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Bubonic plagueBacteriaBacteriumInfectionIntracellularGenomeVirulentFleasMyeloid cellsDendritic cellsBlack PlagueMurineFleaPneumonicCausativeLymph nodesNeutrophilsMedievalisGenesVirulence factorsChromosomePleomorphicKnockout micePathogenicToxinInducePulmonaryPersistenceMicrobiologyDissertationProteinsInteractionRodentMoleculeGeneticPathogensMechanismSpeciesProteinInfectiousMutantImmuneRapidlyResistanceEpizooticVaccinesBioterrorismHostAttacksOrganismAgent

Bubonic plague4

• Yersinia pestis, the bacteria that causes the bubonic plague which in the year 541 (as the Black Death) and later in the Middle Ages decimated Europe. (definithing.com)
• Historically, the terms "plague" or "Black Death" have referred to the bubonic plague, caused by Yersinia pestis and spread by the bites of infected fleas, which acquire the germ from infected rodents. (uchicagomedicine.org)
• Marshall et al (1967) has described an asymptomatic pharyngeal carrier state of Y pestis infection in patients with bubonic plague. (medscape.com)
• Laboratory mice are well known to be highly susceptible to virulent strains of Yersinia pestis in experimental models of bubonic plague. (pasteur.fr)

Bacteria7

• In this review, we intend to summarize the current knowledge on the many functions of autophagy proteins in cell defenses with a focus on bacteria-macrophage interaction. (frontiersin.org)
• left panel: blood smear that revealed the presence of Gram-negative Yersinia pestis plague bacteria. (inscientioveritas.org)
• Yersinia pestis is G- bacteria and a major pathogen causing plague pandemics . (wikilectures.eu)
• When testing Yersinia pestis for antibiotic susceptibility, the bacteria were found to be susceptible to chloramphenicol , streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, quinolones. (wikilectures.eu)
• He recently convinced a museum docent that an inflatable model of a jellyfish was actually an obscure type of (non-existent) macrophage ("aminapestis", I think inspired by the bacteria behind the plague, yersinia pestis. (davidsongifted.org)
• The disease is caused by the plague bacillus, rod-shaped bacteria referred to as Yersinia pestis . (medscape.com)
• This crafty bacteria avoids the body's immune system by hiding out in a type of white blood cell called macrophages when they come to ingest these foreign invaders. (tenzzies.com)

Bacterium13

• It is, therefore, curious, to a chronicler of medical history, that the liability associated with the word 'plague' should come down to one rod-shaped (" bacillus ") bacterium, Yersinia pestis - a microbe stained pinkish red by the Gram's Stain procedure (" Gram negative "), capable of growing in presence or absence of oxygen (" facultative anaerobe "), and responsible for the deaths of both humans and other animals. (inscientioveritas.org)
• The disease is caused by a coccobacillus-shaped, gram negative bacterium referred to as Yersinia pestis . (medscape.com)
• The virulence of this bacterium results from the 32 Y pestis chromosomal genes and two Y pestis -specific plasmids, constituting the only new genetic material acquired since its evolution from its predecessor. (medscape.com)
• Yersinia pestis is a pleomorphic rod-shaped bacterium with a capsule . (wikilectures.eu)
• Virulent strains of this bacterium are facultatively intracellular parasites that multiply in macrophages . (wikilectures.eu)
• During infection, Yersinia pestis , an facultative intracellular bacterium, exhibits the ability to first invade cells and then thwart phagocytosis of the host cell. (wikilectures.eu)
• In addition to macrophages, the bacterium is also able to penetrate epithelial cells . (wikilectures.eu)
• Most likely, you were bitten by an infected flea, and the nasty bacterium which causes plague ( Yersinia pestis ) is now swimming around inside your body. (alexberezow.com)
• During its journey, if the bacterium encounters any pesky immune cells, such as macrophages , it jams what looks like a hypodermic needle (called a " type III secretion system ") into the cell and injects several toxins. (alexberezow.com)
• Both papers--one published online July 28, 2005 in Science Express and one in the August issue of Infection and Immunity --focus on aspects of the type-III pathway, a molecular syringe that Yersinia pestis , the bacterium that may have killed more people throughout history than any other infectious disease, uses to disable its host's immune system. (uchicagomedicine.org)
• F. tularensis is a gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium capable of survival and replication in macrophages [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• Another area of interest is the study of pathogenic mechanisms of Francisella tularensis , a potential bioweapon, with particular interest in determining how this bacterium evades killing within host macrophages. (utsa.edu)
• It is a facultative intracellular bacterium that multiplies within macrophages. (cdc.gov)

