways (23-25). (exposed-skin-care.net)
The B period extends from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
The D period refers to the stage between the end of DNA replication and the splitting of the bacterial cell into two daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
DNA is copied, in a process called replication, so that a cell's DNA can be passed on to its daughter cells. (weegy.com)
Due to their affiliation with DNA, histones are important for successful cell replication, which takes place via the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)
Histones can be classified as replication dependent or replication independent, which is decided by their expression pattern during the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)
The replication independent histone genes are transcribed at a relatively constant low rate, regardless of cell cycle stage. (news-medical.net)
However, most of the vertebrate histone genes are replication dependent and are therefore more highly expressed during the cell cycle's S phase. (news-medical.net)
Given that the replication dependent histone genes all activate upon entry into the S phase, it is speculated that there exists some further upstream regulatory element. (news-medical.net)

The cell replicates its DNA, forming sister chromatids. (coursehero.com)
2. S phase: The cell replicates its DNA. (careforlifee.com)
In single-celled organisms, a single cell-division cycle is how the organism replicates itself. (wikipedia.org)

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Cell Culture and Synchronization HEK293T T98G and HeLa cells were produced in Dulbecco's altered Eagle's medium with 8% fetal calf serum. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Methods: Cells from the MIA-PaCa-2, PANC-1, and HeLa cell lines were plated on gridded dishes and imaged using a multispectral fluorescence microscope. (edu.au)
Results: Across cancer cell lines accuracy ranged from 68.3% (MIA-PaCa-2) to 73.3% (HeLa) for distinguishing G1 from S and G2 + M, and 69.0% (MIA-PaCa-2) to 78.0% (PANC1) for distinguishing S from G2 + M. Unmixing the multispectral data showed that the autofluorophores NADH, FAD, and PPIX had significant differences between phases. (edu.au)
Multispectral analysis of endogenous cell autofluorescence has been shown to be sensitive to changes in cell status and could be applied to the discrimination of cell cycle without these steps.Methods: Cells from the MIA-PaCa-2, PANC-1, and HeLa cell lines were plated on gridded dishes and imaged using a multispectral fluorescence microscope. (edu.au)

A centromere , the point on a chromosome that attaches to the spindle fibers with a kinetochore during cell division, attaches the sister chromatids. (coursehero.com)

This randomized phase III trial studies how well standard-dose combination chemotherapy works compared to high-dose combination chemotherapy and stem cell transplant in treating patients with germ cell tumors that have returned after a period of improvement or did not respond to treatment. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
It is not yet known whether high-dose combination chemotherapy and stem cell transplant are more effective than standard-dose combination chemotherapy in treating patients with refractory or relapsed germ cell tumors. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
Small tumors have a greater percentage of actively dividing cells than do large tumors. (msdmanuals.com)

Cell cycle progression is faster in cells in which invadopodia are abolished (by Tks5 knockdown), evidenced by earlier induction of cyclins A and B. A close look at the regulators of G1 revealed that the overexpression of p27 kip1 , but not p21 cip1 , causes faster turnover of invadopodia and increased ECM degradation. (biorxiv.org)
Taken together, these findings suggest that invadopodia function is tightly linked to cell cycle progression and is controlled by specific cell cycle regulators. (biorxiv.org)
Temperature-Induced uncoupling of cell cycle regulators. (nih.gov)
Various cellular senescence hallmarks (the percentage of X-gal staining cells, the mRNA levels of the p16 and p21 cell cycle regulators, and the percentage of cell cycle-arrested cells) were investigated. (hindawi.com)

The amount of time spent in any given phase of the cell cycle is dependent upon the type of cell and the environmental conditions in which the cell lives. (coursehero.com)
A TLR9-dependent checkpoint governs B cell responses to DNA-containing antigens. (umassmed.edu)
Activation of each phase is dependent on the proper progression and completion of the previous one. (wikipedia.org)

abstract = "Background: Cell cycle analysis is important for cancer research. (edu.au)
abstract = "The cytotoxic activity of oxysterols, 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC), has been evaluated using various leukemia cell lines. (ewha.ac.kr)

Here, we recover the temporal organisation of the cell cycle of budding yeast into phases and subphases, in an automated way. (biorxiv.org)

