AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesHealth Care
Anaplasma phagocytophilumEhrlichiosisAnaplasmosisAnaplasmataceae InfectionsIxodesTick InfestationsAnaplasmaNymphHL-60 CellsSheep DiseasesRNA, Ribosomal, 16SAntibodies, BacterialDNA, BacterialPolymerase Chain ReactionBabesia microtiTick-Borne DiseasesTicksAnaplasma marginaleDermacentorArthropod VectorsDeerBorrelia burgdorferi
IxodesTicksAnaplasma phagocytophilumAnaplasmosisEhrlichiaPlatysEhrlichiosisBabesiaOrganismPrevalenceBacteriumImmunofluorescence assayAntibodyHumansBartonellaSpeciesIntracellularPathogensBorrelia BurgdorferiMorulaeCommon in the northeasternFeverBacteriaMarginaleBacterial infectionRickettsiaBurgdorferiNosocomialMicrobiologyAntibodiesLyme DiseaseReservoirNymphsSequentialSymptomsHumanClinicalDiseaseCattleRicinusNeutrophilAntibiotic treatmentDogsPatientsOccur
Ixodes14
  • Multivariate logistic regression was infection and describe the Ixodes spp. (cdc.gov)
  • Small mammals were caught in live traps (HB Sher- dents, 20 shrews, and 1 lagomorph, were evaluated for man, Tallahassee, FL, USA, and Tomahawk Live Trap, exposure to and infection with A. phagocytophilum and infestation with Ixodes spp. (cdc.gov)
  • infection of Anaplasma platys was detected in 1% of Ixodes persulcatus ticks and 10% of Dermacentor nuttalli ticks. (who.int)
  • For the most important and well-known infections spread by Ixodes ticks, Lyme borreliosis (LB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), there are recommendations for diagnosis and management available from several health authorities and professional medical networks. (frontiersin.org)
  • Anaplasma phagocytophilum one of the pathogens found in Ixodes ricinus , is capable of infecting a broad range of animal species [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum are transmitted trans-stadially by either nymphs or adults of either the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) or the western black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus). (auburn.edu)
  • the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) is responsible for transmission of A. phagocytophilum in the upper Midwest and northeastern U.S. These tick species also transmit the agents of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and babesiosis (Babesia species). (medgadget.com)
  • The density of Ixodes ricinus nymphs infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum is one of the parameters that determines the risk for humans and domesticated animals to contract anaplasmosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Borrelia miyamotoi disease (BMD), a hard tick-borne relapsing fever, is an emerging infection due to a relapsing fever Borrelia and transmitted by Ixodes tick species. (logicalimages.com)
  • First-year osteopathic medical student Azka Khan earned second place with her oral presentation titled, "Co-infection Prevalence of Anaplasma Phagocytophilum and Borrelia Burgdorferi in Ixodes Scapularis Ticks in Erie, Pennsylvania. (lecom.edu)
  • Infection with A. phagocytophilum is a tick-borne infectious disease spread by Ixodes species ticks. (vetstreet.com)
  • Confirmation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes scapularis, Southwestern Virginia. (k-state.edu)
  • In North America, only Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus , the eastern and western black-legged tick, respectively, have been shown to transmit the infection to dogs. (capcvet.org)
  • In recent years co-infections represent an emerging issue in Lyme disease spectrum because in addition to Borrelia burgdorferi sl many other potential pathogens may be transmitted by hard ticks Ixodes species. (opendermatologyjournal.com)
Ticks17
  • An investigation of the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum as well as Anaplasma platys was conducted in a forest area of Selenge province, Mongolia, where ticks are widely distributed and tick-borne diseases are highly endemic. (who.int)
  • Javkhlan G, Enkhtaivan B, Baigal B, Myagmarsuren P, Battur B, Battsetseg B. Natural Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks from a forest area of Selenge province, Mongolia. (who.int)
  • Instead of trying to treat a person after they're infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum," he said, "we can make it so the ticks can't spread the bacteria. (phys.org)
  • In an attempt to determine the minimum transmission times of A. phagocytophilum and B burgdorferi, wild caught adult I. scapularis ticks were applied to cats and removed at 8, 16, 24, and 36 hours after attachment. (auburn.edu)
  • All ticks were negative by PCR for A. phagocytophilum, however, B. burgdorferi was detected in two of eight ticks attached to the 8 hour cat and five of seven attached to the 16 hour cat. (auburn.edu)