Infection7

• after subcutaneous or intraperitoneal Yersinia pestis infection. (hhs.gov)
• This was reported as the sole presentation of Y pestis infection in 4 of 27 patients in a case series published in 1992. (medscape.com)
• They will determine if anti-LcrV interferes with secretion of LcrV, whether LcrV can act alone to modulate a Y. pestis infection, when LcrV works during an infection, and whether it inhibits clearance or phagocytosis of yersiniae in vivo. (grantome.com)
• The investigators will determine whether LcrV decreases inflammation by altering the spectrum of inflammatory cells or cytokines elicited by an infection, and whether LcrV interferes with activation of NK cells or macrophages. (grantome.com)
• The SEG strain therefore offers an invaluable opportunity to unravel mechanisms and underlying genetic factors of resistance against Y. pestis infection. (pasteur.fr)
• Real F, Sennepin A, Ganor Y, Schmitt A, Bomsel M. Live Imaging of HIV-1 Transfer across T Cell Virological Synapse to Epithelial Cells that Promotes Stromal Macrophage Infection. (ciil.fr)
• The initial tissue reaction to infection is a focal, intensely suppurative necrosis consisting largely of accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, followed by invasion of macrophages, epithelioid cells, and lymphocytes. (cdc.gov)

Intracellular3

• Benavides-Montaño JA , Vadyvaloo V . Yersinia pestis resists predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii and exhibits prolonged intracellular survival. (cdc.gov)
• Turning Yersinia pathogenesis outside in: subversion of macrophage function by intracellular yersiniae. (medscape.com)
• Yersinia pestis also contains a PAI on the chromosome that is similar to the SPI-2 PAI from Salmonella that allows intracellular survival in the organism. (up.ac.za)

Genome2

• Insights into the evolution of Yersinia pestis through whole-genome comparison with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. (medscape.com)
• For example, scientists constructed the entire genome of Yersinia pestis , the caustive agent of the Black Death, from teeth and bone samples of plague victims from the 14th century. (promegaconnections.com)

Virulent2

• Ayyadurai S , Houhamdi L , Lepidi H , Nappez C , Raoult D , Drancourt M . Long-term persistence of virulent Yersinia pestis in soil. (cdc.gov)
• Like Y. pestis , the enteropathogenic Yersiniae can escape macrophages and multiply outside host cells, but unlike their more virulent cogener, they only usually cause self-limiting inflammatory diseases. (biomedcentral.com)

Fleas3

• Role of the Yersinia pestis hemin storage (hms) locus in the transmission of plague by fleas. (medscape.com)
• Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked fleas as a mechanism explaining rapidly spreading plague epizootics. (medscape.com)
• It can harbor fleas infected with Yersinia pestis, the plague bacillus. (medscape.com)

Myeloid cells1

• In the Hanley lab, we use a multidisciplinary approach to study the interactions between HIV-1 and myeloid cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells. (utah.edu)

Dendritic cells1

• Although the overwhelming majority of immune cells in the spleen are B cells or T cells, nearly all of the infected cells were macrophages, neutrophils, or dendritic cells. (uchicagomedicine.org)

Black Plague1

• Did Yersinia pestis really cause Black Plague? (scienceblogs.com)

Murine2

• Hinnebusch BJ, Rudolph AE, Cherepanov P, Dixon JE, Schwan TG, Forsberg A. Role of Yersinia murine toxin in survival of Yersinia pestis in the midgut of the flea vector. (medscape.com)
• Analysis of the epigenetic landscape in murine macrophages. (uni-muenchen.de)

Flea3

• Following introduction into a human through flea bite [ 16 ], Y. pestis is engulfed by macrophages and taken to the regional lymph nodes. (biomedcentral.com)
• Transmission of Yersinia pestis from an infectious biofilm in the flea vector. (medscape.com)
• However, Yersinia pestis circulates through flea bites, in humans it is a rat flea bite. (wikilectures.eu)

Pneumonic1

• Aerosolized Y pestis, causing primary pneumonic plague, has been recognized by bioterrorism experts as having one of the highest potentials as a bioterrorism agent due to its extremely high mortality, its high uptake into enzootic and epizootic animals as well as humans, and its ability to be spread over a large area. (medscape.com)