The most typical kind of cell cycle phosphorylation is on H3's serine. (news-medical.net)

Can we wind back the clock in adult stem cells? (edu.au)
induced pluripotent stem cells are cells from adults that have been re-programmed to imitate embryonic stem cells. (weegy.com)
Induced pluripotent stem cells might be a valuable tool in science and medicine because: Induced pluripotent stem cells can become any cell type in the body, but are for adults, avoiding the controversies associated with embryonic stem cells. (weegy.com)
Giving colony-stimulating factors, such as filgrastim or pegfilgrastim, and certain chemotherapy drugs, helps stem cells move from the bone marrow to the blood so they can be collected and stored. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
Chemotherapy is then given to prepare the bone marrow for the stem cell transplant. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
The stem cells are then returned to the patient to replace the blood-forming cells that were destroyed by the chemotherapy. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
A subpopulation of cells within a cancer has the properties of stem cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been extensively defined both molecularly and functionally at steady state, while regenerative stress induces immunophenotypical changes that limit high purity isolation and analysis. (lu.se)
Moreover, in contrast to previous reports, we found that MAC-1 expression inversely correlates with cell cycling, and global transcriptome analysis showed that regenerating MAC-1 + HSCs share molecular features with stem cells with low mitotic history. (lu.se)
HSCs share molecular features with stem cells with low mitotic history. (lu.se)
As a challenge, treatment is counteracted by a microenvironment protecting dormant leukemia stem cells. (bvsalud.org)
Of translational importance, molecular or pharmacological targeting of ADAM10 reduced PDX leukemia burden, cell homing to the murine bone marrow and stem cell frequency, and increased leukemia response to conventional chemotherapy in vivo. (bvsalud.org)

We studied the effect of doxorubicin (Dox) on cell cycle progression and its correlation with DNA damage and cytotoxicity in p53-mutant P388 cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Among the tested cell lines, both oxysterols showed the highest cytotoxicity to THP-1, human monocytic leukemia cell line. (ewha.ac.kr)

The cell cycle is a series of carefully regulated events, including periods of growth, rest, and cell division. (coursehero.com)
The G in the G1 and G2 phases stands for 'gap' or 'growth. (coursehero.com)
Furthermore, we established a BCa cell model with downregulated LAPTM5, revealing a significantly delayed growth rate in the BCa cells with knockdown of LAPTM5. (spandidos-publications.com)
The length of G1 varies from cell to cell and is determined by the cell's need for growth and development. (careforlifee.com)
To understand this process, we examined the effects of ammonia on the growth and cell cycle progression of human gastric cancer cell lines (HGC-27, MKN1, MKN45) using flow-cytometric analysis. (nih.gov)
Such data are only indirectly related to quantitative changes in cells at different states of division and growth. (frontiersin.org)
It is also called the growth phase. (wikipedia.org)
Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as paclitaxel, ifosfamide, cisplatin, carboplatin, and etoposide, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
An organism's growth and transformation during its life cycle is a tremendously complex succession of processes and events but even a simplistic and limited theory, dealing with only the general trend and generating a broad vision of tissue organization, can drive specific studies and experiments to further inform this field of research. (nature.com)
From understanding the intricacies of the hair growth cycle to embracing lifestyle changes that promote healthy hair growth, we'll equip you with the knowledge you need to maintain (or, in some cases, regain) a healthy head of hair. (yahoo.com)
To truly comprehend hair loss, it's essential to grasp the intricacies of the hair growth cycle. (yahoo.com)
Below are explanations of the three phases of hair growth as described by Dr. Nettles. (yahoo.com)
While hair loss during this phase is as rare as finding a unicorn, certain underlying conditions or disruptions in the hair growth cycle can tip the scales and trigger unexpected shedding. (yahoo.com)
It's worth noting that the hair growth cycle isn't synchronized for all hair follicles. (yahoo.com)
mTOR also reduces the cell growth factors (eg, vascular endothelial growth factor) involved in new blood vessel development. (medscape.com)
In cell growth assays, BN80927 is a very potent antiproliferative agent as shown by IC 50 values consistently lower than those of SN38 in tumor cell lines as well as in their related drug-resistant lines. (aacrjournals.org)
Initial exponential tumor growth is followed by a plateau phase when cell death nearly equals the rate of formation of daughter cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Experiments suggest that the abilities to invade, migrate, and successfully implant and stimulate new blood vessel growth are all important properties of the cells that cause metastases, which are likely a subpopulation of the primary cancer. (msdmanuals.com)

