Proliferator-activated receptorsPPARReceptorsKinaseArachidonic acidArachidonateReceptor 1ABiosynthesisPathwaysGammaMetabolismTumorAntagonistsEnzymeLipidInterleukinInflammationMacrophagesNeprilysinAnti-inflammatoryFatty acidsCerebralGeneticAcidMechanismsMolecularCellularDownstreamTranscriptionGeneDifferentiallyComplementInteractionsSynthaseCellsMammalianFerroptosisProgressionMortalityTherapeuticAccumulationBehaviorMetabolicResistance
Proliferator-activated receptors3
- In the field of molecular biology, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes. (targetmol.jp)
- Their regulation may be carried out either through direct binding to DNA as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors or via modulation in an indirect manner of signaling pathway molecules (e.g., protein kinase C) and other transcription factors (nuclear factor kappa B and sterol regulatory element binding protein). (springer.com)
- Moreover, during this phase an enrichment in genes involved in the formation of the lipid droplets was evidenced as well as the activation of the thyroid-receptor/retinoic X receptor (TR/RXR) and the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) signalling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
PPAR5
- Isosilybin A is a partial PPARγ agonist, it significantly induced ABCA1 protein expression, it inhibited both monophenolase (IC50=1.7-7.6μM) and diphenolase (IC5. (targetmol.jp)
- INT-131, is a novel, non-thiazolidinedione (TZD), selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma modulator, which can be used for the treatment. (targetmol.jp)
- Moreover, we investigated the effects of RvD1 on IL-4-induced activation of signal transducer and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). (biomedcentral.com)
- Further, the effects of RvD1 and IL-4 on Arg1 and Ym1 were blocked by the application of leflunomide (a STAT6 inhibitor) or GW9662 (a PPARγ antagonist). (biomedcentral.com)
- A separate mechanism by which GLA and other beneficial fatty acids reduce inflammation is by activating the powerful peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) system. (lifeextension.com)
Receptors7
- Cannabinoid receptors are utilized endogenously by the body through the endocannabinoid system, which includes a group of lipid proteins, enzymes, and receptors that are involved in many physiological processes. (rcsb.org)
- These effects are largely mediated through two members of the G-protein coupled receptor family, cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2)[A32585,A32824]. (rcsb.org)
- From that we are to coupled sites and inactivated receptors, docking both interactions as viable including climates and used sine download proteins. (evakoch.com)
- Two cannabinoid G protein-coupled receptors have been cloned thus far, CB1 receptors (Matsuda et al. (420magazine.com)
- 2003). Here cannabinoids are defined as ingredients of the cannabis plant or other compounds that bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, and Table 1 summarizes their pharmacological properties. (420magazine.com)
- Proteins that enhance gene expression when associated with ligand bound activated NUCLEAR RECEPTORS. (bvsalud.org)
- Alternatively nuclear receptor coactivators can function as adaptor proteins that bring nuclear receptors into close proximity with transcriptional complexes. (bvsalud.org)
Kinase2
- Among them, the sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, p53, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathways are most widely studied. (frontiersin.org)
- The 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits the inflammatory response in primary rat astrocytes via down-regulating multiple steps in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-NF-kappaB-p300 pathway independent of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. (musc.edu)
Arachidonic acid6
- HETEs are byproducts generated by the metabolism of arachidonic acid by lipoxygenases. (enzolifesciences.com)
- 12(S)-HETE is the stereospecific hydroxy product from the reduction of 12(S)-hydroperoxy tetraenoic eicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HpETE], which itself is a 12-lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. (enzolifesciences.com)
- 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [15(S)-HETE] is the major hydroxy derivative of arachidonic acid when acted upon by 15-lipoxygenase. (enzolifesciences.com)
- LA is the precursor for the biosynthesis of the omega-6 derivatives gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (AA), docosatetraenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid [5]. (regimenlab.com)
- PUFAs, specifically dihomo-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), are converted by the epidermal enzyme 15-lipoxygenase into anti-inflammatory mediators which compete with the metabolism of the LA derivative arachidonic acid (AA). (regimenlab.com)