  • It is, however, still unclear which host species form the main reservoir for A. phagocytophilum and therefore contribute most to the density of infected ticks. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While B miyamotoi was first identified in Japan in 1995 from ticks and field mice, human infections were not described until 2011 when 46 cases were reported from Russia. (logicalimages.com)
  • Incidence of infection is increased in summer months when ticks are most actively seeking hosts. (logicalimages.com)
  • Anaplasma phagocytophilum (ticks), Rickettsia felis (fleas), Bartonella spp. (vin.com)
  • The infection rates of all vertically transmitted symbionts differed between the study sites, and none of the symbionts was present in all tested ticks suggesting a facultative association with I. ricinus . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ticks from cats in the United States: Patterns of infestation and infection with pathogens. (k-state.edu)
  • Methods: I performed a systematic review with studies that included data on the measurements to calculate the host infection prevalence with A. phagocytophilum, and the measurements to calculate the infection prevalence with A. phagocytophilum on feeding ticks. (uu.nl)
  • In areas where Lyme disease is endemic or emerging, vaccinate dogs against Borrelia burgdorferi and reducing the risk of infection through year-round tick control and avoiding areas with ticks. (capcvet.org)
  • The immature larval or nymphs ticks acquire B. burgdorferi from wild rodent when feeding in nature and then transstadially transmit the infections to other hosts after these ticks molt to their subsequent developmental stage(s). (capcvet.org)
  • Lyme disease - Lyme disease is an infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, and is transmitted by black-legged ticks. (driftwoodanimalhospital.com)
  • Anaplasmosis - Anaplasmosis is an infection caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, transmitted by black-legged ticks, and Anaplasma platys, transmitted by the brown dog tick. (driftwoodanimalhospital.com)
  • Ehrlichiosis - Ehrlichiosis is an infection caused by Ehrlichia bacteria, transmitted by the brown dog tick, black-legged ticks, and the lone star tick. (driftwoodanimalhospital.com)
Anaplasma phagocytophilum37
Anaplasmosis14
  • have infection were assessed as a function of sex, species, and moderate to high levels of granulocytic anaplasmosis. (cdc.gov)
  • The specific aim was to evaluate the scientific support for laboratory diagnosis of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, rickettsiosis, neoehrlichiosis, babesiosis, hard tick relapsing fever, tularemia and bartonellosis, as well as tick-borne co-infections and persistent LB in spite of recommended standard antibiotic treatment. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2012. A. phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). (wikipedia.org)
  • A. phagocytophilum infects neutrophils to cause granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans (HGA), dog, horses and sheep (in the United Kingdom and Europe). (usda.gov)
  • A. phagocytophilum, a human and veterinary pathogen, infects neutrophils to cause granulocytic anaplasmosis. (usda.gov)
  • Anaplasmosis is a bacterial infection that spreads from animals to humans. (medgadget.com)
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the global burden of human anaplasmosis treatment remains high as the organism causes more than 10,000 infections per year worldwide. (medgadget.com)
  • Although anaplasmosis infections can occur during any time of the year, the majority of cases reported to the CDC have an illness onset during the summer months and peaks in the months of June and July. (medgadget.com)
  • Dogs with anaplasmosis often have many of the same symptoms as those with Lyme disease, and infection with both agents (co-infection) is not uncommon. (animalcarecenter.com)
  • 2008) Sequential analysis of A. phagocytophilum msp2 transcription in murine and equine models of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. (rossu.edu)
  • Leishmaniasis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and canine heartworm are among the most common and consequential infections affecting canine health. (vetfor.com)
  • Since these two types target different cells within the host, the signs and symptoms of anaplasmosis depend on the bacteria responsible for the infection. (vetfor.com)
  • In addition, as the infection targets the platelets and alters the host's ability to form blood clots, thrombocytotropic anaplasmosis may present with symptoms such as nosebleeds, bleeding gums, and bruises. (vetfor.com)