DNA DAMAGE, or the deficiencies in specific cellular components or nutrients may cause the cells to halt before progressing through G1 phase. (umassmed.edu)
Here I present a minimalist stochastic cell cycle model that allows for inter-cellular variability at the level of each single phase, i.e. (hamilton.ie)
For this purpose, a cellular model of senescent myocardial cells was set up and evaluated using colorimetric, fluorimetric, and immunometric techniques. (hindawi.com)
Relevant cellular senescence markers, such as X-gal staining, cell cycle regulator levels, and the percentage of cell cycle-arrested cells, were found to be reduced in the presence of naringenin. (hindawi.com)
Because aging has been demonstrated to be directly related to the occurrence of cardiac disorders, together, the data have prompted us to investigate the effects of Nar in a cellular model of aged myocardial cells. (hindawi.com)

After the cell reaches the M phase, division of the two new cells can occur. (naxlex.com)
Several of these processes change during the cell cycle, but unlike transcriptional changes, the post-translational changes occur throughout the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)
Some methylation alterations of H3 histones occur in the M phase, whereas many other H3s do not change noticeably. (news-medical.net)
THOUSAND OAKS, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Dec. 10, 2004-- Amgen Inc. (Nasdaq:AMGN), the world's largest biotechnology company, today announced that new data from a Phase 3 study show that the majority of neutropenic complications occur in the first cycle of chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer patients who are not administered Neulasta(R) (pegfilgrastim). (amgen.com)

By applying the random forests algorithm, a supervised machine learning approach, we show how a multi-gene signature that classifies individual cells into their correct cell cycle phase and cell size can be generated. (frontiersin.org)
Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. (yeastgenome.org)
Upregulation of histone gene expression is one of the hallmarks of entry into the cell cycle's S phase. (news-medical.net)

The molecular processes behind cell cycle progression have been dissected by numerous morphological studies on live or fixed single cells using a plethora of techniques to visualize components and processes during cell division. (frontiersin.org)

Standard management in the UK for high-risk stage 1 nonseminoma germ cell tumours of the testis (NSGCTT) is two cycles of adjuvant bleomycin, etoposide (360 mg/m 2 ), and cisplatin (BE 360 P) chemotherapy, or surveillance. (nih.gov)

Some chemotherapy drugs work by targeting cells in specific phases of the cell cycle. (careforlifee.com)

The cell's nuclear DNA contents are duplicated during S phase. (wikipedia.org)

Seasonal fluctuations of the pathological cycle phases Spraguea lophii (Doflein, 1898) Weissenberg, 1976 in the ganglion cells of Lophius budegassa Spinola, 1807. (ub.edu)

The test was added back into the 2011-2012 cycle using the Elecsys Vitamin B12 assay. (cdc.gov)

During the G2 phase, a structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells that coordinates the formation of microtubules, called a centrosome , allows cell division to proceed during reproduction. (coursehero.com)

For this work, I have used patient-derived xenograft mouse models and neuroblastoma cells grown as 3D tumor organoids. (lu.se)

5. Cytokinesis: The daughter cells divide into two new cells. (careforlifee.com)

The amount of histone mRNA increases approximately 25 to 30 times during the S phase. (news-medical.net)

This study was designed to show whether ammonia has an effect on the cell - cycle progression in human gastric cells in vitro. (nih.gov)
This hypothesis is also supported by in vitro data showing an antiproliferative activity of BN80927 on a model of resistance related to the noncycling state of cells (G 0 -G 1 synchronized). (aacrjournals.org)

Specifically, the boundary between G1 and S-phase is tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. (intechopen.com)