- When one eats foods like meat or egg yolk, excess levels of arachidonic acid accumulate that is then broken down into toxic byproducts by the enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX). (lifeextension.com)
Arachidonate2
- ALOX5 arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase: macrophages infected with Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus fumigatus or treated with Curdlan, a selective agonist of pattern recognition receptor for fungi Dectin-1, displays increased expression of ALOX5, ALOX15 and PTGS2 Karnam et al, 2015 . (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
- ALOX15 arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase : see Karnam et al, 2015 . (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
Receptor 1A1
- Placental gene expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), 11-ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11ß-HSD2), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (5HT1AR), and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) were analyzed. (bvsalud.org)
Biosynthesis2
- MK-886 is an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis, inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). (targetmol.jp)
- ALA is the precursor for the biosynthesis of the omega-3 derivatives octadecatetraenoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [5]. (regimenlab.com)
Pathways2
- Once activated, p53 coordinates multiple downstream pathways, thereby maintaining the homeostasis of the host cell or organism (if the stress is mild, transient, and repairable) or eliminating damaged cells (if the stress is acute, prolonged, and difficult to resist). (nature.com)
- System in activates synthesis of wound-inducible tomato leaf polyphenol oxidase via the octadecanoid defense signaling pathways. (indianentomology.org)
Gamma1
- These gamma-secretase proteins have interference end-joining Formation, module topology and domain. (evakoch.com)
Metabolism1
- The involvement of glucose metabolism in the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in glial cells: possible role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and CCAAT/enhancing binding protein. (musc.edu)
Tumor1
- Is 5,11,14 20:3 taken up by cultured human keratinocyte PL, can it displace 20:4n-6 from PL pools and reduce PGE 2 levels, and does it affect tumor necrosis factor α(TNFα) production? (biomedcentral.com)
Antagonists1
- While conventional drugs such as the α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists and 5α-reductase inhibitors have been found to be useful in the treatment of BPH, the adverse side effects associated with their usage, have led to increased search for alternative means of managing this disease. (frontiersin.org)
Enzyme1
- An antineoplastic enzyme inhibitor used to treat metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum. (drugbank.com)
Lipid1
- Lipid bilayer regulation of membrane protein function: gramicidin channels as molecular force probes. (springer.com)
Interleukin2
- These include biological agents targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-5 and interleukin-13, inhaled ultra long-acting β 2 -agonists and once daily inhaled corticosteroids. (biomedcentral.com)
- In response to the presence of certain activating substances, including oxidized LDL, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-8, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), leukocytes migrate into the wall of the artery (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Inflammation2
- At sites of inflammation, the local cellular environment is enriched with cytokines, chemoactractant chemokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion, mainly produced by the activated leukocytes adhering to the endothelium. (biomedcentral.com)
- An NSAID and non-selective COX inhibitor used to treat mild-moderate pain, fever, and inflammation. (drugbank.com)
Macrophages6
- Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)
- Our study has demonstrated the protective effects of SV on LPS-activated alveolar macrophages RAW 264.7 and LPS-induced ALI in mice. (bvsalud.org)
- Inhibitors of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A differentially regulate the expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase in rat astrocytes and macrophages. (musc.edu)
- High-affinity zinc uptake system protein mutant ( znuA mutant) showed reduced growth in zinc chelated medium, and failed to replicate in HeLa cells and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. (go.jp)
- These macrophages, in addition to smooth muscle cells, activate T cells by presenting antigens, including oxidized LDL. (medscape.com)
- Other trophic factors, such as IL-2, TNF-α, and granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor, cause activated T cells to produce interferon-γ, TNF-α, and TNF-β, leading to stimulation of macrophages and further up-regulation of leukocyte adhesion molecules. (medscape.com)