Causative2

• They use similar documentation to argue that individuals were well-versed in symptoms of the plague and recognized it immediately when it showed up in a village, but they then discount this recognition when it comes to the actual discovery of the putative causative agent of the plague, Y. pestis , in 1894, or even to the 1720 Marseille outbreak I mentioned in the previous post. (scienceblogs.com)
• My current interests are directed towards large-scale sequencing and phylogenomic studies investigating major public health threats, such as the causative agents of plague and cholera, Yersinia pestis and Vibrio cholerae , and the dominant cause of food-borne disease in North America, Escherichia coli O157:H7. (utsa.edu)

Lymph nodes1

• Later, when they burst out of the macrophage, the coat protects them from attacks by other immune cells, and they quickly spread to the lymph nodes in the neck, the armpit and the groin. (inscientioveritas.org)

Neutrophils1

• Yersinia outer protein called 'yops' is injected into humans via type 3 secretion system and inhibits phagocytosis and cytokine production by macrophages and neutrophils. (howmed.net)

Medievalis2

• [ 2 ] Three biovars (with minor genetic variations) have been identified within the Y pestis clone: Antiqua, Medievalis, and Orientalis. (medscape.com)
• Yersinia pestis biovar Medievalis str. (up.ac.za)

Genes3

• Yersinia pestis high pathogenicity island I has genes regulating iron uptake and storage. (wikipedia.org)
• This work underscores the importance of the acquisition of horizontally transferred genes in the evolution of Y. pestis and points to virulence determinants that have been gained and lost on multiple occasions in the history of the genus. (biomedcentral.com)
• However, the capacity of Stx1 to increase the expression of genes encoding phosphatases suggests that mechanisms to dampen the macrophage proinflammatory response may be built into host response to the toxins. (refine.bio)

Virulence factors1

• Rhodococcus equi virulence plasmid pathogenicity island encodes virulence factors for proliferation in macrophages. (wikipedia.org)

Chromosome1

• The pathogenicity of Yersinia pestis is determined by a complex of chromosome and plasmid-linked factors. (wikilectures.eu)

Pleomorphic1

• Y pestis is a nonmotile, pleomorphic, gram-negative coccobacillus that is nonsporulating. (medscape.com)

Knockout mice1

• Unique resources include NALP12 knockout mice and human alveolar macrophages. (hhs.gov)

Pathogenic1

• Yersinia pestis is an extremely pathogenic organism that requires very few numbers in order to cause disease, and is often lethal if left untreated. (up.ac.za)

Toxin2

• To expand the scope of analysis of gene expression and to better understand the underlying mechanisms for the various effects of Stxs on cell functions, we carried out comparative microarray analyses to characterize the global transcriptional response of human macrophage-like THP-1 cells to Shiga toxin type 1 (Stx1) and LPS. (refine.bio)
• Global transcriptional response of macrophage-like THP-1 cells to Shiga toxin type 1. (refine.bio)

Induce1

• It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. (joplink.net)

Pulmonary2

• A secondary disease, Pneumonia, may develop, causing Yersinia pestis to spread to the surrounding area by coughing up, and the infected person will develop primary pneumonia - a pulmonary form of the plague . (wikilectures.eu)
• Pulmonary alveolar macrophage. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Persistence1

• Real F, Zhu A, Belmellat A, Sennepin A, (…), Bomsel M. S100A8-mediated metabolic adaptation controls HIV-1 persistence in macrophages in vivo. (ciil.fr)

Microbiology1

• Yersinia pestis is the nastiest thing alive," said study author Olaf Schneewind, MD, PhD, professor and chairman of microbiology at the University of Chicago and director of the Great Lakes Regional Center of Excellence in Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research (GLRCE). (uchicagomedicine.org)

Dissertation1

• Lipopolysaccharide was the subject of my PhD dissertation , though not the one from Yersinia pestis . (alexberezow.com)

Proteins2

• Yersinia pestis has a set of virulence proteins encoded by plasmid pCD1. (grantome.com)
• Proteins associated with macrophage response to lung tissue inflammation and groups of proteins that indicate severe lung inflammation were present in the Maiden's samples. (promegaconnections.com)

Interaction1

• We are focused on using microbial genetics to dissect the complex interaction between Yersinia pestis, the bacterial cause of plague, and its arthropod vectors. (utah.edu)