  • In addition, since the clinical presentation of anaplasmosis is often vague and non-specific, testing also remains critical for its differentiation from other infections and conditions with similar signs and symptoms. (vetfor.com)
Ehrlichia5
  • However, DNA analyses have shown N risticii is most closely related to N helminthoeca , the agent of salmon poisoning in dogs, and Ehrlichia sennetsu , which causes a rare infection in humans in Japan. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Read along to learn more about these infections and how they are detected with the Leishmania + Anaplasma + Ehrlichia + Heartworm Combo Rapid Test Kit. (vetfor.com)
  • Infections with Ehrlichia canis can result in severe clinical disease in dogs (canine monocytic ehrlichiosis) and seem to occur most commonly in the southern United States, including areas of Arizona, southern California, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas. (ncvetp.org)
  • In dogs, Ehrlichia chaffeensis infections are rarely clinical. (ncvetp.org)
  • Infections with Ehrlichia ewingii tend to be clinically milder than with Ehrlichia canis , and are most commonly seen in the middle southern United States. (ncvetp.org)
Platys1
Ehrlichiosis8
  • Therefore, the term ehrlichiosis is used for both types of infections. (medscape.com)
  • Ehrlichiosis is a bacterial infection transmitted by the bite of a tick. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ehrlichiosis is an infection caused by obligate, intracellular bacteria that primarily affect cells of the immune system in dogs, cats, and people. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • However, the term "ehrlichiosis" is still sometimes used to broadly describe these infections. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Several published reports of monocytic ehrlichiosis in cats suggest that feline infection may occur, albeit uncommonly. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • A phagocytophilum , formerly known as both E equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, causes illness in dogs and horses. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Ehrlichiosis is a tickborne infection caused by the bacteria of the genus Rickettsiae . (vetfor.com)
  • In that case, the infection may develop into clinical ehrlichiosis and present with a wide array of symptoms such as anemia, bleeding episodes, lameness, ocular problems, neurological problems, and swollen limbs. (vetfor.com)
Babesia1
Organism1
  • This disadvantage of this test is that it is unable to differentiate between antibodies from vaccination, infection, and just exposure to the Lyme organism. (pethealthnetwork.com)
Prevalence4
  • The average prevalence rate of A. phagocytophilum infection among humans in Europe was 6.2% in 2010 and is estimated to reach up to 21% by 2020. (medgadget.com)
  • In addition I looked if there is a difference in infection prevalence of hosts per geographical area. (uu.nl)
  • 0,05) and in addition, it has been shown that the geographical area is an extra factor in the infection prevalence per host. (uu.nl)
  • Accordingly, little is known about the prevalence of infection, disease manifestations, and treatment recommendations for feline infections with this agent. (capcvet.org)
Bacterium3
  • A. phagocytophilum is a Gram-negative, obligate bacterium of neutrophils. (wikipedia.org)
  • A. phagocytophilum is a small, obligate, intracellular bacterium with a Gram-negative cell wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • The test detects infection with the Lyme bacterium (via an antibody called C6), and this test isn't affected by vaccine-induced antibodies. (pethealthnetwork.com)
Immunofluorescence assay2
  • These tests can be performed to determine an A. phagocytophilum infection: Indirect immunofluorescence assay is the principal test used to detect infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Four hundred and sixty feline blood samples from sites throughout the United States were assayed for antibodies to A. phagocytophilum using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). (auburn.edu)
Antibody4
  • 1 for 4 sciurids species and dusky- antibody assay ( 3 ), by using A. phagocytophilum -in- footed woodrats. (cdc.gov)
  • The acute and convalescent phase serum samples can be evaluated to look for a four-fold change in antibody titer to A. phagocytophilum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cats remained antibody negative for both A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi throughout the transmission study. (auburn.edu)
  • Initially, an inflammatory reaction (erythema migrans) occurs before significant antibody response to infection (serologic conversion). (msdmanuals.com)
Humans4