Neprilysin1
- A neprilysin inhibitor used in combination with valsartan as an adjunct to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure in patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA Class II-IV) and reduced ejection fraction. (drugbank.com)
Anti-inflammatory2
- Previous studies showing anti-inflammatory potential of 5,11,14 20:3 are reviewed below. (biomedcentral.com)
- Herein, we explored the topical anti-inflammatory potential of 5,11,14 20:3. (biomedcentral.com)
Fatty acids3
- Changes in dietary fatty acids, specifically the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families and some derived eicosanoids from lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P-450, seem to control the activity of transcription factor families involved in cancer cell proliferation or cell death. (springer.com)
- Dietary fatty acids and membrane protein function. (springer.com)
- Some polyhydroxy fatty acids are also known, which are most frequently produced by lipoxygenase activities, as for several mono-hydroxylated fatty acids. (gerli.com)
Cerebral2
- Very long-chain fatty acid accumulation causes lipotoxic response via 5-lipoxygenase in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. (musc.edu)
- Finally, we will provide a critical evaluation of the therapeutic potential of COX inhibitors in cerebral ischemia and discuss new targets downstream of COX with potential neuroprotective ability. (southampton.ac.uk)
Genetic1
- We will review present knowledge of the relative contribution of each COX isoform to the brain ischemic pathology, based on data from investigations utilizing selective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors and genetic knockout mouse models. (southampton.ac.uk)
Acid4
- Both of these metabolites, depending on the cell type which forms them, can be further metabolized to 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-oxo-ETE), 5(S),15(S)-dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5(S),15(S)-diHETE), 5-oxo-15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-15(S)-HETE), a subset of specialized pro-resolving mediators viz. (wikipedia.org)
- Membrane proteins implicated in long-chain fatty acid uptake by mammalian cells: CD36, FATP and FABPm. (springer.com)
- If not provided in their activated form (such as through synthetic forms of THC like [DB00470] or [DB00486]), THC and CBD are obtained through conversion from their precursors, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (THCA-A) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), through decarboxylation reactions. (rcsb.org)
- It is also the primary monohydroxy acid synthesized by the lipoxygenase activity of Cyclooxygenase-1 upon linoleic acid. (enzolifesciences.com)
Mechanisms1
- Recently, significant progress was made in defining the mechanisms by which plant growth on a day-to-day basis is activated at specific times of the day in a manner dependent on photoperiod and temperature conditions. (go.jp)
Molecular3
- Similar to COX-2, 5-LO is expected to be a promising target for molecular targeted cancer therapy because 5-LO has been identified as being related to carcinogenesis due to its ability to promote cell proliferation and angiogenesis [ 17 - 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- This study provides comprehensive details of key proteins under compatible and incompatible interactions during BPH infestation, which will be useful for further investigation of the molecular basis of rice resistance to BPH and for breeding BPH-resistant rice cultivars. (biomedcentral.com)
- Analysis of global changes in genes and proteins expression is an approach to learn about the molecular responses happening rice cultivars during BPH stress. (biomedcentral.com)
Cellular3
- 5. cellular Protocol to the movement on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 6. (evakoch.com)
- Proliferation was characterized by enrichment in genes involved in basic cellular and metabolic processes (transcription, ribosome biogenesis, translation and protein folding), cellular remodelling and autophagy. (biomedcentral.com)
- When there is an overproduction of ROS/RNS or a deficiency of enzymatic or non-enzymatic antioxidants, a biological damage to cellular lipids (lipoperoxidation), proteins, glucides and DNA may occur. (biomedcentral.com)
Downstream1
- Topical application of 5,11,14 20:3 to skin surfaces can thus reduce inflammatory processes, most likely by displacing 20:4n-6 from phospholipid pools and reducing downstream inflammatory products derived from 20:4n-6 such as PGE 2 and leukotrienes. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcription1