Rodent2

• If Y. pestis is maintained within ameba reservoirs, we suspect that epizootic recrudescence may occur when infected soilborne amebae enter the bloodstream of naive rodent hosts (by entering wounds from antagonistic host-to-host interactions or burrowing activities). (cdc.gov)
• In the wild, Yersinia pestis was found in several rodent species. (wikilectures.eu)

Molecule1

• Y. pestis releases a molecule called yersiniabactin which has a high affinity for iron. (alexberezow.com)

Genetic2

• Differential plague-transmission dynamics determine Yersinia pestis population genetic structure on local, regional, and global scales. (cdc.gov)
• Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis have ecological and genetic similarities, but epidemiological differences. (wikilectures.eu)

Pathogens1

• Here, we review the many functions of autophagy in bacterial infections with a focus on macrophages, the first line of host defenses, and the replicative niche of numerous pathogens. (frontiersin.org)

Mechanism1

• It is unknown by what route or mechanism Yersinia pestis is maintained during interepizootic periods of plague quiescence. (cdc.gov)

Species2

• The experiment and analysis of this study test the hypothesis that amoeboid species demonstrate reservoir potential for Y. pestis . (cdc.gov)
• Prior to this study, three species of the enterobacterial genus Yersinia that cause invasive human diseases ( Yersinia pestis , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis , and Yersinia enterocolitica ) had been sequenced. (biomedcentral.com)

Protein1

• in that protected intra-cellular environment, Yersinia pestis grows in number and collects a protein coat. (inscientioveritas.org)

Infectious1

• Though they note that the time from appearance of symptoms to death averaged around 5 days (which fits in quite well with Y. pestis ), they argue that victims only became symptomatic after a long incubation period (~32 days) during which they were infectious but asymptomatic. (scienceblogs.com)

Mutant2

• They will identify components that LcrH interacts with by chemical crosslinking and by analyzing the regulation in mutant Y. pestis. (grantome.com)
• A non-polar iglA deletion mutant was defective for growth in mouse macrophage-like cells, and in cis complementation largely restored the wild type macrophage growth phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)

Immune5

• Once in the body, Yersinia pestis is generally rapidly destroyed and eaten by cellular defenders of the immune system. (inscientioveritas.org)
• However, a few may survive by hiding inside one of those immune cells, called a macrophage. (inscientioveritas.org)
• Still, cultured cell investigations have shown that in those with this variant, an immune cell called a macrophage responds quite differently to Yersinia pestis, as detailed by Barreiro. (stationzilla.com)
• In the Science Express paper, Schneewind and colleagues show how Y. pestis annihilates the first line of defense in the host's immune system before it can generate a full response. (uchicagomedicine.org)
• Currently we are tackling long-term immune dysfunctions caused by HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 hosted by macrophages, megakaryocytes and their precursors, in order to understand these myeloid viral hideouts and ultimately devise improved therapeutic strategies against HIV/AIDS and COVID-19. (ciil.fr)

Rapidly1

• Since 2001, however, many people have worried that terrorists could exploit Y. pestis as a weapon, spreading it widely and rapidly as an aerosol rather than through fleabites and rodents. (uchicagomedicine.org)

Resistance1

• Salah IB , Ghigo E , Drancourt M . Free-living amoebae, a training field for macrophage resistance of mycobacteria. (cdc.gov)

Epizootic2

• Adaptive strategies of Yersinia pestis to persist during inter-epizootic and epizootic periods. (cdc.gov)
• This phase of the life of Yersinia pestis is referred to as the epizootic cycle. (inscientioveritas.org)

Vaccines1

• However, plague vaccines produced by Yersinia pestis are in clinical development. (wikilectures.eu)

Bioterrorism1

• The ability for plague to be spread by aerosols makes Y pestis a potential agent of bioterrorism. (medscape.com)

Host2

• One reason for plague's reemergence may be global warming, which is ideal for increasing the prevalence of Y pestis in the host population. (medscape.com)
• The organism is enteroinvasive, and can survive and propagate in macrophages prior to spreading systemically throughout the host. (up.ac.za)

Attacks1

• When Y. pestis attacks a cell it uses the type-III pathway--a needle-like projection--to inject various toxins into the cell, killing it. (uchicagomedicine.org)

Organism1

• Upon further examination, the organism was correctly identified as Y pestis . (medscape.com)

Agent1

• Yersinia pestis-etiologic agent of plague. (cdc.gov)