  • A variety of wildlife species, like red deer ( Cervus elaphus ), fallow deer ( Dama dama ), wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), and European hedgehog ( Erinaceus europaeus ), are harbouring A. phagocytophilum variants that can cause disease in humans and domesticated animals, whereas roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ), rodents, and birds seem to carry genetic variants that have until now not been associated with human disease [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cause of tick-borne infection in humans. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Since some symbionts, such as R. helvetica can cause disease in humans, we propose that public health investigations consider geographical differences in its infection rates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Campylobacteriosis is a bacterial intestinal infection usually acquired by exposure to raw meat, poultry or infected water but can be spread between pets and humans. (animalcarecenter.com)
Bartonella1
  • Infection and replication of Bartonella species within a tick cell line. (cellosaurus.org)
Species4
  • No death has been reported with infection caused by this species. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we compared the contribution of four free-ranging ungulate species, red deer ( Cervus elaphus ), fallow deer ( Dama dama ), roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ), and wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), to A. phagocytophilum infections in nymphs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted infection caused by the spirochete Borrelia species. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The data indicates that there is a relationship between the relative importance in feeding and the relative importance in infection both nymphs and larvae when the data of all host species was combined. (uu.nl)
Intracellular1
  • The genus Anaplasma consists of tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacteria that invade white or red blood cells to cause debilitating and potentially fatal infections. (usda.gov)
Pathogens1
  • Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -Results indicated an important biological interaction between A marginale and A phagocytophilum infection as well as with tick saliva in disease kinetics and severity in cattle, which may be important for interpretation of diagnostic tests and management of disease in areas where both pathogens occur. (avma.org)
Borrelia Burgdorferi5
Morulae1
  • An active Anaplasma -infection can be diagnosed by microscopic detection of morulae in granulocytic white blood cells or by demonstrating emerging specific antibodies (seroconversion) [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Common in the northeastern1
  • Infection with B. burgdorferi is common in the northeastern, upper midwestern, and West Coast states. (capcvet.org)
Fever4
  • No single symptom can be appointed as pathognomonic for an A. phagocytophilum infection, but fever with severe pain and thrombocytopenia warrants serological and molecular testing for Anaplasma . (biomedcentral.com)
  • If your dog is still showing signs of shifting leg-lameness, fever, etc., your vet should hunt for something else going on, as it's likely not due to Lyme - that is, unless it's a very acute infection (and the body hasn't had time to make antibodies to result in a positive test). (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • Signs of infection are watery or mucoid diarrhea with straining, possible cramping, lethargy, and fever. (animalcarecenter.com)
  • The acute phase of the infection may present with symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, bleeding disorders, and neurological problems. (vetfor.com)
Bacteria4
  • During the last stage of the infection, a group of small bacteria was seen within the neutrophils in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • A. phagocytophilum then divides until cell lysis or when the bacteria leave to infect other cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Park is now exploring how the bacteria regulates expression of proteins such as AteA during both mammalian and tick infections and how they distinguish between their two hosts. (phys.org)
  • other "opportunistic" bacteria can also take advantage of the inflammation and unhealthy environment inside the ear to establish infection. (vetstreet.com)
Marginale3
  • In mammalian and arthropod host cells, A. phagocytophilum and A. marginale reside in host cell derived pathogen-occupied vacuoles (POVs). (usda.gov)
  • While it was recently demonstrated that the A. phagocytophilum-occupied vacuole (ApV) intercepts membrane traffic from the trans-Golgi network, it is unclear if it or the A. marginale-occupied vacuole (AmV) interacts with other secretory organelles. (usda.gov)