- Signal transducer and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) is activated by IL-4 and IL-13 and plays an important role in alternative activation. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene3
- with Pubmed ID, gene symbol/accession number and viral interacting protein. (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
- We showed previously that cytoplasmic release of mtDNA activates the cGAS STING TBK1 pathway resulting in interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression that promotes antiviral immunity4. (regenerativemedicine.net)
- Here, we find that persistent mtDNA stress is not associated with basally activated NF-κB signalling or interferon gene expression typical of an acute antiviral response. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Differentially1
- A total of 414, 425 and 470 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected from PR, PS and HR, respectively, after BPH infestation. (biomedcentral.com)
Complement2
- NICD3 reduces to the turbulence where it activates as a complement account. (evakoch.com)
- C5 complement component 5: C5a is a critical mediator in human blood during C. albicans infection. (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
Interactions1
Synthase1
- In the case of the resistant rice cultivar (PR), 6 DEPs, i.e. two lipoxygenases (LOXs), a lipase, two dirigent proteins (DIRs) and an Ent-cassa-12,15-diene synthase (OsDTC1) are related to inheritable BPH resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells4
- 15-Lipoxygenase-2: Cells also used 15-lipoxygenase 2 (i.e. 15-LOX-2 or ALOX15B) to make 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE. (wikipedia.org)
- From these findings, we suggest that ROS production induced by the 5-LO pathway mediates the anti-cancer effects of DHEA and NALA on HNSCC cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- We have previously shown that fish primary preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro and that these cells represent a very helpful model system to study adipose tissue development in fish [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The effects of 3, 3', 4, 4', 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126), which is the most toxic congener of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs), on intracellular accumulation and transepithelial transport of vinblastine were examined in porcine kidney cells, LLC-PK1, and its transformant cells expressing human P-glycoprotein (LLC-MDR1). (go.jp)
Mammalian1
- The mammalian genome comprises nuclear DNA (nDNA) derived from both parents and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is maternally inherited and encodes essential proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Ferroptosis1
- instead, through its metabolic targets, p53 is able to modulate the ferroptosis response in the presence of ferroptosis inducers such as GPX4 inhibitors or high levels of ROS. (nature.com)
Progression2
- Understanding age-related brain pathology and cognitive dysfunction is essential to fully appreciate the potential value of using biomarkers and/or cognitive status in the future diagnosis and treatment of CDS progression [5]. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
- For example, serum biomarkers, such as high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and cytokine levels, predict progression of atherosclerosis and risk of stroke. (medscape.com)
Mortality1
- The results revealed that the isolate Beauveria bassiana (NBAIR) recorded the highest mortality of 94.67% at 120 hr (at 5 days after treatment- DAT). (indianentomology.org)
Therapeutic1
- Finally, our findings suggest the possibility of a new cancer-specific therapeutic strategy, which utilizes 5-LO activity rather than inhibiting it. (biomedcentral.com)
Accumulation2
- Although clinically relevant lesions become evident in middle-aged adults, it has been demonstrated that fat accumulation (known as fatty streaks) begins in early childhood [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
- 5,11,14 20:3 also has poorer affinity for phospholipase A 2 , leading to potential accumulation in phospholipid (PL) pools at low doses [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Behavior1
- Maternal behavior was assessed on days 3, 4 and 5 postpartum (PPD). (bvsalud.org)
Metabolic1
- Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed eight genes encoding various metabolic proteins involved in BPH resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
Resistance1
- The current study evaluated whether this dietary intervention could ameliorate hyperinsulinemia in women with PCOS.Obese women with PCOS (BMI 39 ± 7 kg/m(2)) and insulin resistance completed a crossover study (Stanford University Clinical Research Center) comparing two isocaloric diets, prepared by research dietitians, containing 60% CHO/25% fat versus 40% CHO/45% fat (both 15% protein and ≤7% saturated fat). (stanford.edu)