It was also found that on subsequent days stimulated cells, before their return to G0, remained stationary in a state in which they contained the G0 complement of DNA and approximately twice the G0 complement of RNA. (rupress.org)
The study found that administering Neulasta beginning in the first and subsequent cycles of chemotherapy reduced the rate of infection, as manifested by febrile neutropenia (low white blood cell count with fever), by more than 90 percent. (amgen.com)
Hospitalization and the use of intravenous anti-infectives in breast cancer patients were also significantly lower in the group receiving Neulasta in the first and subsequent cycles of chemotherapy. (amgen.com)
This study suggests that Neulasta used in first and subsequent cycles of chemotherapy achieves maximum clinical benefit. (amgen.com)
Less than one percent of patients in the Neulasta arm (3/458) required intravenous anti-infectives in the subsequent cycles compared to four percent in the placebo arm (19/454). (amgen.com)
DNA samples were collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988-1994) and in subsequent NHANES cycles (1999-2002, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2011-2012). (cdc.gov)

Some drugs work only during a specific phase of the cell cycle, requiring prolonged administration to catch dividing cells during the phase of maximal sensitivity. (msdmanuals.com)

A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function and similar extracellular substances located between the cells. (naxlex.com)
The new cells are smaller and not as specialized as the ones they're replacing, but they're able to hold the wound together until the tissue can regenerate. (careforlifee.com)
This simplified model of embryogenesis, tissue organization and carcinogenesis, based on non-excitable cells' bioelectric properties, can be made more realistic with the introduction of other components, like biochemical fields and mechanical interactions, which are fundamental for a more faithful representation of reality. (nature.com)

It is the period of the cell cycle when the cell prepares for division. (careforlifee.com)
3. G2 phase: The cell prepares for division. (careforlifee.com)

This muscle consists of nonstriated muscle cells that are spindle-shaped. (naxlex.com)
This muscle consists of muscle cells that are striated, short, and branched. (naxlex.com)
The cell cycle consists of four phases (G1, S, G2 and M), all of which are characterized by different factors. (news-medical.net)

Role of WDHD1 in Human Papillomavirus-Mediated Oncogenesis Identified by Transcriptional Profiling of E7-Expressing Cells. (umassmed.edu)
via conversation with Cdt1 in human cells. (exposed-skin-care.net)
We studied the cell cycle of lectin-stimulated human lymphocytes, making use of a flow cytometer. (rupress.org)
It's how we grow from a single cell into a fully-formed human being. (careforlifee.com)
1998. Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). (cdc.gov)

One interesting caveat of the catagen phase is that throughout pregnancy a person's hair follicles tend to skip it and stay in the anagen phase, explains Dr. Nettles. (yahoo.com)

They provide novel information on the mechanisms of cell-cycle progression and control, and have practical implications for oncology research. (edu.au)
Our findings establish FoxA1 as a pivotal driver of the cell-cycle in CRPC which promotes G 1 to S-phase transit as well as G 2 to M-phase transit through two distinct mechanisms. (uthscsa.edu)
The maintenance of the steady-state equilibrium between ROS generation and elimination is crucial for cell survival, while its loss causes cell death by different mechanisms triggered by oxidative damage. (hindawi.com)

Anatomy25

Organisms11

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs117

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes79

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

Proliferation21

Mitosis17

Interphase17

Apoptosis6

Prophase1

Proliferative7

Proteins7

Arrest9

Differentiation4

Regulation4

Anaphase1

Synthesis2

Cyclin9

Checkpoints5

Resting Phase2

Protein7

Epithelial3

Nucleus5

Grows6

Progression through the cell cycle1

Cancer cells12

Divides2

Chromosomes8

Duration3

Transition4

Replication11

Replicates3

HeLa4

Centromere1

Tumors3

Regulators4

Dependent3

Abstract2

Yeast1

Phosphorylation1

Stem12

Cytotoxicity2

Growth18

Cellular5

Occur4

Gene3

Processes1

Germ Cell1

Chemotherapy drugs1

Cell's1

Pathological1

Assay1

Cytoplasm1

Patient-derived xenograft1

Divide into two new cells1

MRNA1

Vitro2

Tightly1

Subsequent6

Sensitivity1

Tissue3

Prepares2

Consists3

Human5

Skip1

Mechanisms3