  • Anemia occurred 25 to 32 days after A marginale infection, which was attenuated by tick saliva. (avma.org)
Bacterial infection2
  • Tick extracellular vesicles enable arthropod feeding and promote distinct outcomes of bacterial infection. (usda.gov)
  • Brucellosis is a contagious bacterial infection that can cause a number of reproductive problems, including infertility and abortion in breeding dogs. (animalcarecenter.com)
Rickettsia1
  • and A. phagocytophilum, followed by Rickettsia spp. (hal.science)
Burgdorferi5
  • A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi are among the leading tick-borne disease agents in the United States. (auburn.edu)
  • Biopsies were collected from sites of tick attachment and examined for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi-specific DNA by PCR procedures. (auburn.edu)
  • Biopsy sites from all cats were negative for both A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi. (auburn.edu)
  • Despite the common findings of antibodies reactive to B. burgdorferi in cats in endemic areas, natural disease caused by infection in cats - if it occurs at all - is poorly understood. (capcvet.org)
  • Most dogs exposed to B. burgdorferi appear to develop subclinical infections. (capcvet.org)
Nosocomial1
  • In October 2008, a report was made of an apparent nosocomial infection with A phagocytophilum that was transmitted from blood donated by an infected woman who had spent time in Minnesota just prior to donating. (medscape.com)
Microbiology1
  • Clinical Microbiology Infection 15(s2):48-49. (rossu.edu)
Antibodies4
  • The ongoing presence of specific antibodies and Anaplasma DNA in one dog indicates one year of persisting infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment with doxycycline during recurring clinical episodes in the other dog resulted in transient clinical improvement and subsequent disappearance of specific antibodies and DNA suggesting that re-infection occurred. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The quantitative C6 provides a measure of how high the antibodies are, which can tell you if the infection is active or, in a dog who has had Lyme infection in the past, if the infection has responded to treatment. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • In patients with suspected TBP infection, serological assays were conducted to test for the presence of antibodies against specific TBPs. (hal.science)
Lyme Disease4
  • CanLyme note: Many parents with autistic children who have also received treatment for a Lyme disease infection report similar amazing results from antibiotic treatment leading to hypotheses that some autism may be an infectious disease origin. (canlyme.com)
  • Prophylactic antibiotics are not routinely recommended, however, as tick bites rarely result in Lyme disease, and if infection does develop, early antibiotic treatment has excellent efficacy. (medscape.com)
  • Co-infections represent an emerging problem because they might exacerbate Lyme disease clinical features, they can also mimic Lyme borreliosis sharing common manifestations, and eventually they can change the course of the disease itself. (opendermatologyjournal.com)
  • The aim of this review is to summarize the more important co-infections in patients with Lyme disease and to discuss their importance in the disease process. (opendermatologyjournal.com)
Reservoir1
  • Following resolution of acute disease, cattle develop life-long persistent infection and serve as a reservoir for ongoing transmission. (usda.gov)
Nymphs1
  • Principal component analysis indicated that the density of A. phagocytophilum -infected nymphs (DIN) was higher in forest sites with high availability of red and fallow deer, and to a lesser degree roe deer. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequential1
  • DNA from A. phagocytophilum variant 4 (of 16S rRNA) was found in multiple and sequential samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Symptoms5
  • All six dogs were infected, and two of them developed particular clinical symptoms that could be associated with Anaplasma infections over time. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many other infections and noninfectious diseases may present with similar symptoms. (logicalimages.com)
  • As the symptoms of these infections may mimic those common to many other infections and conditions, testing offers significant benefits for their diagnosis. (vetfor.com)
  • Upon infection, the host's immune system can react and prevent the development of symptoms for as long as years. (vetfor.com)
  • The sub-clinical phase of infection does not present with any outward symptoms. (vetfor.com)
Human6
  • A compromised immune system such as patients undergoing cancer treatments, advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection, prior organ transplants may increase the risk of the severe outcome. (medgadget.com)
  • Moreover, the human co-infections with these organisms have occasionally been reported. (medgadget.com)
  • although it is not considered a primary zoonosis, human infection with this agent has been occasionally reported. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Direct contact with cat feces (enteric zoonoses), respiratory secretions, urogenital secretions, or infected skin and exudates, as well as bites and scratches can result in human infections. (vin.com)
  • These findings emphasize that diagnostic workups for enteric infections are indicated due to potential human health risks. (vin.com)
  • Prevention of hookworm and roundworm infection is achieved by control of animal excrement in human environments. (vin.com)
Clinical5
  • Various tick-borne infections often occur without specific clinical signs and are therefore notoriously hard to diagnose separately in veterinary practice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Longitudinal studies over multiple tick seasons performing clinical, serological and molecular investigations in parallel, may elucidate the relationship between infection and disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Infection was monitored via clinical observations, CBC, serologic testing, and PCR analysis of blood and tissues. (avma.org)
  • The infection of enterocytes of the small and large intestine results in acute colitis, which is one of the principal clinical signs of PHF. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • If the dog does not eliminate the infection at this stage, the infection proceeds into the sub-clinical phase. (vetfor.com)
Disease3
  • This dataset essentially presents as a prospective study enabling the association of the Anaplasma infections with occurring disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The geographic spread and density of I. ricinus infected with A. phagocytophilum are important determinants of the disease risk [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Infection prevention through vaccination and insecticides is currently the most effective strategy against the disease. (vetfor.com)
Cattle4
  • Cattle infections had been suspected but were only first confirmed by Nieder et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • Parasitism was greater if cattle had not previously been inoculated with A phagocytophilum . (avma.org)
  • Nine of the 12 treated cattle had positive results of PCR analysis for A phagocytophilum from at least 1 blood sample. (avma.org)
  • cattle appear to be resistant to infection. (merckvetmanual.com)
Ricinus2
  • Understanding which factors determine the spatial and temporal distribution of I. ricinus infected with A. phagocytophilum is needed for risk assessments and for formulating possible intervention strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This suggests that geography-related factors affect the infection rates of vertically transmitted symbionts in I. ricinus . (biomedcentral.com)
Neutrophil1
  • A. phagocytophilum binds to fucosylated and sialylated scaffold proteins on neutrophil and granulocyte surfaces. (wikipedia.org)
Antibiotic treatment1
  • There were no eligible studies for evaluation of tick-borne co-infections or for persistent LB after antibiotic treatment. (frontiersin.org)
Dogs5
  • The data show that dogs can be naturally infected concurrently with A. phagocytophilum variant 1, variant 4 and the HGE agent. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dogs who test positive on this test should be confirmed with a more specific test such as a quantitative C6 or Western Blot, both of which can tell if a positive result is from true infection or Lyme vaccination. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • If your dog tests positive on the initial screening test, you can request a quantitative C6 test to find out more about your dogs infection. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • This handout discusses aspergillosis in dogs, an infection, growth, or allergic response caused by the Aspergillus fungus. (animalcarecenter.com)
  • Male dogs infected with brucellosis develop epididymitis, an infection of the testicle. (animalcarecenter.com)
Patients1
  • 5% - 30% of patients require hospitalization because of severity, 1% -7% die as a result of the infection. (canlyme.com)
Occur1
  • Transovarial passage from infected adult females to newly hatched larvae does not occur, and thus the larvae do not serve as a source of infection. (capcvet.org)